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Combined phylogeny, using 18S, 28S, and RPB2, of selected members of the Sordariomycetes. Species names given in bold are taxonomic novelties. An asterisk (*) indicates branches with ML BS = 100%, PP values = 1.0. Branch support of nodes ≥70% ML BS and ≥0.90 PP is indicated above or below branches; 'T' after the name of members of the Rhamphoriaceae indicates type strains.
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Two new genera, Rhamphoriopsis and Xylolentia, are described for lignicolous perithecial ascomycetes occurring in terrestrial habitats. Fresh material, living cultures, morphology and DNA sequence data (nuc rDNA internal transcribed spacers (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 = ITS), 18S and 28S genes, and second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II = RPB2) of these t...
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... the combined analysis of the extended data set adds additional confidence to our conclusion to combine the three single-locus data sets. The concatenated three-gene alignment had 4949 character sites including gaps, of which 2214 were unique. No topological conflicts occurred between trees generated from ML and BI analyses; the ML tree is shown (FIG. 1). The Sordariomycetidae (100% ML BS/1.0 PP) is resolved as a robust monophyletic clade containing several well-supported subclades corresponding to orders and families. The morphologically similar Rhamphoria and the Rhamphoria-like fungus are shown closely related but they are not congeneric; therefore, the latter taxon is introduced as ...
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... delicatula was described by Niessl (1876) based on a specimen from unidentified decaying wood collected in south Moravia in the Czech Republic. The illustration of R. delicatula (Niessl 1876:table IV, fig. 21) accompanying the protologue shows broadly ellipsoidal, hyaline, dictyosporous ascospore with numerous incomplete transverse and longitudinal septa, 12-18 × 9-10 μm. Sivanesan (1976) revised the holotype material (deposited in M; not examined) and described and illustrated the ascospores as 16-25 × 7-10 μm with 5-7 transverse and 1-3 ...
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... Hyalorostratum brunneisporum ( Raja et al. 2010), and Jobellisia spp. ( Huhndorf et al. 1999), all of which have 1-septate, brown ascospores arranged uniseriately within the ascus, and partly in characters of asci and ascomata. In our three-gene phylogeny, a close relationship of Xylolentia with the three former fungi is unsupported (see Results) (FIG. ...
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Citations
... Rhamphoriaceae Réblová was established to accommodate Linkosia A. Hern.-Gut. & B. Sutton, Rhamphoria Niessl (type), Rhamphoriopsis Réblová & Gardiennet, Rhodoveronaea Arzanlou, W. Gams & Crous and Xylolentia Réblová, based on their phylogenetic support of a combined data set of ITS, LSU, SSU, tef1-α, and rpb2 (Réblová and Štěpánek 2018). Hyde et al. (2021) used evidence from phylogenies, divergence estimates, and distinct morphologies and introduced a new order, Rhamphoriales, to accommodate this family. ...
... However, Wu and Diao (2022) further showed that the assignment of Linkosia in Chaetosphaeriaceae needs additional molecular data. The species in Rhamphoriaceae were mainly collected from terrestrial habitats and rarely from freshwater habitats and are mainly distributed in Asia and Europe, possibly due to extensive sampling and thorough studies (Arzanlou et al. 2007;Réblová and Štěpánek 2018;Luo et al. 2019;Hyde et al. 2020;Yuan et al. 2020;Yang et al. 2023). Arzanlou et al. (2007) introduced Rhodoveronaea to accommodate the single asexual species R. varioseptata Arzanlou, W. Gams & Crous (type species), based on the phylogenetic analyses inferred from ITS and LSU sequences. ...
During a microfungi investigation carried out in a terrestrial forest in Guizhou Province in China, hyphomycetes on a decaying wood log in a terrestrial habitat were collected. Morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analyses of combined ITS, LSU, SSU, tef1-α, and rpb2 sequence data revealed that the collected hyphomycetes represent two distinct new species in Rhodoveronaea. The two new species introduced in this paper are Rhodoveronaea hyalina and R. lignicola. Full descriptions, illustrations, and a phylogenetic tree to show the placement of the two new species are provided.
... However, in certain ascomycete species, conidia are formed directly from the ascospores within asci of fresh and/or dried specimens, or after the ascospores are ejected. This phenomenon is uncommon in ascomycetes and has occasionally been described in several classes: Saccharomycetes from Saccharomycotina; Neolectomycetes and Taphrinomycetes from the Taphrinomycotina; and Lecanoromycetes, Leotiomycetes, Pezizomycetes and Sordariomycetes from the Pezizomycotina (Seaver, 1942;Juzwik and Hinds, 1984;Hawksworth et al., 1995;Ramaley, 1997;Baral, 1999;Wang et al., 2002;Ertz and Diederich, 2004;Neiman, 2005;Frisch and Klaus, 2006;Réblová and Mostert, 2007;Hirooka et al., 2012;Quijada, 2015;Réblová et al., 2015;Zeng and Zhuang, 2016;Lechat et al., 2018;Réblová and Štěpánek, 2018;Quijada et al., 2019;Van Vooren, 2020;Huang et al., 2021;Karakehian et al., 2021). ...
Spores are important as dispersal and survival propagules in fungi. In this study we investigated the variation in number, shape, size and germination mode of ascospores in Morchella galilaea , the only species of the genus Morchella known to fruit in the autumn. Based on the observation of five samples, we first discovered significant variation in the shape and size of ascospores in Morchella . One to sixteen ascospores were found in the asci. Ascospore size correlated negatively with ascospore number, but positively with ascus size, and ascus size was positively correlated with ascospore number. We noted that ascospores, both from fresh collections and dried specimens, germinated terminally or laterally either by extended germ tubes, or via the production of conidia that were formed directly from ascospores at one, two or multiple sites. The direct formation of conidia from ascospores takes place within asci or after ascospores are discharged. Using laser confocal microscopy, we recorded the number of nuclei in ascospores and in conidia produced from ascospores. In most ascospores of M. galilaea , several nuclei were observed, as is typical of species of Morchella . However, nuclear number varied from zero to around 20 in this species, and larger ascospores harbored more nuclei. One to six nuclei were present in the conidia. Nuclear migration from ascospores to conidia was observed. Conidia forming directly from ascospores has been observed in few species of Pezizomycetes; this is the first report of the phenomenon in Morchella species. Morphological and molecular data show that conidial formation from ascospores is not found in all the specimens of this species and, hence, is not an informative taxonomic character in M. galilaea . Our data suggest that conidia produced from ascospores and successive mitosis within the ascus may contribute to asci with more than eight spores. The absence of mitosis and/or nuclear degeneration, as well as cytokinesis defect, likely results in asci with fewer than eight ascospores. This study provides new insights into the poorly understood life cycle of Morchella species and more broadly improves knowledge of conidia formation and reproductive strategies in Pezizomycetes.
... genera do not belong to closely related families within the Sordariomycetes, i.e. Xylolentia in Rhamphoriaceae and Chloridium in Chaetosphaeriaceae (Réblová and Štěpánek 2018). The conidiogenesis could hitherto not be sufficiently resolved with light microscopy and was circumscribed as "polyblastic, with sympodially extending rachis" by Réblová and Štěpánek (2018). ...
... Xylolentia in Rhamphoriaceae and Chloridium in Chaetosphaeriaceae (Réblová and Štěpánek 2018). The conidiogenesis could hitherto not be sufficiently resolved with light microscopy and was circumscribed as "polyblastic, with sympodially extending rachis" by Réblová and Štěpánek (2018). ...
... The two specimens of the new species were collected at the same locality, but with a temporal difference of six months. Due to the high morphological similarity in culture and in nature, the morphology of the species can be meaningfully compared even among descriptions from nature only (Wu and Diao 2022) or only from culture (Réblová and Štěpánek 2018). The new species is morphologically similar to X. brunneola because of the pale brown conidia, while the conidia are hyaline in the other species, X. matsushimae, X. palmicola, and X. reniformis (Wu and Diao 2022). ...
A new hyphomycetous fungus found on dead petioles of the fern Angiopteris lygodiifolia in Taiwan is described as Xylo-lentia simplex in honor of late Prof. Dr. Chiu Yuan Chien (簡秋源; Chien 簡 and the Latin "simplex" both meaning "simple"). The new species differs from other three hyaline-spored species of Xylolentia by its pale brown conidia and from the other brown-spored species X. brunneola by low identities of the ITS, LSU and RPB2 sequences and minute differences of conidium shape and size. Scanning electron microscopy reveals annellidic conidiogenesis in Xylolentia for the first time.
... Morphologically M. panespora resembles other species within the subclass Diaporthomycetidae in having globose to subglobose brown to black ascomata, wide, septate paraphyses, unitunicate, cylindrical asci with a distinctive non-amyloid apical apparatus (Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015). Rhamphoria is similar to Melanascoma but has dictyosporous ascospores (Réblová et al. 2018). Atractospora is also similar but has fusiform ascospores and lateral necks . ...
During a survey of freshwater fungi in temperate southern Australia, two new taxa were found, Melanascoma
panespora and Pleurothecium brunius. Morphological and molecular data place Melanascoma panespora in the
Diaporthomycetidae representing a new genus. Melanascoma, along with Proliferophorum and Paraproliferophorum,
form a new lineage and the family Melanascomaceae is introduced. Phylogenetic analyses using ITS, 28S, and 18S
nrRNA gene sequences,, along with morphological examination revealed Pleurothecium brunius to be a new species of
Pleurothecium, sister to P. aquaticum.
... However, some teleomorphic species produce several anamorphs and those anamorphs are described as different species. Molecular phylogenies of some studies proved that some teleomorphic species produce two or more anamorphs Réblová and Štěpánek 2018). Therefore, it is assumed that some synanamorphic species might have been considered as separate species dueto their distinct morphologies and they should avoid from the unmber of known species. ...
... However, some teleomorphic species produce several anamorphs and those anamorphs are described as different species. Molecular phylogenies of some studies proved that some teleomorphic species produce two or more anamorphs Réblová and Štěpánek 2018). Therefore, it is assumed that some synanamorphic species might have been considered as separate species dueto their distinct morphologies and they should avoid from the unmber of known species. ...
Sexual reproduction is the basic way to form high genetic diversity and it is beneficial in evolution and speciation of fungi. The global diversity of teleomorphic species in Ascomycota has not been estimated. This paper estimates the species number for sexual ascomycetes based on five different estimation approaches, viz. by numbers of described fungi, by fungus:substrate ratio, by ecological distribution, by meta-DNA barcoding or culture-independent studies and by previous estimates of species in Ascomycota. The assumptions were made with the currently most accepted, “2.2–3.8 million” species estimate and results of previous studies concluding that 90% of the described ascomycetes reproduce sexually. The Catalogue of Life, Species Fungorum and published research were used for data procurement. The average value of teleomorphic species in Ascomycota from all methods is 1.86 million, ranging from 1.37 to 2.56 million. However, only around 83,000 teleomorphic species have been described in Ascomycota and deposited in data repositories. The ratio between described teleomorphic ascomycetes to predicted teleomorphic ascomycetes is 1:22. Therefore, where are the undiscovered teleomorphic ascomycetes? The undescribed species are no doubt to be found in biodiversity hot spots, poorly-studied areas and species complexes. Other poorly studied niches include extremophiles, lichenicolous fungi, human pathogens, marine fungi, and fungicolous fungi. Undescribed species are present in unexamined collections in specimen repositories or incompletely described earlier species. Nomenclatural issues, such as the use of separate names for teleomorph and anamorphs, synonyms, conspecific names, illegitimate and invalid names also affect the number of described species. Interspecies introgression results in new species, while species numbers are reduced by extinctions.
... However, some teleomorphic species produce several anamorphs and those anamorphs are described as different species. Molecular phylogenies of some studies proved that some teleomorphic species produce two or more anamorphs Réblová and Štěpánek 2018). Therefore, it is assumed that some synanamorphic species might have been considered as separate species dueto their distinct morphologies and they should avoid from the unmber of known species. ...
Sexual reproduction is the basic way to form high genetic diversity and it is beneficial in evolution and speciation of fungi. The global diversity of teleomorphic species in Ascomycota has not been estimated. This paper estimates the species number for sexual ascomycetes based on five different estimation approaches, viz. by numbers of described fungi, by fungus: substrate ratio, by ecological distribution, by meta-DNA barcoding or culture-independent studies and by previous estimates of species in Ascomycota. The assumptions were made with the currently most accepted, “2.2–3.8 million” species estimate and results of previous studies concluding that 90% of the described ascomycetes reproduce sexually. The Catalogue of Life, Species Fungorum and published research were used for data procurement. The average value of teleomorphic species in Ascomycota from all methods is 1.86 million, ranging from 1.37 to 2.56 million. However, only around 83,000 teleomorphic species have been described in Ascomycota and deposited in data repositories. The ratio between described teleomorphic ascomycetes to predicted teleomorphic ascomycetes is 1:22. Therefore, where are the undiscovered teleomorphic ascomycetes? The undescribed species are no doubt to be found in biodiversity hot spots, poorly-studied areas and species complexes. Other poorly studied niches include extremophiles, lichenicolous fungi, human pathogens, marine fungi, and fungicolous fungi. Undescribed species are present in unexamined collections in specimen repositories or incompletely described earlier species. Nomenclatural issues, such as the use of separate names for teleomorph and anamorphs, synonyms, conspecifc names, illegitimate and invalid names also affect the number of described species. Interspecies introgression results in new species, while species numbers are reduced by extinctions.
... Rhamphoriaceae Réblová, Mycologia 11: 754 (2018) Notes: Rhamphoriaceae was erected by Réblová and Štěpánek (2018) and characterized by species having perithecial ascomata with a cylindrical or rostrate neck, the absence of stromatic tissue or clypeus, similar anatomy of two-layered ascomatal walls, cylindrical paraphyses, unitunicate asci with a distinct, non-amyloid apical annulus, and dictyoseptate or transversely septate, hyaline or brown ascospores. Five genera, Linkosia, Rhamphoria, Rhamphoriopsis, Rhodoveronaea and Xylolentia, are accepted in this family. ...
... Xylolentia Réblová, Mycologia 11: 759 (2018) Notes: The genus Xylolentia was established by Réblová and Štěpánek (2018) to accommodate X. brunneola Réblová. It is characterized by brown, 1-septate ascospores, conidiogenous cells that are polyblastic with sympodially extending rachis, and conidia that are hyaline becoming brown, and aseptate (Réblová and Štěpánek 2018). ...
... Xylolentia Réblová, Mycologia 11: 759 (2018) Notes: The genus Xylolentia was established by Réblová and Štěpánek (2018) to accommodate X. brunneola Réblová. It is characterized by brown, 1-septate ascospores, conidiogenous cells that are polyblastic with sympodially extending rachis, and conidia that are hyaline becoming brown, and aseptate (Réblová and Štěpánek 2018). septate, cylindrical, dark brown at the base, paler towards the apex, 65-160 µm long, 3-9.5 µm thick at the base, slightly tapering towards the conidiogenous cells just below the Conidiophores. ...
This is the twelfth contribution to the Fungal Diversity Notes series on fungal taxonomy, based on materials collected from many countries which were examined and described using the methods of morphology, anatomy, and strain culture, combined with DNA sequence analyses. 110 taxa are described and illustrated, including five new genera, 92 new species, eight new combinations and other taxonomic contributions (one new sequenced species, one new host and three new records) which are accommodated in 40 families and 1 incertae sedis in Dothideomycetes. The new genera are Amyloceraceomyces, Catenuliconidia, Hansenopezia, Ionopezia and Magnopulchromyces. The new species are Amyloceraceomyces angustisporus, Amylocorticium ellipsosporum, Arthrinium sorghi, Catenuliconidia uniseptata, Clavulina sphaeropedunculata, Colletotrichum parthenocissicola, Coniothyrium triseptatum, Cortinarius indorusseus, C. paurigarhwalensis, C. sinensis, C. subsanguineus, C. xiaojinensis, Diaporthe pimpinellae, Dictyosporella guizhouensis, Diplodia torilicola, Fuscoporia marquesiana, F. semiarida, Hansenopezia decora, Helicoarctatus thailandicus, Hirsutella hongheensis, Humidicutis brunneovinacea, Lentaria gossypina, L. variabilis, Lycoperdon lahorense, L. pseudocurtisii, Magnopulchromyces scorpiophorus, Moelleriella gracilispora, Neodevriesia manglicola, Neodidymelliopsis salvia, N. urticae, Neoroussoella magnoliae, Neottiella gigaspora, Ophiosphaerella chiangraiensis, Phaeotremella yunnanensis, Podosphaera yulii, Rigidoporus juniperinus, Rhodofomitopsis pseudofeei, Russula benghalensis, Scleroramularia vermispora, Scytinopogon minisporus, Sporormurispora paulsenii, Thaxteriellopsis obliqus, Tomentella asiae-orientalis, T. atrobadia, T. atrocastanea, T. aureomarginata, T. brevis, T. brunneoflava, T. brunneogrisea, T. capitatocystidiata, T. changbaiensis, T. citrinocystidiata, T. coffeae, T. conclusa, T. cystidiata, T. dimidiata, T. duplexa, T. efibulata, T. efibulis, T. farinosa, T. flavidobadia, T. fuscocrustosa, T. fuscofarinosa, T. fuscogranulosa, T. fuscopelliculosa, T. globospora, T. gloeocystidiata, T. griseocastanea, T. griseofusca, T. griseomarginata, T. inconspicua, T. incrustata, T. interrupta, T. liaoningensis, T. longiaculeifera, T. longiechinuli, T. megaspora, T. olivacea, T. olivaceobrunnea, T. pallidobrunnea, T. pallidomarginata, T. parvispora, T. pertenuis, T. qingyuanensis, T. segregata, T. separata, T. stipitata, T. storea, Trichoderma ceratophylletum, Tyromyces minutulus, Umbelopsis heterosporus and Xylolentia reniformis. The new combinations are Antrodiella descendena, Chloridium macrocladum, Hansenopezia retrocurvata, Rhodofomitopsis monomitica, Rh. oleracea, Fuscoporia licnoides, F. scruposa and Ionopezia gerardii. A new sequenced species (Graphis supracola), one new host (Aplosporella prunicola) and three new geographical records (Golovinomyces monardae, Paradictyoarthrinium diffractum and Prosthemium betulinum), are reported.
... Rhamphoriaceae Réblová For the latest treatments of Rhamphoriaceae see Réblová and Štěpánek (2018) and Hyde et al. (2020b). Réblová and Štěpánek (2018) introduced this genus with a single species. ...
... Rhamphoriaceae Réblová For the latest treatments of Rhamphoriaceae see Réblová and Štěpánek (2018) and Hyde et al. (2020b). Réblová and Štěpánek (2018) introduced this genus with a single species. In this study, a new species, Rhamphoriopsis sympodialis, is established based on multigene analyses (Fig. 19). ...
... Material examined: CHINA, Guizhou Province, Qiannan Buyi Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Dushan County, Guizhou Zilinshan National Forest Park (Shengou Fig. 19 Phylogram generated from maximum likelihood analysis based on combined LSU, and ITS sequence data representing Rhamphoriaceae and the outgroup taxon Brachysporum nigrum. Related sequences are taken from Réblová and Štěpánek (2018). Fifteen strains are included in the combined analyses which comprise 1371 characters (825 characters for LSU, 546 characters for ITS) after alignment including the gaps. ...
The recent realistic estimate of fungal numbers which used various algorithms was between 2.2 and 3.8 million. There are nearly 100,000 accepted species of Fungi and fungus-like taxa, which is between 2.6 and 4.5% of the estimated species. Several forums such as Botanica Marina series, Fungal Diversity notes, Fungal Biodiversity Profiles, Fungal Systematics and Evolution—New and Interesting Fungi, Mycosphere notes and Fungal Planet have enhanced the introduction of new taxa and nearly 2000 species have been introduced in these publications in the last decade. The need to define a fungal species more accurately has been recognized, but there is much research needed before this can be better clarified. We address the evidence that is needed to estimate the numbers of fungi and address the various advances that have been made towards its understanding. Some genera are barely known, whereas some plant pathogens comprise numerous species complexes and numbers are steadily increasing. In this paper, we examine ten genera as case studies to establish trends in fungal description and introduce new species in each genus. The genera are the ascomycetes Colletotrichum and Pestalotiopsis (with many species or complexes), Atrocalyx, Dothiora, Lignosphaeria, Okeanomyces, Rhamphoriopsis, Thozetella, Thyrostroma (relatively poorly studied genera) and the basidiomycete genus Lepiota. We provide examples where knowledge is incomplete or lacking and suggest areas needing further research. These include (1) the need to establish what is a species, (2) the need to establish how host-specific fungi are, not in highly disturbed urban areas, but in pristine or relatively undisturbed forests, and (3) the need to establish if species in different continents, islands, countries or regions are different, or if the same fungi occur worldwide? Finally, we conclude whether we are anywhere near to flattening the curve in new species description.
Freshwater fungi comprises a highly diverse group of organisms occurring in freshwater habitats throughout the world. During a survey of freshwater fungi on submerged wood in streams and lakes, a wide range of sexual and asexual species were collected mainly from karst regions in China and Thailand. Phylogenetic inferences using partial gene regions of LSU, ITS, SSU, TEF1α, and RPB2 sequences revealed that most of these fungi belonged to Dothideomycetes and Sordariomycetes and a few were related to Eurotiomycetes. Based on the morphology and multi-gene phylogeny, we introduce four new genera, viz. Aquabispora, Neocirrenalia, Ocellisimilis and Uvarisporella, and 47 new species, viz. Acrodictys chishuiensis, A. effusa, A. pyriformis, Actinocladium aquaticum, Annulatascus tratensis, Aquabispora setosa, Aqualignicola setosa, Aquimassariosphaeria vermiformis, Ceratosphaeria flava, Chaetosphaeria polygonalis, Conlarium muriforme, Digitodesmium chishuiense, Ellisembia aquirostrata, Fuscosporella atrobrunnea, Halobyssothecium aquifusiforme, H. caohaiense, Hongkongmyces aquisetosus, Kirschsteiniothelia dushanensis, Monilochaetes alsophilae, Mycoenterolobium macrosporum, Myrmecridium splendidum, Neohelicascus griseoflavus, Neohelicomyces denticulatus, Neohelicosporium fluviatile, Neokalmusia aquibrunnea, Neomassariosphaeria aquimucosa, Neomyrmecridium naviculare, Neospadicoides biseptata, Ocellisimilis clavata, Ophioceras thailandense, Paragaeumannomyces aquaticus, Phialoturbella aquilunata, Pleurohelicosporium hyalinum, Pseudodactylaria denticulata, P. longidenticulata, P. uniseptata, Pseudohalonectria aurantiaca, Rhamphoriopsis aquimicrospora, Setoseptoria bambusae, Shrungabeeja fluviatilis, Sporidesmium tratense, S. versicolor, Sporoschisma atroviride, Stanjehughesia aquatica, Thysanorea amniculi, Uvarisporella aquatica and Xylolentia aseptata, with an illustrated account, discussion of their taxonomic placement and comparison with morphological similar taxa. Seven new combinations are introduced, viz. Aquabispora grandispora (≡ Boerlagiomyces grandisporus), A. websteri (≡ Boerlagiomyces websteri), Ceratosphaeria suthepensis (≡ Pseudohalonectria suthepensis), Gamsomyces aquaticus (≡ Pseudobactrodesmium aquaticum), G. malabaricus (≡ Gangliostilbe malabarica), Neocirrenalia nigrospora (≡ Cirrenalia nigrospora), and Rhamphoriopsis glauca (≡ Chloridium glaucum). Ten new geographical records are reported in China and Thailand and nine species are first reported from freshwater habitats. Reference specimens are provided for Diplocladiella scalaroides and Neocirrenalia nigrospora (≡ Cirrenalia nigrospora). Systematic placement of the previously introduced genera Actinocladium, Aqualignicola, and Diplocladiella is first elucidated based on the reference specimens and new collections. Species recollected from China and Thailand are also described and illustrated. The overall trees of freshwater Dothideomycetes and Sordariomycetes collected in this study are provided respectively and genera or family/order trees are constructed for selected taxa.
