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Common cocklebur transcriptome differentially expressed encoded enzymes involved in oxidative phosphotylation
Source publication
2 زﻣﺴﺘﺎن و ﭘﺎﯾﯿﺰ ، 98 )ص 227-211 (ﺗﻮاﻟﯽ ﯾﺎﺑﯽ de novo ژن ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮدي آﻧﺎﻟﯿﺰ و ﺗﺮاﻧﺴﮑﺮﯾﭙﺘﻮم ﮔﯿﺎه ﮐﻮﭼﮏ و ﺑﺰرگ ﺑﺬرﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت ﺑﯿﺎن ﺑﺎ ﻫﺎي) ﺧﺎردار ﺗﻮق Xanthium strumarium L. ﻧﻤﻮ دوره در (ﻧﻌﻤﺘﯽ اﯾﻤﺎن 1 ، ﺻﺪﻗﯽ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ 2 * ﺣﺴﯿﻨﯽ ﻗﺎﺳﻢ ، ﺳﺎﻟﮑﺪه 3 ﺗﻮﮐﻞ رﺿﺎ ، اﻓﺸﺎري 4 ﻧﻘﻮي ﻣﺤﻤﺪرﺿﺎ ، 5 1-ﺗﮑ و...
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The aim of the study was to conduct a functional analysis of sex-specific age-related changes in DNA methylation.
Materials and methods:
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Citations
... Therefore, compounds that are extremely toxic to animals and humans have crucial modulatory functions in the ontogenesis of many eukaryotic autotrophs. In addition to ATR/CATR and HCN, the expression level of the delay of germination 1 (dog1) gene, which protein product, among others, indirectly influences the cell wall properties, and some respiration-associated genes, which protein products are indirectly responsible for a potentially high level of energy (ATP) production and, thus, biosynthesis (Nemati et al. 2020(Nemati et al. , 2022, a burial depth of achenes or seeds, where 15-18 cm may constitute a critical suppression threshold with no seedling emergence, and the amount of mulch (Amini et al. 2020;Saeed et al. 2020) affect the prolonged dormancy or its lack in dimorphic seeds of X. strumarium. ...
Context
The toxicity of atractyloside/carboxyatractyloside is generally well recognized and commonly ascribed to the inhibition of mitochondrial ADP/ATP carriers, which are pivotal for oxidative phosphorylation. However, these glycosides may 'paralyze' additional target proteins.
Objective
This review presents many facts about atractyloside/carboxyatractyloside and their plant producers, such as Xanthium spp. (Asteraceae), named cockleburs.
Methods
Published studies and other information were obtained from databases, such as 'CABI - Invasive Species Compendium', 'PubMed', and 'The World Checklist of Vascular Plants', from 1957 to December 2022. The following major keywords were used: 'carboxyatractyloside', 'cockleburs', 'hepatotoxicity', 'mitochondria', 'nephrotoxicity', and 'Xanthium'.
Results
In the third decade of the twenty first century, public awareness of the severe toxicity of cockleburs is still limited. Such toxicity is often only perceived by specialists in Europe and other continents. Interestingly, cocklebur is among the most widely distributed invasive plants worldwide, and the recognition of new European stands of Xanthium spp. is provided here. The findings arising from field and laboratory research conducted by the author revealed that (i) some livestock populations may instinctively avoid eating cocklebur while grazing, (ii) carboxyatractyloside inhibits ADP/GDP metabolism, and (iii) the direct/indirect target proteins of carboxyatractyloside are ambiguous.
Conclusions
Many aspects of the Xanthium genus still require substantial investigation/revision in the future, such as the unification of the Latin nomenclature of currently distinguished species, bur morphology status, true fruit (achene) description and biogeography of cockleburs, and a detailed description of the physiological roles of atractyloside/carboxyatractyloside and the toxicity of these glycosides, mainly toward mammals. Therefore, a more careful interpretation of atractyloside/carboxyatractyloside data, including laboratory tests using Xanthium-derived extracts and purified toxins, is needed.
