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Comparative chromosome map of Chinese hamster (CGR, banded chromosomes at the left) and golden hamster (MAU, black line) established by reciprocal hybridization of golden and Chinese hamster chromosome-specific painting probes. At the right is presented correspondence to mouse chromosomes (MMU, black line) established by Yang et al. (2000) and refined by reciprocal painting of mouse and golden hamster chromosome-specific painting probes.
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The laboratory mouse (Mus musculus, 2n = 40), the Chinese hamster (Cricetulus griseus, 2n = 22), and the golden (Syrian) hamster (Mesocricetus auratus, 2n = 44) are common laboratory animals, extensively used in biomedical research. In contrast with the mouse genome, which was sequenced and well characterized, the hamster species has been set aside...
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Context 1
... chromosome painting of Chinese and golden hamsters. Examples of FISH are shown in Fig. 2a, b. The 20 painting probes of the golden hamster revealed 25 conserved autosomal segments in the genome of the Chinese hamster (Fig. 3). Al- most all probes (Chrs 1À4, 6À8, 10, 12, 13, 15À21, and X) delineated one region on the Chinese hamster chromosomes. Other golden hamster probes (Chrs 5, 9, 11, 14) each delineated two regions in the C. gri- seus karyotype. The reciprocal hybridization of nine Chinese hamster painting probes produced 23 sig- nals on golden hamster ...
Context 2
... two largest chromosomes of the Chinese hamster (Chrs 1 and 2) are homologous to seven and five golden hamster chromosomes, respectively (Fig. 3). Chromosomes 5 and 14 of the golden ham- ster both contain the association 1 and 2 of C. gri- seus chromosome segments (Fig. 4). The golden hamster karyotype can be formed from the Chinese hamster karyotype by 13 fissions and 2 fusions, whereas 15 fusions and 3 fissions are needed to transform the golden hamster karyotype into the ...
Context 3
... chromosome painting of mouse and golden hamster. The 20 painting probes of golden hamster revealed 43 conserved autosomal segments in the mouse genome (Fig. 5). The whole set of mouse chromosome-specific probes revealed 42 conserved autosomal segments in the golden ham- ster karyotype (Fig. 4). Examples of FISH are shown in Fig. 3c, d. Three probes (mouse Chrs 9, 19, and X) each painted one chromosomal region of M. auratus. Thirteen probes (mouse Chrs 2À8, 11À14, 16, and 18) each delineated two regions on the golden ham- ster karyotype. The mouse probes 1, 10, and 15 painted three regions while probe 17 painted 5 regions in the M. auratus genome. Reciprocal ...
Citations
... We agree that the block MMU 7/19 (AEK1) is conserved in Muroidea 14,35 , as it is present in all subfamilies investigated here ( Although the MMU 6/12 (HME 4/11/16) have been proposed as syntenic block shared between Sigmodontinae and Arvicolinae (Cricetidae) 14 , we identified this block in Murinae, Deomyinae and Otomyinae (Muridae), indicating that it is conserved in Muroidea; also, the dissociated form MMU 12 (HME 11/16) is present in Sigmodontinae, Arvicolinae, and Murinae (Muridae), which corresponds to the AEK 11 35 . Another syntenic block found conserved in both families Cricetidae (Sigmodontinae, Neotomyinae) and Muridae (Murinae, Otomyinae) is MMU 14 (HME 7/9), and corresponds to AEK 10. ...
... We agree that the block MMU 7/19 (AEK1) is conserved in Muroidea 14,35 , as it is present in all subfamilies investigated here ( Although the MMU 6/12 (HME 4/11/16) have been proposed as syntenic block shared between Sigmodontinae and Arvicolinae (Cricetidae) 14 , we identified this block in Murinae, Deomyinae and Otomyinae (Muridae), indicating that it is conserved in Muroidea; also, the dissociated form MMU 12 (HME 11/16) is present in Sigmodontinae, Arvicolinae, and Murinae (Muridae), which corresponds to the AEK 11 35 . Another syntenic block found conserved in both families Cricetidae (Sigmodontinae, Neotomyinae) and Muridae (Murinae, Otomyinae) is MMU 14 (HME 7/9), and corresponds to AEK 10. ...
... An analysis of 58 rodent species hybridized by HME and MMU whole chromosome probes was conducted combining the literature and present study (Additional File 2: Table S2). Using Necromys lasiurus karyotypes previously investigated by HME 14 and MMU probes 13 , syntenic blocks shared among taxa were identified and linked with syntenic blocks that were part of the ancestral Eumuroida karyotype (AEK) 35 . ...
Rodents of the genus Cerradomys belong to tribe Oryzomyini, one of the most diverse and speciose groups in Sigmodontinae (Rodentia, Cricetidae). The speciation process in Cerradomys is associated with chromosomal rearrangements and biogeographic dynamics in South America during the Pleistocene era. As the morphological, molecular and karyotypic aspects of Myomorpha rodents do not evolve at the same rate, we strategically employed karyotypic characters for the construction of chromosomal phylogeny to investigate whether phylogenetic relationships using chromosomal data corroborate the radiation of Cerradomys taxa recovered by molecular phylogeny. Comparative chromosome painting using Hylaeamys megacephalus (HME) whole chromosome probes in C. langguthi (CLA), Cerradomys scotii (CSC), C. subflavus (CSU) and C. vivoi (CVI) shows that karyotypic variability is due to 16 fusion events, 2 fission events, 10 pericentric inversions and 1 centromeric repositioning, plus amplification of constitutive heterochromatin in the short arms of the X chromosomes of CSC and CLA. The chromosomal phylogeny obtained by Maximum Parsimony analysis retrieved Cerradomys as a monophyletic group with 97% support (bootstrap), with CSC as the sister to the other species, followed by a ramification into two clades (69% of branch support), the first comprising CLA and the other branch including CVI and CSU. We integrated the chromosome painting analysis of Eumuroida rodents investigated by HME and Mus musculus (MMU) probes and identified several syntenic blocks shared among representatives of Cricetidae and Muridae. The Cerradomys genus underwent an extensive karyotypic evolutionary process, with multiple rearrangements that shaped extant karyotypes. The chromosomal phylogeny corroborates the phylogenetic relationships proposed by molecular analysis and indicates that karyotypic diversity is associated with species radiation. Three syntenic blocks were identified as part of the ancestral Eumuroida karyotype (AEK): MMU 7/19 (AEK 1), MMU 14 (AEK 10) and MMU 12 (AEK 11). Besides, MMU 5/10 (HME 18/2/24) and MMU 8/13 (HME 22/5/11) should be considered as signatures for Cricetidae, while MMU 5/9/14, 5/7/19, 5 and 8/17 for Sigmodontinae.
... auratus) chromosomes of similar size [12,13]. It is difficult to recognize individual chromosomes by karyotyping or to reveal them by sorting [14]. The high degree of chromosome diversity in Chinese hamster karyotypes presupposes that TR homogenization between chromosomes faced severe difficulties. ...
... Then, the stained probes technique was developed and applied to a comparative analysis of several species: mice [46], Rattus norvegicus [47], C. griseus [48], Eothenomys proditor [49], etc. The availability of new sets of probes allowed reciprocal chromosome staining between two Cricetidae species: C. griseus and Mesocricerus auratus [14], demonstrating great karyotypic differences between these two species. ...
The Chinese hamster (Cricetulus griseus) and striped hamster (Cricetulus barabensis) are very closely related species with similar karyotypes. The karyotypes differ from each other by one Robertsonian rearrangement and X-chromosome morphology. The level of the tandem repeat (TR) sequences’ evolutional variability is high. The aim of the current work was to trace the TR distribution on the chromosomes of two very closely related species. The striped hamster genome has not yet been sequenced. We classified the Chinese hamster TR in the assemblies available and then compared the mode of the TR distribution in closely related species. Chinese and striped hamsters are separate species due to the relative species specificity of Chinese hamster TR and prominent differences in the TR distribution in both species. The TR variation observed within homologous striped hamster chromosomes is caused by a lack of inbreeding in natural populations. The set of TR tested could be used to examine the CHO lines’ instability that has been observed in heterochromatic regions.
... Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). The set of chromosome-specific probes and some microdissected painting probes of the golden hamster M. auratus (2n = 44) were described earlier 17 . The telomeric DNA probe was generated by PCR with oligonucleotides (TTA GGG ) 5 and (CCC TAA ) 5 18 . ...
... Comparative cytogenetics. The set of chromosome-specific probes of the golden hamster contains several mixed probes 17 . Microdissection was performed to produce individual probes of those chromosomes that hit mixed peaks during flow-sorting. ...
... The results of comparative chromosome painting convincingly showed that the U. kamensis karyotype is very different from that of the rest of cricetine hamsters in terms of the number of detected syntenic blocks and the type of identified M. auratus chromosome associations (Fig. 1a). The 38 autosomal conserved segments revealed in the U. kamensis karyotype is not only greater than this number in representatives of genera Cricetulus and Phodopus but also greater than that in all representatives of the subfamily 17,29 . 17,29,31,32 , whereas in the U. kamensis karyotype, the association is formed by a part of MAUR19 (Fig. 1a). ...
The genus status of Urocricetus was defined recently based on morphological and molecular data. Even though the amount of evidence for a separate phylogenetic position of this genus among Cricetinae continues to increase, there is still no consensus on its relationship to other groups. Here we give the first comprehensive description of the U. kamensis karyotype (2 n = 30, NF a = 50) including results of comparative cytogenetic analysis and detailed examination of its phylogenetic position by means of numerous molecular markers. The molecular data strongly indicated that Urocricetus is a distant sister group to Phodopus . Comparative cytogenetic data showed significant reorganization of the U. kamensis karyotype compared to karyotypes of all other hamsters investigated earlier. The totality of findings undoubtedly means that Urocricetus belongs to a separate divergent lineage of Cricetinae.
... We hypothesized that it was an XX bivalent. FISH with a whole chromosome painting probe of the X chromosome of the golden hamster Mesocricetus auratus [36] confirmed this suggestion. The probe produced a strong specific signal at Xq, while heterochromatic Xp remained unstained ( Figure S4). ...
Hybrid sterility is an important step in the speciation process. Hybrids between dwarf hamsters Phodopus sungorus and P. campbelli provide a good model for studies in cytological and genetic mechanisms of hybrid sterility. Previous studies in hybrids detected multiple abnormalities of spermatogenesis and a high frequency of dissociation between the X and Y chromosomes at the meiotic prophase. In this study, we found that the autosomes of the hybrid males and females underwent paring and recombination as normally as their parental forms did. The male hybrids showed a significantly higher frequency of asynapsis and recombination failure between the heterochromatic arms of the X and Y chromosomes than the males of the parental species. Female hybrids as well as the females of the parental species demonstrated a high incidence of centromere misalignment at the XX bivalent and partial asynapsis of the ends of its heterochromatic arms. In all three karyotypes, recombination was completely suppressed in the heterochromatic arm of the X chromosome, where the pseudoautosomal region is located. We propose that this recombination pattern speeds up divergence of the X- and Y-linked pseudoautosomal regions between the parental species and results in their incompatibility in the male hybrids.
... The set of chromosome-specific and microdissected painting probes of the golden hamster Mesocricetus auratus (2n = 44) used here was described in Romanenko et al. [2006]. FISH was performed following previously published protocols [Yang et al., 1999;Graphodatsky et al., 2000]. ...
Sokolov's dwarf hamster (Cricetulus sokolovi) is the least studied representative of the striped hamsters (Cricetulus barabensis species group), the taxonomy of which remains controversial. The species was described based on chromosome morphology, but neither the details of the karyotype nor the phylogenetic relationships with other Cricetulus are known. In the present study, the karyotype of C. sokolovi was examined using cross-species chromosome painting. Molecular and cytogenetic data were employed to determine the phylogenetic position of Sokolov's hamster and to analyze the potential pathways of chromosome evolution in Cricetulus. Both the chromosome and molecular data support the species status of Sokolov's hamster. Phylogenetic analysis of the CYTB data placed C. sokolovi as sister to all other striped hamsters (sequence divergence of 8.1%). FISH data revealed that the karyotype of C. sokolovi is highly rearranged, with the most parsimonious scenario of its origin implying at least 4 robertsonian events and a centromere shift. Comparative cytogenetic data on Cricetinae suggest that their evolutionary history includes both periods of chromosomal conservatism and episodes of rapid chromosomal change.
... This creates homobrachial heterozygosity susceptible to disturb meiosis and reduce the fertility of the progeny. The conserved syntenies, identified by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) of human probes, in the Laonastes karyotype are compared with those described in other rodents or reconstructed ancestral karyotypes (Richard et al. 2003;Stanyon et al. 2004;Romanenko et al. 2006;Graphodatsky et al. 2008;Beklemisheva et al. 2011;Sannier et al. 2011). The question of the congruence between the chromosomal and molecular data and the existence of either a single and highly diversified species or a multi-specific genus is discussed. ...
... In addition to that of eutherian mammals (Richard et al. 2003), the presumed ancestral karyotypes of all rodents and various taxonomic groups (families, sub-families, genera) of rodents have been proposed, following chromosome painting studies (Richard et al. 2003;Yang et al. 2006;Stanyon et al. 2004;Romanenko et al. 2006;Graphodatsky et al. 2008;Beklemisheva et al. 2011;Sannier et al. 2011, e.g.). These reconstructions followed the principle of parsimony, which was applied here for reconstructing the ancestral karyotype of the genus Laonastes. ...
... This reconstruction was compared to those published for other rodents. In Table 1, we indicated the adjacent syntenic fragments, identified by their homology with human chromosomes, in the published ancestral karyotypes of eutherian mammals and rodents (Richard et al. 2003;Romanenko et al. 2006;Graphodatsky et al. 2008;Beklemisheva et al. 2011). The six synthenies proposed for the eutherian ancestor (Table 1) also are found in the reconstructed ancestral karyotypes of Rodentia, Sciuridae, and Glires, but not of Muroidea and Laonastes, which conserved only three syntenies. ...
Laonastes aenigmamus (Khanyou) is a recently described rodent species living in geographically separated limestone formations of the Khammuan Province in Lao PDR. Chromosomes of 21 specimens of L. aenigmamus were studied using chromosome banding as well as fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) techniques using human painting, telomere repeats, and 28S rDNA probes. Four different karyotypes were established. Study with human chromosome paints and FISH revealed that four large chromosomes were formed by multiple common tandem fusions, with persistence of some interstitial telomeres. The rearrangements separating the different karyotypes (I to IV) were also reconstructed. Various combinations of Robertsonian translocations or tandem fusions involving the same chromosomes differentiate these karyotypes. These rearrangements create a strong gametic barrier, which isolates specimens with karyotype II from the others. C-banding and FISH with telomere repeats also exhibit large and systematized differences between karyotype II and others. These data indicate an ancient reproductive separation and suggest that Laonastes is not a mono-specific genus.
... To facilitate karyotype comparison of A. amphibius, D. torquatus and M. rutilus and to link it to previous studies, we also used paints from the field vole (Microtus agrestis, 2n = 50, Sitnikova et al. 2007) and the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus, 2n = 44, Romanenko et al. 2006). We have integrated our results with previously published comparative chromosome maps of the Arvicolinae species using D. torquatus painting probes for the additional A. oeconomus and M. agrestis karyotype investigations ; Sitnikova e t a l . 2 0 0 7 ; L e m s k a y a e t a l . 2 0 1 0 ; Bakloushinskaya et al. 2012). ...
... The sets of paints derived from flow-sorted chromosomes of the field vole and the golden hamster have been described previously (Yang et al. 1995;Romanenko et al. 2006). The Palearctic collared lemming paints were generated at the Cambridge Resource Centre for Comparative Genomics, by DOP-PCR amplification of flow-sorted chromosomes and labeled with biotin and digoxigenin-dUTPs (Medigen) by DOP-PCR amplification (Telenius et al. 1992;Yang et al. 1995). ...
The subfamily Arvicolinae consists of a great number of species with highly diversified karyotypes. In spite of the wide use of arvicolines in biological and medicine studies, the data on their karyotype structures are limited. Here, we made a set of painting probes from flow-sorted chromosomes of a male Palearctic collared lemming (Dicrostonyx torquatus, DTO). Together with the sets of painting probes made previously from the field vole (Microtus agrestis, MAG) and golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus, MAU), we carried out a reciprocal chromosome painting between these three species. The three sets of probes were further hybridized onto the chromosomes of the Eurasian water vole (Arvicola amphibius) and northern red-backed vole (Myodes rutilus). We defined the diploid chromosome number in D. torquatus karyotype as 2n = 45 + Bs and showed that the system of sex chromosomes is X1X2Y1. The probes developed here provide a genomic tool-kit, which will help to investigate the evolutionary biology of the Arvicolinae rodents. Our results show that the syntenic association MAG1/17 is present not only in Arvicolinae but also in some species of Cricetinae; and thus, should not be considered as a cytogenetic signature for Arvicolinae. Although cytogenetic signature markers for the genera have not yet been found, our data provides insight into the likely ancestral karyotype of Arvicolinae. We conclude that the karyotypes of modern voles could have evolved from a common ancestral arvicoline karyotype (AAK) with 2n = 56 mainly by centric fusions and fissions.
... This creates homobrachial heterozygosity susceptible to disturb meiosis and reduce the fertility of the progeny. The conserved syntenies, identified by FISH of human probes, in the Laonastes karyotype are compared with those described in other rodents or reconstructed ancestral karyotypes (Richard et al., 2003b, Stanyon et al., 2004, Romanenko at al., 2006, Graphodatsky et al., 2008, Beklemisheva et al., 2011, Sannier et al., 2011). The question of the congruence between the chromosomal and molecular data and the existence of either a single and highly diversified species, or a multi-specific genus is discussed. ...
... In addition to that of eutherian mammals (Richard et al., 2003a), the presumed ancestral karyotypes of all rodents and various taxonomic groups (families, sub-families, genera) of rodents have been proposed, following chromosome painting studies (Richard et al., 2003b, Yang et al., 2003, Stanyon et al., 2004, Romanenko et al., 2006, Graphodatsky et al., 2008, Beklemisheva et al., 2011, Sannier et al., 2011, e.g.). These reconstructions followed the principle of parsimony, which was applied here for reconstructing the ancestral karyotype of the genus Laonastes. ...
... This reconstruction was compared to those published for other rodents. In table I, we indicated the adjacent syntenic fragments, identified by their homology with human chromosomes, in the published ancestral karyotypes of Eutherian mammals and rodents (Richard et al., 2003, Romanenko et al., 2006, Graphodatsky et al., 2008, Beklemisheva et al., 2011). The 6 synthenies proposed for the Eutherian ancestor (Table 1) also are found in the reconstructed ancestral karyotypes of Rodentia, Sciuridae and Glires, but not of Muroidea and Laonastes, which conserved only 3 syntenies. ...
... The associations MMU5/9 and MMU5/10 are not exclusive to NLA as suggested by Hass et al. [22], since MMU5/9 is found in Cricetulus griseus and Cricetus cricetus (Cricetidae: Cricetinae [40,46]), in Nannomys mattheyi (Muridae: Murinae; [44]) and Acomys dimidiatus (Muridae: Deomyinae; [38]); MMU5/10 in NLA is also shared by Ellobius lutescens, Ellobius talpinus, Microtus agrestis and Microtus oeconomus (Cricetidae: Arvicolinae, [41][42]; S2 Table). In addition, MMU5/7 is not shared only by N. lasiurus and Akodon cursor as suggested by Hass et al. [22], but also by Arvicolinae species (Ellobius lutescens, Ellobius talpinus, Microtus agrestis and Microtus oeconomus, [41][42]; S2 Table). ...
... MMU7/19 is highly conserved in Muroidea, as shown by all species analyzed here ( [21-22, 24, 30-46]; S2 Table), and probably is found in the ancestral genome of this group [24,32,40,46,52]; S2 Table). This association is present in the human genome (HSA11 and HSA10) and in the Bovidae genome (BTA26) [43,53]. ...
Sigmodontinae rodents show great diversity and complexity in morphology and ecology. This diversity is accompanied by extensive chromosome variation challenging attempts to reconstruct their ancestral genome. The species Hylaeamys megacephalus-HME (Oryzomyini, 2n = 54), Necromys lasiurus-NLA (Akodontini, 2n = 34) and Akodon sp.-ASP (Akodontini, 2n = 10) have extreme diploid numbers that make it difficult to understand the rearrangements that are responsible for such differences. In this study we analyzed these changes using whole chromosome probes of HME in cross-species painting of NLA and ASP to construct chromosome homology maps that reveal the rearrangements between species. We include data from the literature for other Sigmodontinae previously studied with probes from HME and Mus musculus (MMU) probes. We also use the HME probes on MMU chromosomes for the comparative analysis of NLA with other species already mapped by MMU probes. Our results show that NLA and ASP have highly rearranged karyotypes when compared to HME. Eleven HME syntenic blocks are shared among the species studied here. Four syntenies may be ancestral to Akodontini (HME2/18, 3/25, 18/25 and 4/11/16) and eight to Sigmodontinae (HME26, 1/12, 6/21, 7/9, 5/17, 11/16, 20/13 and 19/14/19). Using MMU data we identified six associations shared among rodents from seven subfamilies, where MMU3/18 and MMU8/13 are phylogenetic signatures of Sigmodontinae. We suggest that the associations MMU2entire, MMU6proximal/12entire, MMU3/18, MMU8/13, MMU1/17, MMU10/17, MMU12/17, MMU5/16, MMU5/6 and MMU7/19 are part of the ancestral Sigmodontinae genome.
... This creates homobrachial heterozygosity susceptible to disturb meiosis and reduce the fertility of the progeny. The conserved syntenies, identified by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) of human probes, in the Laonastes karyotype are compared with those described in other rodents or reconstructed ancestral karyotypes (Richard et al. 2003;Stanyon et al. 2004;Romanenko et al. 2006;Graphodatsky et al. 2008;Beklemisheva et al. 2011;Sannier et al. 2011). The question of the congruence between the chromosomal and molecular data and the existence of either a single and highly diversified species or a multi-specific genus is discussed. ...
... In addition to that of eutherian mammals (Richard et al. 2003), the presumed ancestral karyotypes of all rodents and various taxonomic groups (families, sub-families, genera) of rodents have been proposed, following chromosome painting studies (Richard et al. 2003;Yang et al. 2006;Stanyon et al. 2004;Romanenko et al. 2006;Graphodatsky et al. 2008;Beklemisheva et al. 2011;Sannier et al. 2011, e.g.). These reconstructions followed the principle of parsimony, which was applied here for reconstructing the ancestral karyotype of the genus Laonastes. ...
... This reconstruction was compared to those published for other rodents. In Table 1, we indicated the adjacent syntenic fragments, identified by their homology with human chromosomes, in the published ancestral karyotypes of eutherian mammals and rodents (Richard et al. 2003;Romanenko et al. 2006;Graphodatsky et al. 2008;Beklemisheva et al. 2011). The six synthenies proposed for the eutherian ancestor (Table 1) also are found in the reconstructed ancestral karyotypes of Rodentia, Sciuridae, and Glires, but not of Muroidea and Laonastes, which conserved only three syntenies. ...
Laonastes aenigmamus (Khanyou) is a recently described rodent species living in geographically separated limestone formations of the Khammuan province in Lao PDR. Chromosomes of 21 specimens of L. aenigmamus were studied using chromosome banding as well as FISH techniques using human painting, telomere repeats and 28S rDNA probes. Four different karyotypes were established. Study with human chromosome paints and FISH revealed that 4 large chromosomes were formed by multiple common tandem fusions, with persistence of some interstitial telomeres. The rearrangements separating the different karyotypes (I to IV) were also reconstructed. Various combinations of Robertsonian translocations or tandem fusions involving the same chromosomes differentiate these karyotypes. These rearrangements create a strong gametic barrier, which isolates specimens with karyotype II from the others. C-banding and FISH with telomere repeats also exhibit large and systematized differences between karyotype II and others. These data indicate an ancient reproductive separation and suggests that Laonastes is not a mono-specific genus.
