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![Comparative schematic of updraft and downdraft fixed bed gasifiers [77].](profile/Vineet-Sikarwar/publication/316772405/figure/fig21/AS:668321431158786@1536351654588/Comparative-schematic-of-updraft-and-downdraft-fixed-bed-gasifiers-77.png)
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![Table 4 Classification of biomass feedstock [28].](profile/Vineet-Sikarwar/publication/316772405/figure/tbl1/AS:668321439576068@1536351656246/Classification-of-biomass-feedstock-28_Q320.jpg)
Biofuels from biomass gasification are reviewed here, and demonstrated to be an attractive option. Recent progress in gasification techniques and key generation pathways for biofuels production, process design and integration and socio-environmental impacts of biofuel generation are discussed, with the goal of investigating gasification-to-biofuels...
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... way out of the bed (heterogeneous cracking), leading to a less tarry off-gas. According to Gordillo et al. [159] typical gas compositions of H 2 , CO, CH 4 and CO 2 in updraft and downdraft gasifiers are found to be 5 to 15%, 20 to 30%, 1 to 3% and 5 to 15%, respectively. A comparative schematic of updraft and downdraft FXB gasifiers is shown in Fig. ...
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... of biofuels such as EtOH, H 2 , diesel and biogas is possible via biochemical and ther- mochemical routes. Thermochemical routes are considered better than the former on account of short reaction times, high conversion efficiencies and comparatively low costs [47,561]. All the possible algae-to-fuel and -power conversion processes are depicted in Fig. 27. In the gasification approach to thermochemical processing, algal biomass is typically heated with O 2 , air or steam in deficient conditions (or in the absence of air/O 2 ) to generate syngas. This product gas can be directly utilized as fuel for boilers or can be employed as raw material for MeOH or DME production. Direct com- ...
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... a g g e d P Numerous researchers have employed fresh water micro-algae Chlorella as the feedstock for gasification studies. Minowa et al. [571] investigated C. Vulgaris gasification over Ni catalyst in a N 2 cycling Fig. 28. Algal gasification (step-wise) to produce biofuels and power [47]. Fig. 27. Possible pathways for algal biomass conversion to usable fuels and power ...
Citations
... Modern gasifiers have undergone notable advancements in their design and operation, improving efficiency. They can generate cleaner, more energy-dense syngas (synthesis gas), mainly hydrogen and carbon monoxide (Sikarwar et al., 2017). Gasification produces a synthetic gas (syngas) that can be used in various ways. ...
The rising demand for renewable energy sources has fueled interest in converting biomass and organic waste into sustainable bioenergy. This study employs a bibliometric analysis (2013-2023) of publications to assess trends, advancements, and future prospects in this field. The analysis explores seven key research indicators, including publication trends, leading contributors, keyword analysis, and highly cited papers. We begin with a comprehensive overview of biomass as a renewable energy source and various waste-to-energy technologies. Employing Scopus and Web of Science databases alongside Biblioshiny and VOSviewer for analysis, the study investigates publication patterns, citation networks, and keyword usage. This systematic approach unveils significant trends in research focus and identifies prominent research actors (countries and institutions). Our findings reveal a significant increase in yearly publications, reflecting the growing global focus on biomass and organic waste conversion. Leading contributors include China, the United States, India, and Germany. Analysis of keywords identifies commonly used terms like "biofuels," "pyrolysis," and "lignocellulosic biomass." The study concludes by proposing future research directions, emphasizing advanced conversion technologies, integration of renewable energy sources, and innovative modelling techniques.
... where G 0 F,Products T, P and G 0 F,Reactants T, P were the Gibbs free energy of formation of products and reactions, respectively. Gibbs free energy of formation was estimated by summing the chemical potentials of all N components [22][23][24] , as described in Eq. (4). ...
To improve the utilization of byproduct gases in the steel plant, the coke oven gas (COG) methanation combined with blast furnace gas (BFG) and basic oxygen furnace gas (BOFG) was proposed in viewpoint of economy and environment. The optimization mathematics model based on Gibbs free energy minimization was established to predict the thermodynamic feasibility of the proposed methanation. To solve the proposed model, the convenient method was implemented by using the Gibbs module in Aspen Plus software. Effects of operation parameters on the methanation performance were revealed to identify the optimized conditions. To reduce the solid carbon concentration, it was found that the optimized conditions of temperature, pressure and stoichiometric number were 650 °C, 30 bar and 3.0, respectively. Moreover, it was discovered that 10 mol% of BFG or BOFG could be mixed into COG to obtain the maximum methane yield. In addition, it was testified that there were the good agreements between calculated results and industrial and published data, which indicated that the proposed methanation was thermodynamically feasible. Therefore, the simple and easy method was developed to evaluate the methanation operating conditions from the aspect of thermodynamic equilibrium, which provided the basic process conditions of byproduct gases methanation to enhance the steel plant efficiency and reduce carbon emissions.
... Further, biofuels are subdivided into four generations/classifications/categories ( Figure 2) of biofuels: The first generation includes: biodiesel, bioethanol, vegetable oil, bio-ethers, solid biofuels, and biogas [48,49]. The various edible sources, like food crops, sugar, starch, animal or oil fats, and grains, are mostly used for producing first generation of biofuels [48]. ...
... Further, biofuels are subdivided into four generations/classifications/categories (Fig-ure 2) of biofuels: The first generation includes: biodiesel, bioethanol, vegetable oil, bioethers, solid biofuels, and biogas [48,49]. The various edible sources, like food crops, sugar, starch, animal or oil fats, and grains, are mostly used for producing first generation of biofuels [48]. ...
... These biofuels have been mainly derived from starch, sugar, grains, animal fats, and vegetable oil sources. These types of biofuels (biodiesel, vegetable oil, bioethanol, and biogas) are already well-known in the fuel markets and are generally produced from fuel crops [49]. The production Generally, the second generation of biofuels is based on non-food crops like lignocellulosic biomass (agricultural residues such as straw, stover, sugarcane bagasse, and husk), wood and wood chips, wasted oil from edible food, and planting materials and organic waste from household and industries. ...
With increased worldwide energy demand and carbon dioxide emissions from the use of fossil fuels, severe problems are being experienced in modern times. Energy is one of the most important resources for humankind, and its needs have been drastically increasing due to energy consumption, the rapid depletion of fossil fuels, and environmental crises. Therefore, it is important to identify and search for an alternative to fossil fuels that provides energy in a reliable, constant, and sustainable way that could use available energy sources efficiently for alternative renewable sources of fuel that are clean, non-toxic, and eco-friendly. In this way, there is a dire need to develop technologies for biofuel production with a focus on economic feasibility, sustainability, and renewability. Several technologies, such as biological and thermochemical approaches, are derived from abundant renewable biological sources, such as biomass and agricultural waste, using advanced conversion technologies for biofuel production. Biofuels are non-toxic, biodegradable, and recognized as an important sustainable greener energy source to conventional fossil fuels with lower carbon emissions, combat air pollution, empower rural communities, and increase economic growth and energy supply. The purpose of this review is to explain the basic aspects of biofuels and their sustainability criteria, with a particular focus on conversion technologies for biofuel production, challenges, and future perspectives.
... Further, biofuels are subdivided into four generations/classifications/categories ( Figure 2) of biofuels: The first generation includes: biodiesel, bioethanol, vegetable oil, bio-ethers, solid biofuels, and biogas [48,49]. The various edible sources, like food crops, sugar, starch, animal or oil fats, and grains, are mostly used for producing first generation of biofuels [48]. ...
... Further, biofuels are subdivided into four generations/classifications/categories (Fig-ure 2) of biofuels: The first generation includes: biodiesel, bioethanol, vegetable oil, bioethers, solid biofuels, and biogas [48,49]. The various edible sources, like food crops, sugar, starch, animal or oil fats, and grains, are mostly used for producing first generation of biofuels [48]. ...
... These biofuels have been mainly derived from starch, sugar, grains, animal fats, and vegetable oil sources. These types of biofuels (biodiesel, vegetable oil, bioethanol, and biogas) are already well-known in the fuel markets and are generally produced from fuel crops [49]. The production Generally, the second generation of biofuels is based on non-food crops like lignocellulosic biomass (agricultural residues such as straw, stover, sugarcane bagasse, and husk), wood and wood chips, wasted oil from edible food, and planting materials and organic waste from household and industries. ...
With increased worldwide energy demand and carbon dioxide emissions from the use of fossil fuels, severe problems are being experienced in modern times. Energy is one of the most important resources for humankind, and its needs have been drastically increasing due to energy consumption, the rapid depletion of fossil fuels, and environmental crises. Therefore, it is important to identify and search for an alternative to fossil fuels that provides energy in a reliable, constant, and sustainable way that could use available energy sources efficiently for alternative renewable sources of fuel that are clean, non-toxic, and eco-friendly. In this way, there is a dire need to develop technologies for biofuel production with a focus on economic feasibility, sustainability, and renewability. Several technologies, such as biological and thermochemical approaches, are derived from abundant renewable biological sources, such as biomass and agricultural waste, using advanced conversion technologies for biofuel production. Biofuels are non-toxic, biodegradable, and recognized as an important sustainable greener energy source to conventional fossil fuels with lower carbon emissions, combat air pollution, empower rural communities, and increase economic growth and energy supply. The purpose of this review is to explain the basic aspects of biofuels and their sustainability criteria, with a particular focus on conversion technologies for biofuel production, challenges, and future perspectives.
... The widespread distribution, productivity, non-polluting nature, and renewability of biomass resources make them a crucial asset, and their effective utilization has the potential to notably propel the objectives of energy conservation and the reduction of emissions [2]. Biomass gasification technology is considered to be one of the most promising biomass utilization technologies [3], and the syngas produced by biomass gasification has the potential to replace a significant portion of fossil energy [4,5]. The traditional gasification technology uses air or pure oxygen as the gasification agent to gasify biomass into H 2 -rich syngas under high-temperature conditions [6]. ...
Oxygen carriers are critical in biomass chemical looping gasification. In this work, SrFe1.7X0.3O4 (X = Mn, Co, Ni) were selected as oxygen carriers for biomass chemical looping gasification (BCLG). The results showed that a small amount of Mn, Co, and Ni could be effectively doped into the spinel structure of SrFe2O4 and improved the BCLG performance significantly. The SrFe1.7Mn0.3O4 oxygen carrier achieved the greatest syngas yield of 1.982 m³/kg under optimal reaction conditions (T = 850 °C, O/B = 0.2, and S/B = 3), and the carbon conversion efficiency and gasification efficiency reached 94.17% and 96.64%, respectively. The XPS results revealed that the SrFe1.7Mn0.3O4 oxygen carrier has a greater lattice oxygen content than the SrFe2O4 oxygen carrier, which was the primary reason for improved gasification performance. In the cyclic experiment, owing to the sintering of the oxygen carrier particles, the reactivity of the oxygen carriers gradually decreased after 10 redox cycles, and the syngas yield gradually decreased. The cyclic stability of the oxygen carriers was considerably increased when 75wt.% MgAl2O4 inert carrier was loaded on the SrFe1.7Mn0.3O4. After 10 cycles, the syngas yield, carbon conversion efficiency, and gasification efficiency of the SFM3/75MA oxygen carrier were 1.852 m³/kg, 93.30%, and 95.01%, respectively. In summary, the SFM3/75MA oxygen carrier performed well in biomass gasification and had great cycling stability.
Graphical Abstract
... Gasification is an alternative thermal depolymerization of LB into synthetic fuel, such as methanol, dimethyl ether, and paraffin, through the Fischer-Tropsch mechanism [82]. The process is conducted at extremely high temperatures above 800°C while maintaining the presence of air or oxygen as an oxidizing agent [83]. ...
Despite concerns about diminishing fossil fuels and the imperative for renewable alternatives, lignin, Earth’s most abundant aromatic biopolymer, remains largely underutilized. This chapter explores the immense potential of lignin biorefinery to address energy demands, promote economic growth, and adhere to sustainable development principles. However, intricate structure, harsh odor, and toxicity hinder its valorization. To address these issues, examining emerging biochemical strategies, including thermochemical and enzymatic depolymerization and physical techniques, have emerged as promising avenues for converting lignin into valuable biofuels and chemical compounds. By highlighting innovative approaches and technologies, it emphasizes the pivotal role of lignin in driving biorefineries toward low-emission processes, yielding a diverse spectrum of bio-products. This chapter aims to contribute to the ongoing discourse on sustainable and eco-friendly biorefinery practices of lignin valorization.
... The technologies used classified as thermochemical processes are hydrothermal liquefaction, gasification, fast pyrolysis [83]. Gasification is based on partial oxidation generating solid and gaseous fuels, while pyrolysis requires absence of oxygen (no oxidation) and produces solid, liquid and gaseous fuels. ...
There is an urgent need to switch from fossil to bio-based fuels in the transport sector, particularly in shipping and aviation. The growth of the world's population has resulted in a significant impact on passenger transport, with a noticeable increase in greenhouse gas emissions, depletion of fossil resources and associated risks in all three pillars of sustainability. In this context, new policies, standards and targets have been developed to reduce this environmental damage, which is mainly caused by the use of fossil fuels. Therefore, the alternative of using biofuels seems to be the most appropriate solution, to the extent that important targets have been set and specific directives have been developed for the integration of biofuels in the maritime and aviation sectors. However, to demonstrate that switching to biofuels is indeed beneficial, it is necessary to evaluate new biofuel scenarios from a life-cycle perspective, with particular emphasis on analyses that provide information beyond the present, such as prospective life-cycle assessments. To this end, the focus of this review is on the current trends in the production of biofuels for the marine and aviation sectors, taking into account the main targets set, the existing regulations and directives on the subject, and an analysis of the type of technologies used for their production. It also addresses biofuel Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) scenarios and future LCA approaches, and how these analyses should be carried out to be effective. Finally, key policies, standards and certifications are analyzed. The trends and bottlenecks discussed in this review concerning the actual and future development of the biofuels sector could be used by policy makers and stakeholders to identify efforts that favor the integration of biofuels into the value chain. Furthermore, it could be concluded that the evaluation of the guidelines foreseen in the development of competitive scenarios based on emerging technologies, as well as the adoption of policies and restrictions on the use of fuels, are key conditions to establish the roadmap for the widespread implementation of biofuels.
... The low energy density (due to high oxygen content) and the corrosive nature of pyrolysis bio-oil or the high costs (catalysts, high pressures) of liquefaction have established biomass gasification as the most cost-effective and efficient technology for residual biomass to bio-energy [11][12][13]. Nowadays, FT and AtJ are justifiably the dominant emerging gasification-driven BtL technologies, but the strict specifications of FT (i.e., extended gas-cleaning requirements, high temperatures/pressures) or the several unit operations (i.e., fermentation, dehydration, oligomerization) of AtJ usually lead to high production costs. In this study, an alternative gasification-driven BtL concept for the production of drop-in aviation fuels is introduced and evaluated. ...
Around 65% of the mitigation needed for the targeted net-zero carbon aviation emissions in 2050 is expected to come from Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAFs). In this study, an alternative gasification-driven Biomass-to-Liquid (BtL) concept for the production of SAFs is introduced and evaluated. In particular, a fuel synthesis scheme based on the double-stage fermentation of the produced syngas (syngas → acetic acid → TAGs) is assessed instead of the conventional Fischer-Tropsch (FT) or Alcohol-to-Jet (AtJ) synthesis. The objective of the present work is the techno-economic evaluation of a large-scale (200 MWth) replication of the mentioned BtL concept, whose performance has been simulated in Aspen Plus TM (V.11) with reasonable upscaling considerations and models validated at a pilot scale. The estimated baseline Total Capital Investment (TCI) of €577 million lies in the typical range of €500-700 million that many recent techno-economic studies adopt for gasification-driven BtL plants of similar capacity, while the estimated annual operating costs of €50 million correspond to a 15-40% OpEx reduction compared to such plants. A discounted cash flow analysis was carried out, and a baseline Minimum Jet Selling Price (MJSP) equal to 1.83 €/L was calculated, while a range of 1.38-2.27 €/L emerged from the sensitivity analysis. This study sets the biological conversion of gasification-derived syngas into triglycerides (TAGs) as a promising alternative route for the production of SAFs. In general, gasification-driven BtL pathways, led by the relatively mature FT and AtJ technologies, are capable of thriving in the coming years based on their capability of advanced feedstock flexibility.
... One promising avenue in biomass utilization is biomass gasification, which offers the potential to convert biomass waste into valuable synthesis gas (syngas) comprising carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H 2 ), and other gases. Syngas has diverse applications, including heat and power generation, biofuels production, and chemical synthesis (Jagaba et al., 2022;Santos and Alencar, 2020;Sikarwar et al., 2017;Xiong et al., 2017). Despite its promising potential, efficient biomass gasification has been hindered by ash-related issues, such as slagging, fouling, agglomeration, and corrosion . ...
The study explores co-gasification of palm oil decanter cake and alum sludge, investigating the correlation between input variables and syngas production. Operating variables, including temperature (700–900 ℃), air flow rate (10–30 mL/min), and particle size (0.25–2 mm), were optimized to maximize syngas production using air as the gasification agent in a fixed bed horizontal tube furnace reactor. Response Surface Methodology with the Box-Behnken design was used employed for optimization. Fourier Transformed Infra-Red (FTIR) and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopic (FESEM) analyses were used to analyze the char residue. The results showed that temperature and particle size have positive effects, while air flow rate has a negative effect on the syngas yield. The optimal CO+H2 composition of 39.48 vol.% was achieved at 900 ℃, 10 mL/min air flow rate, and 2 mm particle size. FTIR analysis confirmed the absence of C─Cl bonds and the emergence of Si─O bonds in the optimized char residue, distinguishing it from the raw sample. FESEM analysis revealed a rich porous structure in the optimized char residue, with the presence of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and aluminosilicates. These findings provide valuable insights for sustainable energy production from biomass wastes.
... Ada 3 bentuk utama dari sisa pembabatan hutan ini, yaitu ranting dengan diameter lebih besar dari 0,5cm, ranting yang diameternya lebih kecil dari 0,5cm, dan Sulur. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan bahan dibiarkan apa adanya (tidak ada pengeringan dan ekstraksi terlebih dahulu) dari kedua percobaan ini ternyata baik dari Energi aktivasi maupun Karakteristik devolatilisasinya hamper sam sehingga dimungkinkan pada saat pembuatan tungku gasifikasi, kedua biomasa ini dikombinasikan [16]. ...
Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menghasilkan inovasi penggunaan limbah yang belum digunakan secara maksimal dirubah menjadi bahan bakar yang bisa digunakan sekala rumah tangga. Limbah biomassa diolah menjadi pellet dengan variasi yang telah ditentukan dengan bahan dasar gergajian kayu jati dan sekam padi. Dari pengujian yang dilakukan dapat disimpulkan bahwa pellet variasi A dengan bahan baku berasal gergajian kayu jati membutuhkan bahan bakar paling sedikit dan lama pendidihan air 1 liter paling cepat. variasi F dengan bahan baku berasal sekam padi membutuhkan bahan bakar paling banyak dan lama pendidihan air 1 liter paling lama, karena nilai kalor kayu jati lebih tinggi yaitu 4158,58 kal/gram nilai kalor sekam padi sebesar 3278,10 kal/gram. variasi A yaitu gergajian kayu jati waktu yang dibutuhkan mendidihkan air selama 8 menit 32 detik dan membutuhkan pellet sebanyak 135 gram.
