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This short paper introduces a novel energy converter, the Rotary Hydraulic Pressure Machine (RHPM). This machine has been specifically developed to exploit very low head hydropower sites where the fall height is less than 5m. The RHPM is described and a theory behind its operation is outlined. This is followed by scale model testing, the results of...
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... a comparison is misleading as the RHPM operates due to a different principle than traditional wheels. Figure 5 depicts the three regular forms of waterwheel. The undershot waterwheel was traditionally used for low heads and high flows; 0.5 -2.5m head, 0.5 -0.95m 3 /s per m width (Müller and Kauppert 2004). ...
Context 2
... had efficiencies up to 85% (Meerwarth 1935). The most common form of waterwheel built was the breastshot waterwheel, one form of which was the Zuppinger waterwheel shown in Figure 5. These wheels are a cross between the undershot and overshot waterwheel, being driven by both impulse and potential. ...
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Citations
... The first alternative is a cross-flow turbine (CFT) with a horizontal axis, designed according to the procedure proposed in [11][12][13][14][15]. The second one is the Hydrostatic Pressure Machine (HPM), proposed in [16][17][18][19], which is a "mill wheel"-type turbine to be displaced inside an open channel. ...
... A more extended discussion of the turbine design and management criteria can be found in [16][17][18][19]. ...
... Table 1 summarizes the design parameters, efficiencies and costs for each energy recovery plant proposed. [19]. ...
Hydraulic turbines for energy recovery in wastewater treatment plants, with relatively large discharges values and small head jumps, are usually screw Archimedes or Kaplan types. In the specific case of a small head jump (about 3 m) underlying a rectangular weir in the major Palermo (Italy) water treatment plant, a traditional Kaplan solution is compared with two other new proposals: a Hydrostatic Pressure Machine (HPM) located at the upstream channel and a cross-flow turbine (CFT) located in a specific underground room downstream of the same channel. The fluid mechanical formulations of the flow through these turbines are analyzed and the characteristic parameters are stated. Numerical analysis was carried out for the validation of the HPM design criteria. The efficiency at the design point of the CFT and HPM are estimated using the ANSYS CFX solver for resolution of 3D URANS analysis. The strong and weak points of the three devices are compared. Finally, a viability analysis is developed based on several economic indicators. This innovative study with a theoretical formulation of the most suitable turbomachine characterization, the potential energy estimation based on hydraulic energy recovery in a real case study of a wastewater treatment plant and the comparison of the three different low-head turbines, enhancing the main advantages, is of utmost importance towards the net-zero water sector decarbonization.
... In addition, the direction of water movement due to gravity with the wheel's rotation is opposite [17]. Hence the AST is driven by hydrostatic pressure by water [17][18][19][20][21]. Müller and Senior [17] suspected the AST absorbs is hydrostatic pressure (see Figure 2). ...
... Due to Erinofiardi et al., [32] reports is not satisfying, Siswantara et al., [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34] also investigated the effect of the α angle on overflow leakage, where the analysis in the α angle of 36⁰ until 44⁰. Based on the results, the overflow leakage does affect the turbine efficiency but not the dominant effect, were in the angle of 36⁰ efficiency of 30% and 44⁰ the efficiency of 27.5% [20]. ...
... Based on losses analysis [20], the overflow leakage is avoided by the α angles, not extremes. However, the experimental results show that the dominant load makes overflow leakage, not the α angles (see Figure 3) [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34]. Based on Figure 3, more load will produce a more dominant overflow [34]. ...
Electricity plays an imperative role in improving the rural or remote community economic growth and quality of life. The pico hydro type Archimedes screw turbine (AST) is considered an independent power plant in rural or remote areas. The advantages of the AST are friendly to aquatic biota, the high and stable efficiency (electrical efficiency of 30% to 49%), and can operate in a run of river conditions. However, although this technology has been studied ± two decades, there is still no theory explaining the relationship between conversion energy, the geometry of screws, and efficiency. Therefore, the development of Archimedes screw focuses on the role of a converter water energy categorized as the environmentally friendly power plant. Thus, this paper aims to describe the future work required for the AST so that the basic principles and empirical theories are found. Based on reviews, the AST design can use Rorres and Muller & Senior analysis, AC generators with a pulley and toothed belt transmission systems, and do not immerse the outflow bucket side in the water. Furthermore, for AST to be better, several studies need to be done such as the method of manufacturing precision screws, the effect bubbles in the bucket and how to avoid them, determination optimum of the head and screw length using the slope angle, and investigation of the ratio of the inlet velocity with the angular velocity of a wheel on performance to avoid overflow leakage due to loading.
... The Hydrostatic Pressure Machine (HPM) is a novel energy converter first introduced by [6] inspired in the ancient water wheels used within mills [7], but with the main difference of extracting energy from the pressure of the water flow instead of the kinetic or potential energy. Among the recent publications, there are several studies on waterwheels' performances and improvements, but a great part of these refer to stream or gravity wheels [8][9][10][11][12] and only a few refer to HPM [13][14][15][16][17][18] that operate in a different way and should be distinguished from the formers. ...
... Then, the corresponding transport Equation (4) is solved together with conservation equations for mass (5) and momentum (6), to find the geometry of the free surface at each time step: ...
The Hydrostatic Pressure Machine (HPM) is a novel energy converter for micro and pico hydropower that becomes very suitable for installation in channels with very low head, where conventional hydraulic turbines are inadequate or too expensive. Although this technology has been studied through several experimental tests and also by numerical simulations, open source flow solvers have not been used yet. The research team on Computational Fluid Mechanics of IMFIA- Universidad de la República (Uruguay) has been developing a CFD open source solver named caffa3d, which has obtained great results in a few international challenges, although it has not been used yet for free surface flows or turbomachinery simulations. The present work shows the contributions made within caffa3d in order to enable its use for simulating a HPM. The Large Eddy Simulation (LES) method is used to model the turbulence structures of the flow. Sliding Mesh (SM) and Volume of Fluid (VOF) methods were chosen respectively to resolve the rotation of the wheel and the position of the free surface. The SM module was already validated in the past, but the VOF module needed to be validated in the present work through the simulation of free surface over a semicylindrical dam. Finally, the performance of a small 12-straight-blade HPM was simulated with caffa3d, with quite satisfactory results. Some issues of the solver yet need to be solved before other HPM with more complex designs could be studied.
... The RHPM is a hydraulic machine that was developed at Southampton University (Senior et al. 2007(Senior et al. , 2008(Senior et al. , 2010 for VLH sites. It can be considered an evolution of the HPW (Brinnich 2001;Senior et al. 2007), because the blades are mounted diagonally. ...
A rotary hydrostatic pressure machine (RHPM) is a hydropower converter for very low head applications (less than 2.5 m). An RHPM can be installed in straight canals, because its wheel can generate a hydraulic head as a result of the created dam effect. Some new experimental results on an RHPM are presented in this paper. Because of the asymmetric shape of the wheel, the effects of the canal width and the lateral position of the wheel inside the canal have been studied. The water entrance process has been found to be very sensitive to the presence of the canal walls: the results pertaining to the side of the wheel where the blades touch the water first show that the minimum distance between the canal wall and the side of the wheel should be 0.3 times the width of the wheel in order to maintain optimal wheel performance. Upstream and downstream water level variations have also been studied. Higher upstream water levels than the water levels adopted in previous studies (coincident with the upper edge of the hub) can lead to benefits. The results shown in this manuscript may be useful for practical applications in order to understand the optimal position of an RHPM inside a canal, the minimum canal width, and the optimal water levels.
... They are distinguished into (i) overshot [200]; (ii) breastshot [201] (iii) and undershot water wheels, depending on the head differences and the maximum flow rate per metre width [194]. Maximum hydraulic efficiency of gravity machines may exceed 80% [202] but typical values of global efficiency range at 50-70%. Water wheels cost is 33-60% of that of Kaplan turbines, and lower than that of hydrodynamic screws [197]. ...
The paper reviews recent research and development activities in the field of hydropower technology. It covers emerging and advanced technologies to mitigate flow instabilities (active and passive approach) as well as emerging magneto-rheological control techniques. Recent research findings on flow instabilities are also presented , especially concerning fluid-structure interaction and transient operating conditions. As a great number of the existing large-scale hydroelectric facilities were constructed decades ago using technologies that are now considered obsolete, technologies to achieve the digitalisation of hydropower are also analysed. Advances in the electro-mechanical components and generator design are presented; their potential role to adapt hydropower to the current operating conditions is also highlighted. The text explores current efforts to advance hydropower operation, mainly in terms of European projects. It provides a detailed overview of the recent efforts to increase the operational range of hydraulic turbines in order to reach exceptional levels of flexibility, a topic of several recent research projects. Variable speed hydropower generation and its application in pumped storage power plants are presented in detail. Moreover, revolutionary concepts for hydroelectric energy storage are also presented with the analysis focusing on underwater hydro storage and hydropower's hybridisation with fast energy storage systems. Efforts to minimise hydropower's environmental footprint are also presented via the utilisation of small-scale and fish-friendly installations.
... The water can enter each cell at its natural angle of fall, by forming the cells in a certain geometry. Figure 2. (a) Undershoot water wheel [7] (b) Working principle of Zuppinger water wheel [8] (c) A typical overshot water wheel [8] Theoretical analysis Rotary Hydraulic Pressure Machine (RHPM) has been developed by [9] accompanied with experimental work. This machine can be applied to hydropower sources with heads up to 5m [9]. ...
... Figure 2. (a) Undershoot water wheel [7] (b) Working principle of Zuppinger water wheel [8] (c) A typical overshot water wheel [8] Theoretical analysis Rotary Hydraulic Pressure Machine (RHPM) has been developed by [9] accompanied with experimental work. This machine can be applied to hydropower sources with heads up to 5m [9]. The experimental work that has been done by Senior, was shown that the efficiency of this machine can reach 80%. ...
... Rotary Hydraulic Pressure Machine performance and the machine[9] ...
p>The cost-effective and ecologically acceptable exploitation of hydropower machine with small scale (low head and low flow rate) is still a challenging area. Breastshoot water wheel is one mode of the small scale hydropower machine that is common to use to generate power. The effect of using upper shroud on a breastshoot water wheel was evaluated. The research was done by examining two breastshoot water wheels with the outer diameter and hub diameter of 240 mm and 160mm respectively. Furthermore, the blade width is 40 mm. The wheel consist of 2 wheel which separated by 4mm thickness rim which the diameter the same as outer diameter of the outer wheel. Each side of the wheel consists of 12 blades. The experimental was done with two variations of wheel, i.e with upper shroud and without upper shroud. The torque was measured with prony brake method. The breastshoot wheel that was tested in this research is zuppinger water wheel type. The experimental result shows that the efficiency of the breastshoot water wheel with upper shroud is higher than water wheel without upper shroud in all speed range.</p
... The water can enter each cell at its natural angle of fall, by forming the cells in a certain geometry. Figure 2. (a) Undershoot water wheel [7] (b) Working principle of Zuppinger water wheel [8] (c) A typical overshot water wheel [8] Theoretical analysis Rotary Hydraulic Pressure Machine (RHPM) has been developed by [9] accompanied with experimental work. This machine can be applied to hydropower sources with heads up to 5m [9]. ...
... Figure 2. (a) Undershoot water wheel [7] (b) Working principle of Zuppinger water wheel [8] (c) A typical overshot water wheel [8] Theoretical analysis Rotary Hydraulic Pressure Machine (RHPM) has been developed by [9] accompanied with experimental work. This machine can be applied to hydropower sources with heads up to 5m [9]. The experimental work that has been done by Senior, was shown that the efficiency of this machine can reach 80%. ...
... Rotary Hydraulic Pressure Machine performance and the machine[9] ...
... Pico hydro has been considered by many developing countries to generate electricity to remote areas due to its lower life cycle cost, easier manufacturing in remote areas, and lower investment and operation costs than solar photovoltaic (PV) and wind turbines [2], [3]. In addition, Indonesia has the hydro power potential of approximately 19 GW under low head conditions (less than 5 m) [4]. ...
... After the blade's geometry was determined, further analysis was conducted to calculate potential value of hydrostatic pressure, rotation per minute (RPM), and output power for this operation. Senior, Wiemann, and Müller [19] generated an equation for hydrostatic pressure on a vertical blade, thus leading to theoretical output power of the system. ...
... Where water depth upstream (d1), water depth downstream (d2), and width of blade (W), gravity (g), and water density (r). Therefore, hydrostatic force (FR) could be calculated using [19]: ...
The undershot waterwheel is recommended to increase electrification ratio in remote areas of Indonesia due to its simple shape, which results in higher efficiency under low head conditions than other turbines. Using analytic and numerical methods, this study develops an equation to determine how many blades should be used and examines the effects of the kinetic energy of water on the energy conversion process to determine how the undershot waterwheel should be classified. Analytical methods were used to develop an equation to determine blades number, and numerical methods were used to verify the new equation. Variable inlet velocities of 1 m/s, 3 m/s, and 5 m/s and variations in blades number of 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 blades were tested. From the analytical results, the recommended blades number is 8. Based on the numerical results, an 8-bladed waterwheel is most efficient with variable inlet velocities of 1 m/s (45.58% efficiency) and 5 m/s (13.84% efficiency). Analyzing the data using two-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) without replication, it was determined that blades number effects output power, but inlet velocity does not. Thus, the proposed equation for determining the ideal blades number can be effectively used, but it still needs validation through experimentation. Furthermore, the kinetic energy of water was not found to have an effect on the energy conversion process in an undershot waterwheel, therefore, the undershot waterwheel should be classified as a reaction turbine.
... The HPM was investigated deeper in Butera, Fontan, Poggi, Quaranta, and Revelli (n.d.); Linton (2013); Senior et al. (2010); Senior, Wiemann, and Müller (2008), finding a maximum efficiency of g = 0.65 at the optimal tangential speed v 2 = (0.25−0.3) 2gDH (result post-processed in this review). Furthermore, in Paudel et al. (2013) one HPW was investigated with blades tip made of flexible rubber, and the results can be extended to HPM. ...
Water wheels were the earliest hydraulic machines used in antiquity to convert water energy into mechanical one. Due to their simple installation, low maintenance costs, and thanks to the possibility to use local manpower and material for their construction, nowadays water wheels are again used as energy supply, especially in remote localities and emerging countries. In particular, stream water wheels are installed in flowing water where there are not head differences. The performance depends on the blockage ratio, so that they can be subdivided into three main categories: stream wheels in shallow subcritical flow, shallow supercritical flow and deep flow.
In this paper, experimental, theoretical and numerical data on stream water wheels were systematically collected from literature and analyzed. Guidelines for their design were discussed focusing especially on wheel dimensions, supporting structures, blades and speed. More light on their hydraulic behavior was shed, adopting the previous classification for a better explanation and understanding. Results showed that in shallow water an head difference can be generated by the wheel, increasing the power output. In deep flow, accurate hydrodynamic floating/supporting structures allow the hydrostatic force of water to be exploited in addition to the kinetic energy of the flow. As a consequence, power output can improve from 0.5 to more than 10 kW per meter width, so that stream wheels can represent an attractive energy supply in zero head sites.
... So it takes the ideal width to be used. Wheel width determination is done by averaging the results obtained and then the average value is used to determine the value of rotation speed to be used [20]. Furthermore, the outer diameter of 3 meters is measured, while for inside diameter is 2.15 meters, the width of the wheel is 10 cm, the length of the radial road blade is 0.11 meters, the outer side of the outer blade is between 0.61 -0.55 meters and the number of buckets used 11-15. ...
More than 17% of people in remote areas of Indonesia still do not have electricity. With the abundance of water potential in Indonesia, hydro pico is consideredas the right solution because it has cheap investment and operational cost. The breastshot waterwheel is a suitable turbine that can be applied because it does not affect the garbage in the water. Characteristic of the breastshot waterwheel especially effect of bucket numberon performance have been study in this paper. CFD method isused to evaluate the flow field and explain the effect of the number of the buckets on the waterwheel performance qualitatively. The turbulent model used is k-ε. Simulations were performed with the number of buckets 11, 12, 13, 14 and 15. Analysis using ANOVA block design explains that there is a relationship between the number of buckets to the generated power (F0 > F0.01,2:8). From the analysis, the wheel with the number of bucket 13 produces more stable power than other buckets. This is because the shape of the radial blade is not so steeply upward that the weight energy of water and kinetic energy can be utilized maximally.
