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Nanotechnology is an emerging scientific area whose advances, among many others, have a positive direct impact on the miniaturization of electronics. This unique technology enables the possibility to design and build electronic components as well as complete devices (called nanomachines or nanodevices) at the nano scale. A nanodevice is expected to...
Citations
... Inspired by the conceptual design presented by Canovas et al. [41], we propose to fit our CvPU array into a nanosensor (shown in Fig. 7), whereby the trigger/sensor data would be communicated to gateways via antennas composed of graphene, i.e., carbon nanotubes (CNTs) [4], using simple modulations such as TS-OOK [42] when an anomaly is detected by an individual nanosensor. Furthermore, a supercapacitor is used as an energy source, coupled with piezoelectric energy harvesting [41] for battery-less operation. ...
... Inspired by the conceptual design presented by Canovas et al. [41], we propose to fit our CvPU array into a nanosensor (shown in Fig. 7), whereby the trigger/sensor data would be communicated to gateways via antennas composed of graphene, i.e., carbon nanotubes (CNTs) [4], using simple modulations such as TS-OOK [42] when an anomaly is detected by an individual nanosensor. Furthermore, a supercapacitor is used as an energy source, coupled with piezoelectric energy harvesting [41] for battery-less operation. Overall, our hybrid analog-digital HW/SW co-designed system provides a comprehensive solution to EEG seizure detection. ...
In this article, we introduce a groundbreaking approach for ultra-low-power hybrid analog-digital processing of multimodal physiological data at multiple locations, emphasizing EEG signals. We propose an innovative analog Convolutional Processing Unit (CvPU) that uniquely harnesses the properties of anisotropic diffusion in electrical circuits for convolution. This novel use of anisotropic diffusion-driven convolution sets our work apart. Additionally, we present a controller architecture that allows for the sequential execution of multiple consecutive convolutional layers using the same CvPU array. The proposed neural network architecture to detect seizures using EEG signals is evaluated on a publicly available clinical dataset. Our CvPU array-based convolution’s performance and feasibility metrics have been assessed using SPICE simulation software. Furthermore, we have delved deep into studying the scalability of our approach in terms of power and space and its feasibility for battery-less and implantable applications and have compared it with both digital and hybrid analog-digital methods.
... This is a worst-case value for THz-based communication in blood according to our previous work [10], which calculated this value computing both the high path-loss in this medium and the low energy employed to generate a modulation based on EM pulses. • The size of the nanonode must be the same as the size of human cells, as discussed in [42], specifically, white blood cells. As a drop of blood contains from 5 to 10 thousand white blood cells [43], this order of magnitude should be selected for this study. ...
The Internet of Nano-Things (IoNT) is an emerging paradigm in which devices sized to the nano scale (nanonodes) and transmitting in the Terahertz (THz) band can become decisive actors in future medical applications. Flow-Guided Nanonetworks are well-known THz networks aimed at deploying the IoNT inside the human body, among other issues. In these networks, nanonodes flowing through the bloodstream monitor sensitive biological/physical parameters and dispatch these data via electromagnetic (EM) waves to a nanorouter implanted in human tissue, which operates as a gateway to external Internet connectivity devices. Under these premises, two shortcomings arise. First, the use of the THz band greatly limits the nanonode’s communication range. Second, the nanonodes lack resources for processing, memory, and batteries. To minimize the impact of these concerns in EM nanocommunications, a novel dynamic multi-hop routing scheme is proposed to model in-body, flow-guided nanonetwork architecture. To this end, a Reinforcement Learning-based framework is conceived, combining the features of EM nanocommunications and hemodynamics, or fluid dynamics applied to the bloodstream. A generic Markov Decision Process approach is derived to maximize the
throughput
metric, analytically modeling i) the movement of the nanonodes in the bloodstream as laminar flow, ii) energy consumption (including energy-harvesting issues), and iii) prioritized events. A thoroughly terahertz flow-guided nano-network case of study is also defined. Under the umbrella of this case, diverse test-beds are planned to create a procedure of evaluation, validation, and discussion. Results reveal that multi-hop scenarios obtain better performance than direct nanonode-nanorouter communication, specifically, the two-hop scenario, which, for instance, quadrupled the
throughput
in a hand vein without sharply penalizing other aspects like energy consumption.
... There are events that dissipate a distant amount of energy when occurs. For example, in biomedical application, the human body provides numerous potential energy sources; blood flow (pressure) [32], cardiac motions [33], and lung and diaphragm motions [34] are all power sources and driving events. Such conditions within the human body can be monitored directly from the harvested energy. ...
Internet of Nano-Things (IoNT) is an expansion of the Internet of Things (IoT) with the capacity to monitor extremely fine-grained events with sensors on a scale ranging from one to a hundred nanometers. One major challenge for this type of communication paradigm is to determine the identity of the transmitting nodes and the events. From previous works, we know that different amount of energy is discharged in the environment from different events. This motivates us to propose an energy-neutral event recognition framework using pulse position modulation in which the event information is transmitted by the sensors that use the energy harvested from the event. In this framework, we use pulse position to identify transmitting nodes communicating with a single receiver. However, using this approach, we can also encode the identity of multiple receivers when a single node communicates with them without employing an addressing scheme in IoNT networks. In both cases, the energy observation of the received pulse helps in identifying the event type. The feasibility of the proposed framework is demonstrated by a large number of numerical simulations which include terahertz channels. We find that the proposed framework achieves 99% accuracy for detecting ten different event types at a distance of 30 mm.
... (c) nano-nodes are relay nodes passing information from bio-sensors/actuators to the nano-gateway or vice-versa. Nano-nodes are circulating with the blood in the cardiovascular system [34] in a so-called flow-guided nanonetwork [35]. They are of the size of about 8 µm and, because of their antenna size, they can communicate only in the THz band where range is limited to 1 to 2 mm [36], so they cannot communicate further than in the cardiovascular system. ...
... Nano-nodes circulate in the blood flow of the circulatory system, transmitting data to the nano-gateway that, in turn, sends data to the upper layers of the global network, up to the external network. The nano-device architecture used in this work is derived from [34], where a realistic nano-node model based on current technologies is presented. In this sense, the power and computational limitations of the nano-nodes translate into the following: i) they can only transmit one data frame per battery charging cycle and ii) they do not know the position of the gateway. ...
... • A nano-node requires, on average, a time T cir to complete a round. • The battery of a nano-node is charged at time intervals T cha (t) by means of piezoelectric nano-tubes as described in [34], ...
Cardiovascular events occurring in the bloodstream are responsible for about 40% of human deaths in developed countries. Motivated by this fact, we present a new global network architecture for a system for the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular events, focusing on problems related to pulmonary artery occlusion, i.e., situations of artery blockage by a blood clot. The proposed system is based on bio-sensors for detection of artery blockage and bio-actuators for releasing appropriate medicines, both types of devices being implanted in pulmonary arteries. The system can be used by a person leading an active life and provides bidirectional communication with medical personnel via nano-nodes circulating in the bloodstream constituting an in-body area network. We derive an analytical model for calculating the required number of nano-nodes to detect artery blockage and the probability of activating a bio-actuator. We also analyze the performance of the body area component of the system in terms of path loss and of wireless links budget. Results show that the system can diagnose a blocked artery in about 3 hours and that after another 3 hours medicines can be released in the exact spot of the artery occlusion, while with current medical practices the average time for diagnosis varies between 5 to 9 days.
... • Antenna: Ultra-wide-band and multi-band antennas are required to accredit multi-Gbps and Tbps links in the terahertz frequency [27], [62]. Besides, novel sophisticated antenna arrangements, for example, extremely bigger antenna arrays will be needed to fight against extremely high path loss of the terahertz frequency channel [59], [150]. Graphene-based nanoantenna may appear to be a hope [60]. ...
Nanoscale devices, also called nanomachines, form communication networks and cooperate with each other so that they can be used to perform complicated tasks. Such networks of nanodevices, named nanonetworks, envisioned to serve the functionality and performance of today’s Internet. This paper presents a comparative review of the state-of-the-art electromagnetic (EM) nanonetworks highlighting their potentials and challenges in a comprehensive manner. We first introduce the promising areas of applications of nanonetworks; therein, we explain how it can be useful in biomedical fields, environmental domains, consumer products, military systems, and on-chip wireless communications. Then, the survey focuses on the basic principles of fundamental physical layer issues enabling nanonetworks; the discussion includes frequency bands, modulation and demodulation, and EM properties of nanoparticles. Subsequently, the study provides an overview of transmission characteristics including channels, channel coding, and energy constraint nature of nanonetworks. Furthermore, we provide an in-depth discussion on nanoantenna highlighting its variants and their characteristics; give an overview of network layer issues; and discuss the security issues in EM nanonetworks. The study argues that despite the significant recent development of EM communication as one of the most desired modes of nano communications, the limited capabilities of nanomachines introduce a new set of challenges and unique requirements and pose unseen characteristics that need to be deliberately addressed. On that, the review finally provides a critical discussion on the applicability of EM mode for nano communication networks highlighting the future challenges with a set of perspectives of possible solutions.
... This process involves the selection of a conceptual circuit, the analysis of the selected circuit, the possibility of a modification to the circuit, and the verification of the circuit solution. The physical electronics design process [8][9][10] consists of representing the electrical device in a 2D layout consisting of many different geometrical rectangles at various levels (layers). This layout is then used to implement a 3D integrated circuit during the fabrication process. ...
... bility of a modification to the circuit, and the verification of the circuit solution. The physical electronics design process [8][9][10] consists of representing the electrical device in a 2D layout consisting of many different geometrical rectangles at various levels (layers). This layout is then used to implement a 3D integrated circuit during the fabrication process. ...
CMOS microelectronics design has evolved tremendously during the last two decades. The evolution of CMOS devices to short channel designs where the feature size is below 1000 nm brings a great deal of uncertainty in the way the microelectronics design cycle is completed. After the conceptual idea, developing a thinking model to understand the operation of the device requires a good “ballpark” evaluation of transistor sizes, decision making, and assumptions to fulfill the specifications. This design process has iterations to meet specifications that exceed in number of the available degrees of freedom to maneuver the design. Once the thinking model is developed, the simulation validation follows to test if the design has a good possibility of delivering a successful prototype. If the simulation provides a good match between specifications and results, then the layout is developed. This paper shows a useful open science strategy, using the Excel software, to develop CMOS microelectronics hand calculations to verify a design, before performing the computer simulation and layout of CMOS analog integrated circuits. The full methodology is described to develop designs of passive components, as well as CMOS amplifiers. The methods are used in teaching CMOS microelectronics to students of electronic engineering with industrial partner participation. This paper describes an exhaustive example of a low-voltage operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) design which is used to design an instrumentation amplifier. Finally, a test is performed using this instrumentation amplifier to implement a front-end signal conditioning device for CMOS-MEMS biomedical applications.
... In-body nanonetworks will consist of bio-compatible nanodevices with limited computation, communication, and storage capabilities [4]. Their roles being to support sensing (e.g., detection of bio-markers for cancer diagnosis) and actuation (e.g., targeted drug release) required for procuring the aforementioned applications. ...
... From the perspective of the nanodevices, we argue the full specifications of their features are needed, with primarily concerns being their size, available energy, processing power, and memory. In this direction, it is worth emphasizing [247], where by following the guidelines originally outlined in [5] the authors discuss a conceptual design of a nanodevice, consisting of a nanoprocessor, nanomemory, nanoantenna, and nanogenerator. Seemingly, the nanodevice will not be suitable for all the applications, for example because it assumes a nanogenerator based on energy harvesting or wireless power transfer. ...
Recent developments in nanotechnology herald nanometer-sized devices expected to bring light to a number of groundbreaking applications. Communication with and among nanodevices will be needed for unlocking the full potential of such applications. As the traditional communication approaches cannot be directly applied in nanocommunication, several alternative paradigms have emerged. Among them, electromagnetic nanocommunication in the terahertz (THz) frequency band is particularly promising, mainly due to the breakthrough of novel materials such as graphene. For this reason, numerous research efforts are nowadays targeting THz band nanocommunication and consequently nanonetworking. As it is expected that these trends will continue in the future, we see it beneficial to summarize the current status in these research domains. In this survey, we therefore aim to provide an overview of the current THz nanocommunication and nanonetworking research. Specifically, we discuss the applications envisioned to be supported by nanonetworks operating in the THz band, together with the requirements such applications pose on the underlying nanonetworks. Subsequently, we provide an overview of the current contributions on the different layers of the protocol stack, as well as the available channel models and experimentation tools. Finally, we identify a number of open research challenges and outline several future research directions.
... To ensure power supply to both electromagnetic and ultrasound devices, nano-wires made of zinc oxide are proposed for energy harvesting, as they are able to generate electric voltage when bent, e.g., due to a fluid flow in their vicinity. For illustration, about a few thousands of such nanowires are needed to supply a single nano-machine, each wire being 2 µm long and having 100 nm of diameter [42]. Another proposed approach is powering these machines with remotely generated ultrasounds, which can be converted by them into electrical energy by using piezoelectric nano-elements [43]. ...
This article presents an overview of future truly personal communications, ranging from networking inside the human body to the exchange of data with external wireless devices in the surrounding environment. At the nano- and micro-scales, communications can be realized with the aid of molecular mechanisms, Forster resonance energy transfer phenomenon, electromagnetic or ultrasound waves. At a larger scale, in the domain of Body Area Networks, a wide range of communication mechanisms is available, including smart-textiles, inductive- and body-couplings, ultrasounds, optical and wireless radio transmissions, a number of mature technologies existing already. The main goal of this article is to identify the potential mechanisms that can be exploited to provide interfaces in between nano- and micro-scale systems and Body Area Networks. These interfaces have to bridge the existing gap between the two worlds, in order to allow for truly personal communication systems to become a reality. The extraordinary applications of such systems are also discussed, as they are strong drivers of the research in this area.
... Recent advances in nanotechnology based on nanoscience knowledge have enabled the construction of a novel paradigm in a scale ranging from one to a few hundred nanometers, namely nanodevice [1]. The nanoscale's miniaturization is drawing broad interest from the scientific community because nanodevices have unprecedented functionalities and can detect and measure new types of events in the nanoscale [2]. Through communication, the nanodevices could accomplish more complex tasks by building nanonetworks, which in turn could interconnect with traditional communication networks via the Internet, thus defining a novel networking paradigm called the Internet of NanoThings (IoNT) [3]. ...
