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![Comparison of Mendeleev's tables of 1870 and 1904. Bold: added/changed in 1904. ( ) brackets 1870. [ ] brackets 1904. { } replaced 1904. * labeled 'typical elements', 1870. x = the ether. y = coronium.](profile/Philip-Stewart/publication/225156820/figure/fig1/AS:349442088685569@1460324894294/Comparison-of-Mendeleevs-tables-of-1870-and-1904-Bold-added-changed-in-1904.png)
Comparison of Mendeleev's tables of 1870 and 1904. Bold: added/changed in 1904. ( ) brackets 1870. [ ] brackets 1904. { } replaced 1904. * labeled 'typical elements', 1870. x = the ether. y = coronium.
Source publication
Mendeleev’s failure to represent the periodic system as a continuum may have hidden from him the space for the noble gases.
A spiral format might have revealed the significance of the wide gaps in atomic mass between his rows. Tables overemphasize
the division of the sequence into ‘periods’ and blocks. Not only do spirals express the continuity; in...
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Citations
... When the noble gases were discovered, they were placed between the halogens and the alkali metals, either to the right of the halogens, or the left of the alkali metals, or both. According to each author's preferences, different rectangular (Figures 1, 2, 4, 6) or spiral ( Figure 3) or more complex graphics, flat or bent or conical or multi-connected, two-parametric tables were designed (Quam and Battell Quam, 1934;Van Spronsen, 1969;Mazurs, 1974;Scerri, 2007Scerri, , 2020Stewart, 2007Stewart, , 2010Imyanitov, 2016). ...
The chemical elements are the “conserved principles” or “kernels” of chemistry that are retained when substances are altered. Comprehensive overviews of the chemistry of the elements and their compounds are needed in chemical science. To this end, a graphical display of the chemical properties of the elements, in the form of a Periodic Table, is the helpful tool. Such tables have been designed with the aim of either classifying real chemical substances or emphasizing formal and aesthetic concepts. Simplified, artistic, or economic tables are relevant to educational and cultural fields, while practicing chemists profit more from “chemical tables of chemical elements.” Such tables should incorporate four aspects: (i) typical valence electron configurations of bonded atoms in chemical compounds (instead of the common but chemically atypical ground states of free atoms in physical vacuum); (ii) at least three basic chemical properties (valence number, size, and energy of the valence shells), their joint variation across the elements showing principal and secondary periodicity; (iii) elements in which the (sp)⁸, (d)¹⁰, and (f)¹⁴ valence shells become closed and inert under ambient chemical conditions, thereby determining the “fix-points” of chemical periodicity; (iv) peculiar elements at the top and at the bottom of the Periodic Table. While it is essential that Periodic Tables display important trends in element chemistry we need to keep our eyes open for unexpected chemical behavior in ambient, near ambient, or unusual conditions. The combination of experimental data and theoretical insight supports a more nuanced understanding of complex periodic trends and non-periodic phenomena.
... A first proposal is a substance coined Neutronium [1], and later discussion during the following decades let to extremely dense substances resembling the neutron-degenerate matter being theorized to exist in the cores of neutron stars. It is seen a conjectured form of matter made up of neutrons with no protons or electrons either and subsequently placed into the periodic table [2]. ...
... This expression is a generalization as it incorporates the Einstein´s energy quanta [19,20,21,29] E hν = (2) and with the mass-energy equivalent The constant c denotes the respective propagation speed of a wave and depends on the medium, e. g., gas, fluids, solids, the vacuum influenced by external conditions, and the free and empty vacuum being uninfluenced by external conditions, where the latter medium then allows a free electromagnetic wave to propagate exactly at the vacuum light-speed c = 299792458 m/s. The expressions eq. ...
... It is seen the value found for this truly "artificial" reduced rest mass m* is large. A representation by mc²= E (m) , 2 ≡ (42) and shows almost exact agreement as expected. At this stage the problem is still due to a continually moving electromagnetic wave as described by the KGF-equation eq. ...
... Encarte integrante da circular n 1, by A. F. Cabral, 1949, Pelotas, Brazil: Editora Instituto Agronômico do Sul 66 Antropoff (1937. 67 Leach (2019a); Stewart (2007). 68 Hackh (1914, p. 4). ...
While symbolic colour use has always played a conspicuous role in science research and education, the use of colour in historic diagrams remains a lacuna in the history of science. Investigating the colour use in diagrams often means uncovering a whole cosmology that is not otherwise explicit in the diagram itself. The periodic table is a salient and iconic example of non‐mimetic colour use in science. Andreas von Antropoff's (1924) rectangular table of recurrent rainbow colours is famous, as are Alcindo Flores Cabral's (1949) application of colour in his round snail form, using the RGB scheme, and Mazurs's (1967) pine tree system, consisting of warm and cold colours that he attributed to specific groups of elements—an attribution that we can relate back to humoralism and alchemy. From the first periodic tables in the 19th century, individual researchers have used different colour regimes. While standardization may play an obvious role in chemistry and its diagrams, all the more impressive is the anarchistic use of colour in the various diagrams which continue to be created. This article focuses on periodic tables in chemical journals and text books, and explores and compares the development of colour codes found in the few existing polychrome diagrams from the 1920s to the 1970s.
... 67 Stackelberg (1925, p. 343 68 Antropoff (1937). 69 Leach (2019b); Stewart (2007). 70 Hackh (1914, p. 4). ...
While symbolic colour use has always played a salient role in science research and
education, the use of colour in historic diagrams remains a lacuna within the history of
science. Investigating the colour use in diagrams often means uncovering a whole
cosmology otherwise not explicit in the diagram itself.
The periodic table is a salient and iconic example of non-mimetic colour use in science.
Famous is Andreas von Antropoff’s rectangular table of recurrent rainbow colours
(1924); Alcindo Flores Cabral’s (1949) application of colour in his round snail form
using the rgb scheme, Mazurs’ pine tree system (1967), speaking of warm and cold
colours that he attributed to specific groups of elements – an attribution that we can
relate back to humoralism and alchemy.
From the first periodic tables in the 19th century on, individual researchers have used
different colour regimes. While standardization may play an obvious role in chemistry
and its diagrams, all the more impressive is the anarchistic use of colour in the respective
diagrams up to today. This article focuses on periodical tables in chemical journals and
text books and explores and compares the development of colour codes found in the few
existing polychrome diagrams from the 1920s to the 1970s.
... In the somewhat extensive literature sources that were available to us, there are those devoted to the discovery of the PT (Mendeleev 1869;Brooks 2002;Kaji 2003;Hendry 2005;Scerri 2012a, b;Weinstein 2016), its reception (Kaji 2003), the contribution of physics to the periodic law (Ostrovsky 2001;Habashi and Tsimerman 2013), the definitions of the term element (Scerri 2004(Scerri , 2012aHendry 2005;Sharlow 2006;Earley 2009;Leach 2013) and jubilees (centennial) of the death of Mendeleev (Stewart 2007). The definition of element is in, a way, dual: it relies on a concept of element as an observable (elemental, or simple substance), but also on a concept of element as "a 'basic substance,' something that can survive chemical change and is the common component of different compound substances" (Hendry 2005). ...
Several attempts have recently been made to point to ‘the proper place’ for hydrogen (sometimes also helium) in the Periodic Table of the elements. There are altogether five different types of arguments that lead to the following conclusions: (1) hydrogen should be placed in group 1, above lithium; (2) hydrogen should be placed in group 17, above fluorine; (3) hydrogen is to be placed in group 14, above carbon; (4) hydrogen should be positioned above both lithium and fluorine and (5) hydrogen should be treated as a stand-alone element, in the center of the Periodic Table. Although all proposals are based on arguments, not all of them sound equally convincing. An attempt is made, after critical reexamination of the arguments offered, to hopefully point to the best possible choice for the position of hydrogen. A few words are also mentioned on the structure of the Periodic Table and the (novel) attempts to reorganize it.
... This initial element 0 is conceived as an undifferentiated substance that, in a certain sense, persists in all elements, and whose empirical manifestation is the neutron. This is in agreement with some recent proposals, such as that of Stewart (2004Stewart ( , 2007, who proposed a representation of the periodic system in spiral form, known as ''chemical galaxy'', which has in the center the chemical element numbered as zero, whose ''atoms'' are the neutrons. ...
In the last decade, the notion of triad was reintroduced by Eric Scerri, who suggested it as a possible categorical criterion to represent chemical periodicity. In particular, he reformulated the notion of triad in terms of atomic number instead of atomic weights; in this way, the value of the intermediate term of the triad became the exact average of the values of the two extremes. Following the inspiration of Scerri’s work, the main purpose of this article is to obtain a representation where all the relations among the chemical elements that form the groups of the periodic system can be reconstructed on the basis of triads, without using electronic configurations.
... In the somewhat extensive literature sources that were available to us, there are those devoted to the discovery of the PT [1,6,8,11,26,36], its reception [8], the contribution of physics to the periodic law [4,27], the definitions of the term element [10,11,15,20,25,28] and jubilees (centennial) of the death of Mendeleev [17]. The definition of element is in, a way, dual: it relies on a concept of element as an observable (elemental, or simple sub-stance), but also on a concept of element as "a 'basic substance,' something that can survive chemical change and is the common component of different compound substances." ...
Several attempts are known lately intending to point to ‘the proper place’ for hydrogen (sometimes also helium) in the Periodic Table of the elements. There are altogether five different types of arguments that lead to the following conclusions: (1) Hydrogen should be placed in Group 1, above lithium; (2) Hydrogen should be placed in group 17, above fluorine; (3) Hydrogen is to be placed in group 14, above carbon; (4) Hydrogen should be positioned above both lithium and fluorine and (5) Hydrogen should be treated as a stand-alone element, in the center of the Periodic Table. Although all proposals are based on arguments, not all offered arguments sound equally convincing. An attempt is made, after critical reexamination of the offered arguments, to hopefully point to the best possible choice for the position of hydrogen. Few words are also mentioned on the structure of the Periodic Table and the (novel) attempts to reorganize it.
... Besides, the elements have been arranged in different forms (Bayley, 1882;Bohr, 1922;Benfey, 1964;Clark, 1933Clark, & 1950Dragoset, 2015;Emerson, 1944;Hinrichs, 1867;Hackh, 1914;Irwin, 1935;Janet, 1928Janet, & 1929Jensen, 1989;Laing, 2005;Quam and Quam, 1934;Stedman, 1947;Stewart, 2004Stewart, & 2007Thomsen, 1895) including pyramidal (Bayley, 1882), a helix on nested cylinders (Janet, 1929), spiral (Janet, 1928). The first tentative attempt of spiral version was given by Hinrichs (1867). ...
An advanced spiral periodic classification of the elements is presented. It has 32 groups and 8 periods. The proposed new periodic classification is a spiral arrangement of the elements, arranged by their increasing atomic number, electronic configuration and recurring chemical properties. The debatable positions of hydrogen and helium have been rectified in the spiral periodic classification. Two equations are also given for the diagonal relationship among the elements of 2nd and 3 periods. This classification may be acceptable in the scientific community to work properly and easily. Moreover, this classification is also capable to predict the places of undiscovered elements.
... Besides, the elements have been arranged in different forms (Bayley, 1882;Bohr, 1922;Benfey, 1964;Clark, 1933Clark, & 1950Dragoset, 2015;Emerson, 1944;Hinrichs, 1867;Hackh, 1914;Irwin, 1935;Janet, 1928Janet, & 1929Jensen, 1989;Laing, 2005;Quam and Quam, 1934;Stedman, 1947;Stewart, 2004Stewart, & 2007Thomsen, 1895) including pyramidal (Bayley, 1882), a helix on nested cylinders (Janet, 1929), spiral (Janet, 1928). The first tentative attempt of spiral version was given by Hinrichs (1867). ...
An advanced spiral periodic classification of the elements is presented. It has 32 groups and 8 periods. The proposed new periodic classification is a spiral arrangement of the elements, arranged by their increasing atomic number, electronic configuration and recurring chemical properties. The debatable positions of hydrogen and helium have been rectified in the spiral periodic classification. Two equations are also given for the diagonal relationship among the elements of 2nd and 3 periods. This classification may be acceptable in the scientific community to work properly and easily. Moreover, this classification is also capable to predict the places of undiscovered elements.
... Stewart 17 develops different arguments as responses to possible objections to the existence of neutronium as an element. The first of those objections, although not the most relevant, appeals to the absence of neutronium on earth; consequently, it would be futile to assign it a name. ...
... Having reviewed the different senses in which the term ''element'' is conceived at present, it seems to be clear that the key point in the discussion deals precisely with the interpretation of that concept, and Stewart does not elude it. Indeed, the author claims that if an element is defined as ''a form of ordinary matter in which all atoms contain the same number of protons'', 17 there would not be reason to reject neutronium's existence as an element. It is important to analyze the definition of ''element'' proposed by the author. ...
... Stewart argues that the same objection could be applied in the case of the inclusion of the ''inert'' gases into the periodic table, which nevertheless can be justified on the basis that ''the absence of chemical behaviour is itself a property''. 17 My observation here is that Stewart's last two arguments to defend the status of ''neutronium'' violate an ontological principle about concrete things: there are not negative properties, that is, the absence of a property cannot be a property of the entity itself. This implies that the absence of protons or of chemical behavior cannot be used as argument in favor of the existence of this supposed new element. ...
In this article I address the problem of the status of the element of atomic number zero or "neutronium", a suggestion proposed by Andreas von Antropoff in 1925 seven years before James Chadwick's announcement of the existence of the neutron, by analyzing Philip Stewart's arguments to defend such a proposal. On this basis, I will conclude that it is more cautious from both a scientific and a philosophical standpoint, to think of the neutron just as a structural component of an element.
