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Lichenostigma anatolicum is described as new from the squamules of a brown, pruinose Acarospora sp. on gypsaceous rocks in central Turkey. It is compared here with three other species of Lichenostigma also known to occur on Acarospora spp. and L. radicans described on vagrant Aspicilia species.
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... Therefore, common ascomata structure and spores types, variable presence of vegetative hyphae and shared lifestyles could represent traits assignable to one homogenous fungal lineage. According to morphological similarities, especially in the ascus structure, they were classified in the order Arthoniales, as their own family Lichenotheliaceae[2,5,8,16,21]. The inclusion of Lichenostigma and Lichenogramma species in future studies will clarify this unresolved taxonomic issue. ...
Many black meristematic fungi persist on rock surfaces-hostile and exposed habitats where high doses of radiation and periods of desiccation alternate with rain and temperature extremes. To cope with these extremes, rock-inhabiting black fungi show phenotypic plasticity and produce melanin as cell wall pigments. The rather slow growth rate seems to be an additional prerequisite to oligotrophic conditions. At least some of these fungi can undergo facultative, lichen-like associations with photoautotrophs. Certain genera presenting different lifestyles are phylogenetic related among the superclass Dothideomyceta. In this paper, we focus on the genus Lichenothelia, which includes border-line lichens, that is, associations of melanised fungi with algae without forming proper lichen thalli. We provide a first phylogenetic hypothesis to show that Lichenothelia belongs to the superclass Dothideomyceta. Further, culture experiments revealed the presence of co-occurring fungi in Lichenothelia thalli. These fungi are related to plant pathogenic fungi (Mycosphaerellaceae) and to other rock-inhabiting lineages (Teratosphaeriaceae). The Lichenothelia thallus-forming fungi represent therefore consortia of different black fungal strains. Our results suggest a common link between rock-inhabiting meristematic and lichen-forming lifestyles of ascomycetous fungi.
... NOTES. -Lichenostigma anatolicum was described from Turkey (Halici et al. 2009) and is only known in North America from Orange County (Lendemer et al. 2009b . For a description see Calatayud et al. (2004). ...
One hundred and eighty-seven lichenicolous fungi and lichenicolous lichens are reported from California. Abrothallus acetabuli and Intralichen lichenicola are reported new for North America and California. Sclerococcum montagnei is reported new for California. A strict definition of lichenicolous lichens as non-lichenized juvenile parasites that develop an independent lichenized thallus is used and 19 species are reported for California.
... The latter taxon is only superficially similar to A. cyrtodes, and differs by having a hymenium that is not inspersed with oil droplets, shorter ascospores (<50 µm long) that are muriform, and K+ red-violet pigments in the epihymenium. Halici Lichenostigma anatolicum is a newly described species collected on the thallus of a sterile brown Acarospora in Turkey (Halici et al. 2009). The species suppresses ascomata production in the host and is distinguished by the I+/KI+ blue stain of the centrum and finely verruculose non-halonate brown ascospores (9.0-)9.2-10.5-11.8(-13) ...
The following taxa are reported for the first time from North America: Arthonia anglica, A. cyrtodes, and Lichenostigma anatolicum. Sarcogyne bolleana is made a synonym of S. arenosa.
A contribution to the lichen flora of Turkey is presented. A total of 282 lichen taxa and 20 lichenicolous fungi, of which 4 are varieties, are determined from 87 different localities in Muş province (Turkey). Lichenostigmagracile, a lichenicolous fungus, is new to Turkey, and 274 lichen species and 20 lichenicolous fungi are new for Muş.
Lichenicolous fungi represent a highly specialized and successful group of organisms that live exclusively on lichens, most commonly as host-specific parasites, but also as broad-spectrum pathogens, saprotrophs or commensals. We present here the most recent update to the classification of lichenicolous fungi in the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota to genus level, arranged phylogenetically according to published classifications. For each genus, all known lichenicolous taxa (obligately lichenicolous taxa, lichenicolous lichens, and facultatively lichenicolous taxa) are listed, along with information about types, synonyms, pertinent literature and whether or not molecular data are available for any of the listed species. The number of accepted lichenicolous fungi is now 2319, with 2000 obligately lichenicolous species, subspecies or varieties, 257 lichenicolous lichens and 62 facultatively lichenicolous taxa. These species are found in 10 different classes of Fungi (Ascomycota and Basidiomycota), 55 orders, 115 families and 397 genera. The 2319 total taxa is an increase from the 1559 total species reported in the last published catalogue in 2003, and a larger number than the approximately 1800 reported in the most recent online checklist (www.lichenicolous.net) posted in January 2018. Of the total number of taxa, 2219 (96%) are ascomycetes and 100 (4%) are basidiomycetes. Of the 397 genera containing lichenicolous species, c. 50% (198) are entirely lichenicolous. In addition, six families (Abrothallaceae, Adelococcaceae, Cyphobasidiaceae, Obryzaceae, Polycoccaceae, Sarcopyreniaceae) and two orders (Abrothallales, Cyphobasidiales) are entirely lichenicolous. Sequence information is available for lichenicolous species in 128 (32%) of the 397 genera containing lichenicolous species, and in 56 (28%) of the 198 entirely lichenicolous genera. Many species are known from only one host lichen, but it is likely that broader host ecologies will be discovered as new sequence information is obtained from ongoing microbiome studies. Phaeopyxis Rambold & Triebel is considered as a new synonym of Bachmanniomyces D.Hawksw., resulting in five new combinations B. australis (Rambold & Triebel) Diederich & Pino-Bodas (≡ P. australis), B. carniolicus (Arnold) Diederich & Pino-Bodas (≡ Biatora carniolica), B. muscigenae (Alstrup & E.S.Hansen) Diederich & Pino-Bodas (≡ P. muscigenae), B. punctum (A.Massal.) Diederich & Pino-Bodas (≡ Nesolechia punctum) and B. varius (Coppins, Rambold & Triebel) Diederich & Pino-Bodas (≡ P. varia). As a consequence of a phylogenetic analysis including new sequences, Dactylospora Körb. is regarded as a new synonym of Sclerococcum Fr.: Fr., resulting in one new name (S. acarosporicola Ertz & Diederich) and 46 new combinations. Sclerococcaceae Réblová, Unter. & W.Gams is considered as a new synonym of Dactylosporaceae Bellem. & Hafellner. The new Sclerococcum ophthalmizae Coppins is described. Sclerophyton occidentale Herre is lectotypified on the lichenicolous fungus present in the type specimen and becomes a younger synonym of Sclerococcum parasiticum. A replacement name is Arthonia polydactylonis Diederich & Ertz (≡ A. ceracea). Further new combinations are Abrothallus lobariae (Diederich & Etayo) Diederich & Ertz (≡ Phoma lobariae), A. psoromatis (Zhurb. & U. Braun) Diederich & Zhurb. (≡ P. psoromatis), Asteroglobulus pyramidalis (Etayo) Diederich (≡ Cornutispora pyramidalis), Didymocyrtis grumantiana (Zhurb. & Diederich) Zhurb. & Diederich (≡ Phoma grumantiana), Epithamnolia atrolazulina (Etayo) Diederich (≡ Hainesia atrolazulina), Gyalolechia epiplacynthium (Etayo) Diederich (≡ Fulgensia epiplacynthium), Nesolechia doerfeltii (Alstrup & P.Scholz) Diederich (≡ Phacopsis doerfeltii), N. falcispora (Triebel & Rambold) Diederich (≡ P. falcispora), N. oxyspora var. fusca (Triebel & Rambold) Diederich (≡ P. oxyspora var. fusca), Preussia peltigerae (Brackel) Diederich (≡ Sporormiella peltigerae), Scutula curvispora (D.Hawksw. & Miadl.) Diederich (≡ Libertiella curvispora), S. didymospora (D.Hawksw. & Miadl.) Diederich (≡ L. didymospora), Stigmidium haesitans (Nyl.) Diederich (≡ Verrucaria haesitans), and S. parvum (Henssen) Diederich (≡ Pharcidia parvum). © 2018 by The American Bryological and Lichenological Society, Inc.
Lichenostigma saxicola, growing on silicate rocks and lichens, is described from southern California from both the Sonoran and Mojave deserts as well as from the Santa Monica Mountains on the coast. The species belongs to the subgenus Lichenostigma, has a non-amyloid centrum, and dark one-septate ascospores, 10–12 × 5–6 µm, cells equal or not, constricted at the septum, the walls of over-mature ascospores becoming granular-verrucose. The species is considered facultatively lichenicolous, not host specific, and is pathogenic.
Acarospora asperata is placed in synonymy with A. obnubila. Chiodecton subochroleucum is placed in synonymy with Roccellina franciscana. Lecanora phaeophora is discussed. Catillaria atomarioides, Echinodiscus lesdainii, Stigmidium ramalinae, and Thalloloma cinnabarinum are reported new for North America.
