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... further reinforces the belief that the rate of growth of per capita waste generation is strongly dependent on economic factor (GDP in this case). Table 1 gives the G R growth rates vis-a-vis GDP per capita for some countries/cities. With population explosion in Nigeria and relative improvement in economic indices, annual waste generation is expected to keep on rising [3,23]. ...
Context 2
... following assumptions were made for per capita waste generation G R and population P: a) P: Nigeria's population as at 2006 was about 140 million and is growing at annual rate of about 2.5% .Equation 2 was then used to make population forecasts. b) G R : Considering the Nigerian GDP per capita growth rate to be about 6.0% [23] and comparing this value to the figures given in Table 1, a reasonable approximation for G R growth rate appears to be about 0.8 -1.2%. Two scenarios were thus explored: low hypothesis with G R growth rate of 0.8% and high hypothesis with G R growth rate of 1.2%. ...
Context 3
... is expected to increase by about 25% while per capita waste generation rate is envisaged to rise by about 8 -12% within the time frame considered for the study (Table 1).This contrastswith the report by Kaushal et al. (2012) where increase in per capita waste generation is expected to outpace the population growth rate in most of India's big cities.The combined effect of these two indicators is a gradual increase in the waste generation quantum in Nigeria from 29 million tons estimated in 2011 to about 40 million tons expected in 2020.The results of this investigation show that collection and proper disposal of waste are critical issues that need to be addressed from now to 2020 and indeed beyond. Table 2 illustrates the estimates for the energy that could be derived from waste within the time frame considered, assuming complete collection of waste and state of the art incineration for electricity production. ...
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Citations
... Several studies ( Figure 2) have reported that per capita waste generation in various Nigerian cities ranges between 0.3 and 1.1 kg/person/day (Solomon, 2009;Atta et al., 2016;Ogunjuyigbe et al., 2017;Adekunle et al., 2020). However, the inefficient management of solid waste can be attributed to inadequate information on waste management benefits, poor implementation of government policies, and the absence of waste disposal facilities (Babayemi and Dauda, 2009;Nkwachukw, et al., 2010;Abila and Kantola, 2013). ...
There are environmental and health concerns associated with some waste-to-energy (WtE) technologies, such as incineration , which emit pollutants that can harm the environment and public health. Furthermore, there is limited research on the sustainability and feasibility of WtE. This study provides a comparative analysis of waste management practices in Nigeria and Nepal and highlights the challenges and potential for implementing WtE plants. A comprehensive literature review was conducted, and data were gathered from online sources for analysis. The findings of this study suggest that both countries face significant challenges in managing solid waste, including inadequate infrastructure, lack of awareness among policymakers, and limited resources for managing waste. However, there is potential for implementing WtE technologies as a sustainable solution for managing solid waste in these regions. The challenges asso-ciateed with WtE technology, including the high capital cost of establishing facilities and environmental and health concerns, must be addressed to fully realize the benefits of this technology.
... Hence the country's annual electricity generation potential from municipal solid waste is estimated to be 26,744 GWh/year, with 89% of the states having sufficient generation capacity at minimum regulatory electricity generation requirement of 50 MW. As Nigerian population continues to grow with implications on waste generation per capita, about 40 million tons of waste was envisaged to be generated in 2020 with potentials of 3000 Mega Watt of energy (Atta, et al., 2016). Therefore, with the massive volume of solid wastes generated across the country, if properly managed, instead of being source of pollution, and health hazards, municipal waste can be source of reliable and affordable energy (Abila, 2014). ...
... Hence the country's annual electricity generation potential from municipal solid waste is estimated to be 26,744 GWh/year, with 89% of the states having sufficient generation capacity at minimum regulatory electricity generation requirement of 50 MW. As Nigerian population continues to grow with implications on waste generation per capita, about 40 million tons of waste was envisaged to be generated in 2020 with potentials of 3000 Mega Watt of energy (Atta, et al., 2016). Therefore, with the massive volume of solid wastes generated across the country, if properly managed, instead of being source of pollution, and health hazards, municipal waste can be source of reliable and affordable energy (Abila, 2014). ...
Air pollution has posed a serious health challenge for both developed and developing countries. Through the Paris agreement, countries have developed actions toward net zero carbon emissions. However, developing countries are being confronted with other environmental challenges which seem to make the path to green recovery unrealizable. This scoping literature review examines air pollution and solid waste issues in Nigeria with the view of promoting green and resilient recovery. The review reveals that, there is high dependence on biomass for cooking, and cooking smoke has exposed more than 120 million people to health risks linked to respiratory tract infection, lung cancer, cardiovascular disease, coughing, eye irritation, etc. More so, rapid population growth and the continuous reliance on forest wood for cooking have not only resulted in environmental degradation and deforestation of forest reserves but have increased the challenge of air pollution. Furthermore, solid waste management remains intractable in most Nigerian cities despite the efforts of various state governments. Government policy on solid waste management seems not to be comprehensive as often the contribution of the informal sector, which is the most active player in waste collection, disposal, and recycling is excluded. While it is worrisome that solid waste volumes outweigh the capacity of urban managers with obvious implications on well-being, there are greater opportunities for waste to energy solutions. Nevertheless, available disposal strategies lack the technological capacity to explore engineering solutions for waste management. Therefore, there is a need to promote green recovery through engineering solutions which will ensure the transition to a climate compatible environment that is inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable.
... Several studies ( Figure 2) have reported that per capita waste generation in various Nigerian cities ranges between 0.3 and 1.1 kg/person/day (Solomon, 2009;Atta et al., 2016;Ogunjuyigbe et al., 2017;Adekunle et al., 2020). However, the inefficient management of solid waste can be attributed to inadequate information on waste management benefits, poor implementation of government policies, and the absence of waste disposal facilities (Babayemi and Dauda, 2009;Nkwachukw, et al., 2010;Abila and Kantola, 2013). ...
There are environmental and health concerns associated with some waste-to-energy (WtE) technologies, such as incineration , which emit pollutants that can harm the environment and public health. Furthermore, there is limited research on the sustainability and feasibility of WtE. This study provides a comparative analysis of waste management practices in Nigeria and Nepal and highlights the challenges and potential for implementing WtE plants. A comprehensive literature review was conducted, and data were gathered from online sources for analysis. The findings of this study suggest that both countries face significant challenges in managing solid waste, including inadequate infrastructure, lack of awareness among policymakers, and limited resources for managing waste. However, there is potential for implementing WtE technologies as a sustainable solution for managing solid waste in these regions. The challenges asso-ciateed with WtE technology, including the high capital cost of establishing facilities and environmental and health concerns, must be addressed to fully realize the benefits of this technology.
... Also, waste generation in 2020 was estimated at 40 million tons based on a population of 158 million and a waste generation rate of 0.5 kg/person/day. The forecast showed that with a calorific value of 9.6 MJ/kg, there is the potential to generate 3000 MW of electricity (Atta et al., 2016). However, the characterisation of the MSW components showed that 73 % was organic with an energy content of 13,022 KJ/kg. ...
Waste management has been a chronic environmental challenge in Nigeria, coupled with declining economic performance due to energy crises. This study was designed to estimate electricity potential of sewage sludge to meet the 2030 Renewable Energy target. However, there was a need to fill the gap in data related to wastewater management in Nigeria. The wastewater and sludge generated from households were evaluated based on data on population, access to water, and coverage of sewer networks. Consequently, the technical and economic feasibility of electricity generation was assessed using Anaerobic Digestion (AD)1and Incineration (INC)2 scenarios. The core results found that North Central had the highest potential for wastewater generation (142.8-403.6 billion litres/yr) and collection (8.3-37.5 billion litres/yr) over 20 years. However, the South East had the highest average sewer collection rate of 9.08 %. The AD technology was the most technically viable, with a maximum generation of 6.8 GWh/yr in the North Central. In comparison, the INC outperformed AD in most of the financial viability indicators considered viz-a-viz: Life Cycle Cost (LCC),3 Net Present Value (NPV),4 Pay Back Period (PBP),5 Internal Rate of Return (IRR),6 Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE).7 The AD had a higher NPV of 16.3-69.58 million USD and a shorter PBP of about 4 years. The INC had a lower LCC of 0.1-0.34 million USD, LCOE of 0.046-0.094 USD/kWh, and a higher IRR of 19.3-25 %. Additionally, the sensitivity of NPV and INC to changes in economic factors would be noteworthy for investors and policymakers. Ultimately, the choice of technology should reflect the fiscal goal and priorities of a project.
... In the modern days, fuel-briquette has stimulated a great deal of interest in the world of research due to the prospects of utilizing bio-based wastes, bio-fractions of municipal solid waste (MSW), fossil-based wastes and organic industrial wastes more efficiently with potentials of mitigating levels of environmental pollutions be it land, water or air pollution as supported by the findings of Elehinafe et al. [1]. In developing countries, waste management from various segments including households, large medium and small scale industries have been a key challenge [2,3]. It is worth mentioning that there are many methodologies in the world's knowledge economy for translating bio-based wastes, fossil-based wastes and bio-fossil-based wastes into fuel-briquettes. ...
This review covered recent research products on fuel-briquette with emphasis on its production technologies and physical characteristics involving shapes, volumes, resiliencies, and mechanical compressive strengths; combustion properties such as high heating values, volatile matters, moisture contents, ash contents and fixed carbon; chemical analyses for the content of components such as nitrogen, hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen and carbon; emission characterization such as and economic potentials. This review provides opportunities for investors, researchers, governments, individuals, and industries, especially on alternative forms of energy that could be harnessed from waste management and the conservation of forests and its optimal management of carbonaceous wastes and sustainable energy production. Other prominent merits of using fuel-briquettes are the conserving of time in cooking in homes and heating in industries and employment opportunities.
... Estimates of MSW generation rates in Nigeria have been reported by various authors [60,74], but based on our literature review the most current data on Nigeria's MSW generation rate appears to be that reported by Kaza et al. [1] as 0.51 kg/capita per day adjusted to the 2016 population level. Nnaji [75] published data of 0.49 kg/capita per day in 2015, while Oyebode [60] reported a generation rate of 0.43 kg/capita per day in 2018. ...
The annual volume of waste generated in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) increased from 81 million tonnes to 174 million tonnes per year between 2012 and 2016 and is projected to reach 269 million tonnes in 2030. In 2018, SSA's municipal solid waste (MSW) collection coverage was estimated at 44%. Concerned that the waste generation rate outweighs the collection pace, we conducted a systematic review of studies on MSW collection to examine the current situation in the region concerning the waste collection and coverage rates and to highlight the impediments to rapid progress in waste collection using the lens of four cities. Findings reveal that, despite the involvement of private waste collectors, collection and coverage rates are still below the desired 100% with backlogs of uncollected waste in public spaces, especially in low-income neighbourhoods where coverage remains abysmally low. This study fortifies the systematic discussion on MSW collection and coverage rates by conducting a meta-analysis. The result of the analysis shows that the waste collection and coverage rates are 65% and 67% in SSA, respectively. Aside from the paucity of data on waste generation rate and characterisation, most available data are incongruent. The review further shows that although several studies have been carried out on waste disposal, waste treatment and recycling in SSA studies directly focused on MSW collection are still few, leaving room for more research in this area. The review offers suggestions on how collection and coverage rates can be increased and equally proposes a strategy for reducing scavenging activities in the region's unsanitary landfills, given its concomitant health impacts on the scavengers.
... If all waste generated could be successfully collected and incinerated in a modern waste-to-energy facility, more than 5000 MW of electricity could be generated by the year 2022. (Atta, et al. 2016) Most electricity in generation in Nigeria comes from the hydropower and thermal with minimal electrical energy produced from renewable energy sources. This is the primary source of electricity in Nigeria's power sector without considering renewable energy options with much energy potentials. ...
In Nigeria today, there is a lot of waste that is being generated on a daily basis. From Domestic wastes to kitchen wastes, poultry and livestock not excluded. Due to the current energy crisis and climate change, the country could benefit greatly from an alternative energy source which is eco-friendly, renewable, sustainable and efficient. This alternative energy source is called ‘’Biogas”. Biogas is formed by anaerobic digestion of organic materials. Biogas can be produced from kitchen wastes, cow dungs, poultry, pig faeces, etc. These wastes from the Bio-digester can later be treated as a by-product to give a nutrient rich organic fertilizer that can be used in farmlands and gardens. This paper outlines the benefits of organic waste and its potentials for domestic as well as industrial use when compared to other conventional fuels. The selected organic wastes that were thoroughly analyzed in this research work are; Human excreta, Pig excreta, sheep and goat excreta, abattoir waste, poultry excreta, cattle excreta, crop residue and municipal waste. Using computational techniques based on standard measurement. It was deduced that Nigeria generates about 591 million tons of the selected organic waste per annum. The results obtained from the research work shows that biogas has the potential of yielding about 32.29 billion m3 of biogas equivalent to 178 894 587.6 MWh. This estimated biogas yield will completely displace use of kerosene and coal for domestic cooking hereby reducing the consumption of wood fuel by 70%. The research also gives a recommendation for government and also the NGOs to encourage waste to energy mobilization and support its implementation in rural areas of the country.
... The nonbiodegradability of plastic wastes made their continuous existence an environmental nuisance (D'Amato et al., 2016;Feo et al., 2019;Stoeva & Alriksson, 2017). As of 2016, plastic wastes constitute 12% of the global municipal solid waste generation (Kaza et al., 2018) and 11% of the total solid waste generation in Nigeria (Atta et al., 2016). Lebreton Methods of plastic waste management vary from country to country (d 'Ambrières, 2019). ...
The combined mixture process variable approach for optimization and prediction of oil yield in co‐pyrolysis of polymeric wastes was investigated in this study using I‐optimal design. The components mixture investigated were low‐density polyethylene (LDPE), polystyrene (PS), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET), whereas the process variables were temperature and residence time. Thirty experimental runs were developed using the I‐optimality criterion to investigate the effect of interaction between the mixture and process parameters on oil recovery from co‐pyrolysis of the polymeric wastes. The data obtained were used to generate a model equation, and analysis of variance was used to estimate the significance of the model. The model was significant with a P value < 0.0001, the R2 value of 0.9980, adjusted R2 of 0.9949, and predicted R2 of 0.9201. Optimized oil yield showed close match between actual and predicted responses with a desirability factor of 0.999. The predicted mixture compositions and operating parameters for the optimum oil yield were 52.86% for LDPE, 47.15% for PS, and 0% for PET at 471.07°C and 115.25 minutes. The chemical compositions of the pyrolysis oil at the optimum conditions were hydrocarbons in the carbon range between C6 and C25, with physical properties comparable to conventional diesel. Plate 1: Experimental set‐up (1. Double‐walled lagged vessel housing the reactor, 2. Electrical source, 3. Peristaltic pump, 4. PID temperature controller, 5. Liebig condenser, 6. Liquid product collector (Odejobi et al., 2020a)
... The average calorific value of wastes in Nigeria was approximately 9.6 MJ/KG based on the waste energy facility about 3000 MW of electricity could be produced from waste to complement the existing power sources in Nigeria. Therefore, there is the need for efficiencies in collection, transportation and management of wastes (Atta et al. 2016). Majority of these scholars failed to discuss exhaustively on the fundamentals of conversion of wastes to electricity. ...
... Nigerians are demanding a review of energy policy due to the anxieties over the outlook, security and variety of the energy resources which are utilised to produce power. Energy from wastes plants could play a restricted, but an enhanced role in generating electricity and offering heat to neighbourhoods (Atta et al. 2016). With fossil fuel prices intensifying in recent years, the desirability of energy from wastes module of the portfolio is expected to develop. ...
This study explores the need for conversion of wastes to energy for a sustainable power sector and environmental development in Nigeria, to decrease greenhouse gas emissions and to offer incentives for investments in renewable energy sources, and to mitigate the concerns on disposal of hazardous wastes in the country. The study adopts a library-based doctrinal legal research technique with a conceptual approach, relying on existing literature. It explores the potency of existing laws and other legal provisions binding on the practice of waste management to power in Nigeria. Also, it carries out a comparative appraisal of the renewable system through organic wastes to electricity in other countries. The key finding of the study is that if practical measures are taken by the Nigerian government to control waste disposal, it will minimise wastes from the various sources in conformity with the legal and regulatory requirements and this can be utilised to generate electricity. The study proposes a model for converting wastes to electricity to sustain the ever-intensifying demands for energy and to combat ecological issues in Nigeria. The research concludes with recommendations for the fusion of regulations and non-regulatory incentives for conversion of wastes to electricity in Nigeria’s power sector and advocates coherent legal framework on sources of energy with stringent enforcement of energy laws for stable electricity generation and sustainability in Nigeria’s power sector.
