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The purpose of a battery thermal management system (BTMS) is to maintain the battery safety and efficient use as well as ensure the battery temperature is within the safe operating range. The traditional air-cooling-based BTMS not only needs extra power, but it could also not meet the demand of new lithium-ion battery (LIB) packs with high energy d...
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... energy resources such as solar energy, wind energy, tidal energy, geothermal energy, and chemical batteries have developed vigorously in the last few decades, forming an industrial belt of a certain scale. As shown in Figure 1, among all chemical batteries, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are widely used in portable electronic products such as smart phones due to the high energy density, long cycling life, high operating power, and environmentally friendly property [6]. In spite of these advantages, there are still some disadvantages that remain. ...
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... shown in the figure about the schematic diagram of the impregnation process in Reference [69], Mehrali et al. [69] made palmitic acid/graphene nano-platelet (GNP) composite PCM with a stable shape by the impregnation method. In addition, the simplified flowchart of impregnation is as indicated in Figure 10. In the composite PCM, GNP was not only an additive to improve thermal conductivity, but also could be a supporting material to restrain palmitic acid leaking. ...
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... shown in the figure about the sketch map of the formation reaction steps of grafted CNTs in Reference [80], Li et al. [80] grafted CNTs with polyols such as octyl alcohol, tetradecyl alcohol, and stearyl alcohol under acidic conditions. Figure 11 illustrates the reaction steps for grafted CNTs production. The grafted CNTs were used as fillers and PA was used as PCM substrate to prepare composite. ...
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... et al. [82] prepared PA/nano-Fe3O4 composite PCM by mixing nano-Fe3O4 by adding 10 wt % or 20 wt % solgel method into PA, respectively. The processing steps of the dispersion technique are shown in Figure 12. DSC results indicated that the latent heat of composite PCM was 8% higher than that of pure PA. ...
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... to previous researches, the influence of fins on the heat dissipation performance of PCM-based BTMS was mainly determined by the material [92], number [93][94][95][96], length, structure [89,97,98] and other parameters. The structures of commonly used fins are shown in Figure 13. Weng et al. [99,100] studied the influence of fins structure on the heat dissipation performance of BTMS. ...
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... on the improved new module (Figure 14), from experimental results, the heat dissipation performance of these new structured fins was generally higher than that of rectangular fins, which enhanced the temperature uniformity in BTMS. In addition, the results also showed that: (a) The battery pack generated more heat in a high-temperature environment than in a room-temperature environment; (b) Under high-temperature environment, the capacity of the battery decreased obviously and the aging phenomenon was obvious; (c) As for the heat flow path, more fins did not show the better efficiency. ...
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... on the defect of low thermal conductivity of PCMs, Sun et al. [102] proposed a new structure consisting of a longitudinal heat sink and ring. The sketch map of fins with a ring is as shown in Figure 15. Through experimental results, due to the presence of fins, there was a heat conduction network inside the battery, thus increasing the heat transfer area, which was conducive to the heat dissipation of BTMS. ...
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... adding fins, metal mesh could also be applied to PCMs since metal is a good conductor of heat. Wu et al. [14] developed a method to improve the thermal conductivity for PA/EG composite by using copper mesh, as Figure 16 indicated. In the experiments, the copper mesh was embedded in the PCM to achieve the purpose of rapid heat transfer. ...
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... residential buildings, PCM in the form of dispersed/decentralized packaging with smaller sizes are usually mixed to meet the energy storage requirements. In addition, as shown in Figure 17, dispersed/decentralized packaging is often applied to energy storage water heaters. ...
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... shown in Figure 18, the microcapsulation refers to a technology that with a stable polymer film coated on the surface of SLPCM particles to form a kind of PCM with a core-shell structure. The average particle size of a single microcapsulation is 1-100 µm. ...
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... that the heat generated by each battery module could be taken away in time and the temperature difference was reduced. Figures 19 and 20 are the schematic diagrams of serial ventilation and parallel ventilation structures, respectively. Compared with the air cooling method, liquid cooling has a higher convection heat transfer coefficient. ...
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... air cooling and liquid cooling have proven to be effective heat management methods, both of them have great disadvantages. Figures 21 and 22 show the schematic diagrams of air cooling systems and liquid cooling systems, respectively [133]. From the figures, pumps, fluid circuits, control circuits and other devices as well as additional power input were necessary in both types of cooling ways, which greatly increased the complexity and manufacturing cost of the system. ...
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... energy resources such as solar energy, wind energy, tidal energy, geothermal energy, and chemical batteries have developed vigorously in the last few decades, forming an industrial belt of a certain scale. As shown in Figure 1, among all chemical batteries, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are widely used in portable electronic products such as smart phones due to the high energy density, long cycling life, high operating power, and environmentally friendly property [6]. In spite of these advantages, there are still some disadvantages that remain. ...
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... shown in the figure about the schematic diagram of the impregnation process in Reference [69], Mehrali et al. [69] made palmitic acid/graphene nano-platelet (GNP) composite PCM with a stable shape by the impregnation method. In addition, the simplified flowchart of impregnation is as indicated in Figure 10. In the composite PCM, GNP was not only an additive to improve thermal conductivity, but also could be a supporting material to restrain palmitic acid leaking. ...
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... shown in the figure about the sketch map of the formation reaction steps of grafted CNTs in Reference [80], Li et al. [80] grafted CNTs with polyols such as octyl alcohol, tetradecyl alcohol, and stearyl alcohol under acidic conditions. Figure 11 illustrates the reaction steps for grafted CNTs production. The grafted CNTs were used as fillers and PA was used as PCM substrate to prepare composite. ...
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... et al. [82] prepared PA/nano-Fe3O4 composite PCM by mixing nano-Fe3O4 by adding 10 wt % or 20 wt % solgel method into PA, respectively. The processing steps of the dispersion technique are shown in Figure 12. DSC results indicated that the latent heat of composite PCM was 8% higher than that of pure PA. ...
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... to previous researches, the influence of fins on the heat dissipation performance of PCM-based BTMS was mainly determined by the material [92], number [93][94][95][96], length, structure [89,97,98] and other parameters. The structures of commonly used fins are shown in Figure 13. Weng et al. [99,100] studied the influence of fins structure on the heat dissipation performance of BTMS. ...
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... on the improved new module (Figure 14), from experimental results, the heat dissipation performance of these new structured fins was generally higher than that of rectangular fins, which enhanced the temperature uniformity in BTMS. In addition, the results also showed that: (a) The battery pack generated more heat in a high-temperature environment than in a room-temperature environment; (b) Under high-temperature environment, the capacity of the battery decreased obviously and the aging phenomenon was obvious; (c) As for the heat flow path, more fins did not show the better efficiency. ...
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... on the defect of low thermal conductivity of PCMs, Sun et al. [102] proposed a new structure consisting of a longitudinal heat sink and ring. The sketch map of fins with a ring is as shown in Figure 15. Through experimental results, due to the presence of fins, there was a heat conduction network inside the battery, thus increasing the heat transfer area, which was conducive to the heat dissipation of BTMS. ...
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... adding fins, metal mesh could also be applied to PCMs since metal is a good conductor of heat. Wu et al. [14] developed a method to improve the thermal conductivity for PA/EG composite by using copper mesh, as Figure 16 indicated. In the experiments, the copper mesh was embedded in the PCM to achieve the purpose of rapid heat transfer. ...
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... residential buildings, PCM in the form of dispersed/decentralized packaging with smaller sizes are usually mixed to meet the energy storage requirements. In addition, as shown in Figure 17, dispersed/decentralized packaging is often applied to energy storage water heaters. ...
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... shown in Figure 18, the microcapsulation refers to a technology that with a stable polymer film coated on the surface of SLPCM particles to form a kind of PCM with a core-shell structure. The average particle size of a single microcapsulation is 1-100 µm. ...
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... that the heat generated by each battery module could be taken away in time and the temperature difference was reduced. Figures 19 and 20 are the schematic diagrams of serial ventilation and parallel ventilation structures, respectively. Compared with the air cooling method, liquid cooling has a higher convection heat transfer coefficient. ...
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... air cooling and liquid cooling have proven to be effective heat management methods, both of them have great disadvantages. Figures 21 and 22 show the schematic diagrams of air cooling systems and liquid cooling systems, respectively [133]. From the figures, pumps, fluid circuits, control circuits and other devices as well as additional power input were necessary in both types of cooling ways, which greatly increased the complexity and manufacturing cost of the system. ...
Citations
... Both organic PCM and inorganic PCM materials were used in thermal management [6]. ...
The study provides a valuable and useful database for bio Phase Change Materials (BPCM) for Thermal Energy management (TEM) applications. Also, This study explores the thermochemical characteristics of shellac wax as a phase change material (PCM) for thermal management applications. Shellac wax, a natural bio-based material, underwent Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), and thermal conductivity measurements to assess its suitability and performance as a PCM. FTIR analysis revealed the chemical structure and functional groups present in the shellac wax, confirming its stability and composition. DSC was used to determine its thermal properties, such as melting point, latent heat of fusion, and phase transition temperatures, which are essential for effective thermal management. Thermal conductivity measurements provided insight into the heat transfer capabilities of shellac wax, a critical factor for its efficiency in thermal regulation. The results confirmed that shellac wax exhibits promising thermal properties and is a feasible option for sustainable and efficient thermal management systems in various applications.
... First, they can be used as insulating materials in eco-sustainable architecture to improve the energy efficiency of buildings [4,5]. Thanks to the temperature control capacity, PCMs may be applied to batteries to avoid overheating [6] or on the back of photovoltaic (PV) modules as passive cooling systems [7,8]. In PV panels, they counterbalance the effect of the thermal coefficient [9], limit the decrease in power conversion efficiency and mitigate the degradation phenomena. ...
In this work, passive cooling systems for the revamping of existent silicon photovoltaic (PV) cells were developed and analysed in order to mitigate the efficiency loss caused by temperature rise in the hot season. For this purpose, expanded graphite (EG) was used to stabilize a phase change material (PCM) with a melting temperature close to 53 °C in order to realize thermal management systems (TMSs) able to store heat at constant temperature during melting and releasing it in crystallization. In particular, stearic and palmitic acid mixture (PA-SA) was shape-stabilized in EG at different concentrations (10, 12 and 14 part per hundred ratio) under vacuum into a rotary evaporation apparatus followed by cold compaction; PA-SA leakage was reduced due to its intercalation between the graphite lamellae, and the thermal conductivity necessary to maximize the heat transfer to a bulk TMS was improved via powder cold compaction, which minimizes voids and creates preferential thermal conductive patterns. The composite materials, stable till 150 °C, were tested by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) at 1 °C/min to precisely determine the phase transition temperatures and the enthalpic content, which was only slightly reduced from 196 J/g of the neat PCM to 169 J/g due to the very low EG fraction necessary for the stabilization. Despite only the 14:100 EG-to-PA-SA ratio, the system’s thermal conductivity was enhanced 40 times with respect to the neat PCM (from 0.2 to 8.3 W/(m K), value never reached in works present in the literature), with a good convergence of the values evaluated through hot disk tests and laser flash analysis (LFA), finding correlation with both graphitic content and density. In order to completely avoid leaking with the consequent dispersion of PCM in the environment during the final application, all the samples were encapsulated in a PE-made film. The mechanical properties were evaluated with compression tests at 30 °C and 80 °C simulating a possible compressive stress deriving from the contact needed to maintain the TMS position on the rear of the PV cells. Finally, the material response was simulated by imposing thermal cycles into a climatic chamber and reproducing the three hottest and coldest days of summer 2022 of two Italian locations, Verona (Veneto, 45° N, 11° E) and Gela (Sicily, 37° N, 14° E), thus highlighting the thermal management effects with delays in temperature increase and daily peak temperature smoothing. The role of EG is strategic for the processing and the properties of the resulting composites in order to realize a proper compromise between the melting enthalpy of PCM and the thermal conductivity enhancement given by EG.
... Poor mechanical properties, leakage, and a slow rate of heat transmission between the PCM and its surroundings are among of PCM's other drawbacks. Although researchers are striving to improve PCM's thermal conductivity by adding metal particles or metal foams, extra cooling is still necessary in addition to PCM for the battery to operate at its best [16]. Heat pipes can effectively transfer heat from the battery, but they require additional cooling systems, just like PCM technology requires. ...
The adverse environmental issues and climate change has compelled world to shift to renewable energy systems. Conventional IC engines are the major contributor for air pollution which is the main cause for the global warming. Therefore, EVs (Electric Vehicle) are the future of the automotive industry. The important issues faced by EVS are battery heat generation. Hence in order to remove heat efficiently from the EV battery CFD analysis of a passive thermal management system using PCM for Li-ion batteries is studied for three different discharge rates. Compared to bare cell, the cell with passive BTMS reduces the maximum temperature rise by 2%, 2.1% and 1% at discharge rates of 1.5 C, 1.0 C and 0.5 C respectively thus implying that the BTMS adopted is effective in removing heat from the surface of the cell.
... Therefore, phase change materials (PCMs)-based BTMS is becoming the trend. By using PCMs to absorb heat, the temperature of a battery pack could be kept within the normal operating range for a long time without using any external power [4]. The thermal management of Li-ion battery modules of 6x5, 3x10 and hexagonal array arrangements. ...
... Generalized categories of phase change materials (PCMs)[4] ...
Renewable Energies have the capability to cut down the severe impacts of energy and environmental crisis. The lithium-ion battery is introduced in this sector as a solution with a promising role in storage sector on the grounds of high mass and volumetric energy density. Researchers have developed a battery thermal management system using phase change materials to improve electric vehicle performance. The simulation results showed that PCM cooling can reduce battery temperature fluctuations and increase efficiency. The study suggests that PCM cooling can significantly improve the performance of electric vehicles, despite the constraints of battery life, price, durability, and safety.
... Organic PCMs have several advantages which allow them to be better suited for EV BTMS applications which include being noncorrosive, non-toxic and chemically stable. However, organic PCMs have low thermal conductivity, are combustible which would be hazardous in the event of thermal runaway and is less viscous as compared to inorganic PCMS which would increase the risk of the PCM leaking through the container during the solid to liquid phase transition [76]. There are various methods to improve the thermal conductivity of organic PCMs but there are generally three methods which include the addition of fins, encapsulating the PCM in a thermally conductive coating and the addition of thermally conductive fillers such as with graphite nano-particles and metallic foams [77]. ...
... The installation of fins across the PCM's container is an effective method in improving the heat transfer of organic PCMs as the structure is easily manufactured while being able to significantly improve the thermal conductivity of the PCM [78]. There are two main methods of installing the fins which are placing the fins directly into the PCM compound and the other to place the fins on top of the surface of the PCM to be then cooled separately through air cooling [76]. The thermal conductivity performance of the fins are influenced by several factors including the fin material used, length, number of fins and its structure [79]. ...
... A secondary alternative to fin thermal conductivity enhancement is through PCM micro-encapsulation. The process involves encapsulating the solid-liquid PCM with a stable polymer film that is thermally conductive by polymerization through suspension, emulsion, interfacial and other such means [76]. The shell material can be divided into three categories which are organic, inorganic and an organic-inorganic hybrid as displayed in Fig. 25. ...
Lithium-ion batteries are the most commonly used battery type in commercial electric vehicles due to their high energy densities and ability to be repeatedly charged and discharged over many cycles. In order to maximize the efficiency of a li-ion battery pack, a stable temperature range between 15 • C to 35 • C must be maintained. As such, a reliable and robust battery thermal management system is needed to dissipate heat and regulate the li-ion battery pack's temperature. This paper reviews how heat is generated across a li-ion cell as well as the current research work being done on the four main battery thermal management types which include air-cooled, liquid-cooled, phase change material based and thermo-electric based systems. Additionally, the strengths and weaknesses of each battery thermal management type is reviewed in this study. It was determined that air cooled systems are suited for short-distance travel electric vehicles, liquid cooled are for electric vehicles that require long-distance travel, larger battery packs and for high thermal loads, phase change material based are for electric vehicles with constant thermal loads and stable ambient temperatures and thermo-electric battery thermal management systems are best best suited in conjunction with the other types for better control.
... Thermal energy storage (TES) is crucial in many areas, such as building [1][2][3], heating and air-conditioning [4,5], cooling of portable electronic devices [6][7][8], preventing overheating of batteries [9,10], refrigeration [11,12], thermoregulated textiles [13,14] or improving the efficiency of cogeneration systems [15,16]. However, the widest application of TES -due to the scale of power and capacity -lies in the area of renewable energy sources [17]. ...
... Thermal energy storage with phase change materials (PCMs) is of key importance in many areas, such as building [1], heating and air conditioning [2], cooling of portable electronic devices [3], preventing overheating of batteries [4], refrigeration [5], thermoregulated textiles [6] or improving the efficiency of cogeneration systems [7]. Such common use of PCMs requires knowledge of their thermophysical properties, including viscosity. ...
Although there are many methods and instruments for measuring viscosity, it is still difficult to determine a reliable value of the dynamic viscosity of complex chemicals such as paraffins and fatty acids. This is due to the complex and heterogeneous structure of these compounds in the case of commercial products. On the other hand, the measuring instrument should be selected very carefully, including its measuring principle and measuring range. This paper presents results of viscosity measurements of three organic PCMs (phase change materials) obtained in four different research institutions. Commercial products: paraffin, myristic acid (97%) and mixture of palmitic acid (55%) and stearic acid (45%) were selected as PCMs. Four different viscometers, namely Fungilab V-Pad, Rheotest LK 2.2, Rheometer Anton Paar MCR 102, and Brookfield DV-II + Pro have been used to determine temperature dependent dynamic viscosity of the tested PCMs. Using a large database of present measurement results, correlations were developed to calculate the dynamic viscosity of fatty acids and paraffins, which predict the experimental data within a band of ±20%.
... PCMs are substances that undergo a phase change from solid to liquid (and vice versa) at a specific temperature, allowing them to absorb and release latent heat as a function of temperature [1]. This unique property of storing and releasing heat makes PCMs suitable for a wide range of applications, including biomedical [2], buildings [3], energy storage [4], battery thermal management [5], smart textiles [6], and food packaging [7]. ...
Phase change materials (PCMs) have recently garnered significant attention for thermal energy storage applications. However, widely used PCMs, such as polyethylene glycol (PEG), suffer from low heat conductivity, poor thermal stability, and a tendency to leak, limiting their practical use. Therefore, the objective of this study is to develop a highly thermally conductive composite PCM using PEG and a thermally conductive nanomaterial, specifically cellulose nanocrystals supported by copper nanoparticles (CNC@Cu-NPs). The CNC@Cu-NPs nano-composite material was used as a matrix to support polyethylene glycol (PEG), resulting in a shape-stable phase change material termed PEG/CNC@Cu-NPs. The obtained PEG/CNC@Cu-NPs were characterized using various analytical techniques. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis revealed the chemical linkages between PEG and cellulose nanocrystals through a radical polymerization reaction. Polarizing optical microscopy (POM) images of PEG/CNC@Cu-NPs exhibited spherocrystal morphology with smaller sizes compared to pure PEG, suggesting that CNC inhibited PEG side-chain mobility. According to differential scanning calorimetry, the suggested PEG/CNC@Cu-NPs demonstrated a temperature transition between 0.51 • C to 24.5 • C with enthalpies of fusion and crystallization measured at 92.19 and 98.54 J/g, respectively, while also exhibiting excellent cycling stability after 60 heating/cooling cycles. The addition of a modest amount of copper nanoparticles resulted in a remarkable improvement (>50 %) in the thermal conductivity of the PCM. Thermal imaging using an infrared camera showed that PEG/CNC@Cu-NPs exhibited a delay of 10 min in heating compared to pure CNC, confirming the good heat retention capacity of the developed composite material. Based on the afore-mentioned findings, the proposed PEG/CNC@Cu-NPs PCM offers promising application possibilities in the field of thermal energy storage.
... Creating an effective thermal system that incorporates Phase Change Materials (PCM) necessitates a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental physics governing the processes of adding or extracting heat [2,3]. Similarly, developing an efficient passive cooling system for applications like high performance electronic packaging and other mission critical systems used in thermally harsh environments [4,5] requires a thorough comprehension of the fundamental physics involved in the process. Nonconventional confinement geometries are gaining popularity in current research due to the need for enhanced melt rate and heat transfer, regardless of the melt fraction. ...
... Since PCMs have large amounts of latent heat, they can able to absorb a more quantity of heat produced inside the battery without significantly affecting their temperature [7]. There are some natural weaknesses of PCMs like paraffin (PA), like their easy leakage and low thermal conductivity, which need to be addressed [8]. Leakage in BTMS may result from PCM material aging or housing damage. ...
... As the battery heats up, the PCM transitions from a solid into a liquid state, absorbing heat and maintaining a stable temperature without requiring power. It is due to this characteristic that the BTMS has a greater net efficiency range [8]. Howevver, As far as data is concerned, PCM-based BTMs are not typically observed in EVs [34]. ...
... The selection criteria for PCMs in a battery thermal management system are primarily determined by their thermal properties and compatibility with the application [8]. Key factors include phase change temperature, strong capacity for heat absorption and latent heat, low super cooling intensity, low cost, simple to get, and difficult to leak, high chemical stability and chemical corrosion resistance, and good thermal conductivity. ...
Taking advantage of electric vehicles' low pollution, the world is changing its face to electric vehicle (EV) production. As EVs rely heavily on specialized batteries, it's important to manage them safely and properly to prevent thermal runaway. High ambient temperatures and varied charging/discharging rates increases battery temperature. To address these challenges, Battery Thermal Management System (BTMS) come into play. This work focuses on passive cooling in BTMS, which is one of two categories of BTMS, with the other being active cooling using liquid-air systems. Passive BTMS has gained prominence in research due to its cost-effectiveness, reliability, and energy efficiency, as it avoids the need for additional components like pumps/fans. This article specifically discusses recent experimental studies regarding phase change material (PCM)-based thermal management techniques for battery packs. It explores methods for enhancing thermal conductivity in PCMs and identifies methodologies for BTMS experiments using PCMs. Also recommends the importance of optimization techniques like machine learning, temperature sensors, and state-of-charge management, to ensure accuracy and uniform temperature distribution across the pack. While paraffin wax has been a popular choice in experimental studies for its capacity to absorb and release heat during phase transitions, as a matter of its low thermal conductivity (0.2 to 0.3 Wk-1m-1) limits reaction in rapid charging/discharging of batteries. So integration with highly thermally conductive additives is recommended. Additives such as heat pipes offer superior thermal conductivity compared to expanded graphite (5 to 200 Wk-1m-1). As a result, the integration of heat pipes further reduces the temperature of battery by 28.9% in addition to the reduction of 33.6% by pure PCMs in time of high charge/discharge rates (5C to 8C). So high-conductivity additives correlate directly with improved thermal performance and are essential for maintaining optimal battery temperatures and overall reliability in EV battery packs.
