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Comparative amount of PAI events among good sleepers and poor sleepers throughout the night. Total numbers of each PAI were summed per hour for good sleepers and poor sleepers. (A) PAI 15. (B) PAI 18. (C) PAI 30. (D) PAI 40. (E) PAI 50. (F) Cortical arousals. , Good sleepers; , poor sleepers. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001.
Source publication
Good sleepers and patients with insomnia symptoms (poor sleepers) were tracked with two measures of arousal; conventional polysomnography (PSG) for electroencephalogram (EEG) assessed cortical arousals, and a peripheral arterial tonometry device was used for the detection of peripheral nervous system (PNS) arousals associated with vasoconstrictions...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... of good and poor sleepers revealed that poor sleepers had more PAI events at three separate times during the night: at 1:00 AM (PAI 40 and 50; P < 0.05), at 5:00 AM (PAI 15, 18, 30, and 40; P < 0.01), and at 6:00 AM (PAI 18, 30, 40, and 50; P < 0.05) (Fig. 2 A-E). For instance, compared with good sleepers, subjects with insomnia symptoms had more than double the number of PAI 40 events at 5:00 AM (good sleepers: 16.8 ± 3.8 events per hour vs. poor sleepers: 39.0 ± 4.8 events per hour; P < 0.01) (Fig. 2D). Poor sleepers, likewise, exhibited a significantly higher number of cortical arousals, ...
Context 2
... at 5:00 AM (PAI 15, 18, 30, and 40; P < 0.01), and at 6:00 AM (PAI 18, 30, 40, and 50; P < 0.05) (Fig. 2 A-E). For instance, compared with good sleepers, subjects with insomnia symptoms had more than double the number of PAI 40 events at 5:00 AM (good sleepers: 16.8 ± 3.8 events per hour vs. poor sleepers: 39.0 ± 4.8 events per hour; P < 0.01) (Fig. 2D). Poor sleepers, likewise, exhibited a significantly higher number of cortical arousals, especially at midnight (P < 0.10) and 2:00 AM (P < 0.05), with the maximal difference between the groups observed at 3:00 AM when poor sleepers had five times more cortical arousals compared with good sleepers (5.4 ± 2.4 vs. 27.1 ± 6.2 arousals per ...
Context 3
... sleepers, likewise, exhibited a significantly higher number of cortical arousals, especially at midnight (P < 0.10) and 2:00 AM (P < 0.05), with the maximal difference between the groups observed at 3:00 AM when poor sleepers had five times more cortical arousals compared with good sleepers (5.4 ± 2.4 vs. 27.1 ± 6.2 arousals per hour; P < 0.001) (Fig. ...
Context 4
... in fact, among poor sleepers the correlation coefficient was ∼0.69 compared with ∼0.57 in good sleepers (SI Appendix, concordance increased slightly (18-to 30-y-old patients had a concordance of 0.62 ± 0.04, 30-to 45-y-old patients had a concordance of 0.61 ± 0.05, and 46-to 60-y-old patients had a concordance of 0.66 ± 0.03) (SI Appendix, Fig. S2C). Overall, on an hour-by-hour basis, there were no significant differences between the two sleep-staging methods. The vigilance state with the highest levels of PAI events was LS followed by REMS and DS, and wakefulness had the least. When comparing poor sleepers with good sleepers, a significantly higher number of PAI events (PAI 15 ...
