Figure 1 - uploaded by Yongmei Xing
Content may be subject to copyright.
Colony morphology of xylariaceous endophytes on oatmeal agar isolated from Dendrobium in this study. a. 5063 after two weeks; b. 5054 after two weeks; c. 5129 after two weeks; d. 5268 after two weeks; e. 5071 after two weeks; f. 5311 after two weeks; g. 5147 after two weeks; h. 5147 after four weeks on PDA; i-j. 5165 after two weeks and five weeks; k-l. 5128 after two weeks and five weeks; m-n. 5306 after two weeks and five weeks; o-p. 5089 after two weeks and five weeks; q. 5327 after two weeks; r. 5120 after five weeks; s. 5341 after two weeks; t. Coiled hypha, conidiophore and conidia of 5341 after five weeks. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0058268.g001
Source publication
spp. are traditional Chinese medicinal plants, and the main effective ingredients (polysaccharides and alkaloids) have pharmacologic effects on gastritis infection, cancer, and anti-aging. Previously, we confirmed endophytic xylariaceous fungi as the dominant fungi in several species of tropical regions from China. In the present study, the diversi...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... representative strains were incubated on 2.5% oatmeal agar (OA) at 20uC and 12 h of fluorescent light per day for stromatal and conidial production. The newly isolated 217 xylariaceous strains were divided into at least 13 morphotypes based on their cultural characters (e.g., colony color and surface morphology, stromatal production and conidial and conidiophore morphology) (Table 2, Figure 1), and at least 18 possible operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were recognized by phylo- genetic analyses (Table 3, Figure 2). The estimation of the Shannon-Weiner diversity index based on the number of OTUs showed that D. nobile presented the highest Xylaria species diversity among the seven plant species (1.68), followed by D. chrysanthum (1.47) and D. chrysotoxum (1.46) (Table 3). ...
Similar publications
Introduction
Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo (D. officinale) , widely called as “life-saving immortal grass” by Chinese folk, is a scarce and endangered species. The edible stems of D. officinale have been extensively studied for active chemical components and various bioactivities. However, few studies have reported the well-being beneficial...
Citations
... Similarly, Cyrtopodium andersonii, Bletilla striata, and Dendrobium denneanum, all from the same family, have exhibited promising anti-inflammatory effects (Lin et al., 2013;Parente et al., 2014;Wang and Meng, 2015). Likewise, strong anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of orchid family members like Vanda coerulea and Eulophia macrobulbon, Trichosanthes dioica, Geodorum densiflorum, Diospyros blancoi, Phragmipedium longifolium, Baccaurea ramiflora, and Da Chuan Xiong Fang have been explored in the literature (Ali et al., 2006;Chen et al., 2013;Waszczak et al., 2015). The literature survey revealed that the pharmacological potential of H. aitchisonii Reichb. ...
Habenaria aitchisonii Reichb was analyzed in this research, including its chemical composition and its in vitro antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, acute oral toxicity, and antinociceptive activity. The chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions were found to be the most powerful based on in vitro antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic assays. The acute oral toxicity of the crude methanolic extract was determined before in vivo studies. The acetic acid and formalin tests were used to measure the antinociceptive effect, and the potential mechanisms involved in antinociception were explored. The carrageenan-induced paw edema test was used to examine the immediate anti-inflammatory effect, and many phlogistic agents were used to determine the specific mechanism. Furthermore, for ex vivo activities, the mice were sacrificed, the forebrain was isolated, and the antioxidant levels of glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and catalase (CAT) were estimated using a UV spectrophotometer. No toxicity was seen at oral dosages up to 3,000 mg/kg. The antinociceptive impact was much higher than the standard drug. Both the inflammatory and neurogenic phases of the formalin experiment revealed an analgesic effect in the chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions. In carrageenan anti-inflammatory assays, the chloroform fraction (Ha.Chf) was the most potent fraction. We further studied the GC-MS of crude plant extract and found a total of 18 compounds. In the anti-inflammatory mechanism, it was observed that the Ha.Chf inhibits the COX-2 as well as 5-LOX pathways. The results exhibited that this species is a good source of phytocomponents like germacrone, which can be employed as a sustainable and natural therapeutic agent, supporting its traditional use in folk medicine for inflammatory conditions and pain.
... Xylaria cf. cubensis was the most frequently isolated taxon, similar to that in other studies (Davis et al. 2003;Costa et al. 2012;Chen et al. 2013;Correia et al. 2017). Several studies have attempted to explain the emergence of xylariaceous fungi as endophytes. ...
... The fungal endophytes were then identified based on their morphological features like colony characters, mycelia, structure and arrangement of conidia, and other reproductive structures if any, by using standard manuals and recent research articles (20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29). For microscopic studies, a drop of lactophenol cotton blue stain was added on a clean glass slide, the fungal hyphae with/without reproductive structures were taken on the glass slide containing the stain, a cover slip was placed on the mycelium and the microscopic features were carefully studied. ...
... About 950 endophytic fungi were isolated from 1,680 plant tissue segments of Coleus forskohlii during 2020-2021. Of these, 313, 296, 170 and 171 fungal endophytes were isolated from the old leaves, young leaves, stem (Fig. 2) (Fig. 4), A. ochraceus, A. terreus, Chaetomium angustispirale (Fig. 5) (20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29) and the mycelia which did not sporulate were called sterile mycelia. Some of the fungi isolated as a part of this study have been identified by 18S rRNA sequencing and reported in a previous study by Crasta and Raveesha (36) as denoted (*) in Table 4. ...
Fungi that colonize the healthy tissues of the plants without showing any disease symptoms in the host plants are termed as fungal endophytes. The presence of fungal endophytes provides a positive effect on the host’s growth & development and also triggers the production of some essential bioactive compounds in the host. This study was undertaken to isolate, identify and understand the spaciotemporal distribution and seasonal diversity of fungal endophytes associated with the leaf, stem & root of Coleus forskohlii, an important and endangered medicinal plant. Sampling was done for a period of 12 months between May 2020–April 2021. A total of 950 fungal endophytes were isolated from a total of 1680 tissues of the leaf, stem & root of C. forskohlii. The fungi were identified based on their morphological features and some of them were identified by molecular identification by 18S rRNA sequencing. The endophytic isolates belonged to 10 different orders belonging to 3 different classes-Sordariomycetes (Hypocreales, Xylariales, Microascales, Trichosphaeriales, Glomerellales & Sordariales), Dothiomycetes (Pleosporales, Capnodiales, Botryosphaeriales) & Eurotiomyctes (Eurotiales). About 81.26% of the isolates belonged to Ascomycota & 2.63% of the isolates belonged to Mucoromycota. Chaetomium globosum, Collariella bostrychodes, C. robusta, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Fusarium chlamydosporum, Sterile hyaline mycelia, Aspergillus niger, Xylaria curta, X. grammica, Mucor circinelloides & Trichoderma harizianum were the frequently isolated species of fungi. C. globosum, C. bostrychodes, C. gloeosporioides, sterile hyaline mycelia & X. curta were found distributed in all the tissues of the plant. C. forskohlii has thus revealed a rich diversity of fungal endophytes that could be isolated & cultured to yield some pharmacologically important bioactive compounds.
... These fungi also appear to play a key role in the decomposition and carbon cycling in the rainforest. The endophytic nature of many Xylaria and their ability to become established in specific tree species may be responsible for the abundance of diversity (Chen et al. 2013). The endophytic stage may also serve as a strategy for Xylaria to rapidly colonize substrates once the branch, limb, or entire tree dies, reducing competition in resource capture from faster growing species. ...
Background
Xylaria is a diverse and ecologically important genus in the Ascomycota. This paper describes the xylariaceous fungi present in an Ecuadorian Amazon Rainforest and investigates the decay potential of selected Xylaria species. Fungi were collected at Yasuní National Park, Ecuador during two collection trips to a single hectare plot divided into a 10-m by 10-m grid, providing 121 collection points. All Xylaria fruiting bodies found within a 1.2-m radius of each grid point were collected. Dried fruiting bodies were used for culturing and the internal transcribed spacer region was sequenced to identify Xylaria samples to species level. Agar microcosms were used to assess the decay potential of three selected species, two unknown species referred to as Xylaria 1 and Xylaria 2 and Xylaria curta , on four different types of wood from trees growing in Ecuador including balsa ( Ochroma pyramidale ), melina ( Gmelina arborea ), saman ( Samanea saman ), and moral ( Chlorophora tinctoria ). ANOVA and post-hoc comparisons were used to test for differences in biomass lost between wood blocks inoculated with Xylaria and uninoculated control blocks. Scanning electron micrographs of transverse sections of each wood and assay fungus were used to assess the type of degradation present.
Results
210 Xylaria collections were sequenced, with 106 collections belonging to 60 taxa that were unknown species, all with less than 97% match to NCBI reference sequences. Xylaria with sequence matches of 97% or greater included X . aff. comosa (28 isolates), X. cuneata (9 isolates) X. curta and X . oligotoma (7 isolates), and X . apiculta (6 isolates)., All Xylaria species tested were able to cause type 1 or type 2 soft rot degradation in the four wood types and significant biomass loss was observed compared to the uninoculated controls. Balsa and melina woods had the greatest amount of biomass loss, with as much as 60% and 25% lost, respectively, compared to the controls.
Conclusions
X ylaria species were found in extraordinary abundance in the Ecuadorian rainforest studied. Our study demonstrated that the Xylaria species tested can cause a soft rot type of wood decay and with the significant amount of biomass loss that occurred within a short incubation time, it indicates these fungi likely play a significant role in nutrient cycling in the Amazonian rainforest.
... Measurement of the microscopic structure was done using ImageJ software. Scientific articles were used as references in the morphological identification [24,25,26]. Each isolate identified by morphological features was then processed for molecular identification. ...
... This isolate is morphologically similar to Xylaria apoda from Dendrobium spp. [24]. ...
Sordariomycete is one of the dominant components of the endophytic community in seagrasses. However, there are still many species under this group that still need to be described. Among the tropical seagrasses, the Philippines had the least number of endophytic Sordariomycete reported. This study reports the isolation of endophytic Sordariomycete from Enhalus acoroides, Cymodocea serrulata, and Thalassia hemprichii. Seagrass samples were collected from the coastal areas of Hilutungan Channel, Cebu, Central Philippines using a sterilized razor. Explants from seagrass samples were surface-sterilized, inoculated in culture plates, and incubated for 14 days at 27±2°C. Fungi that grew from the edge of explants were purified and identified through morphological and molecular methods using ITS sequences. Molecular phylogeny was inferred by neighbor-joining with 1000 bootstrap replications. Three species of Sordariomycete were identified in this study. Fungal isolates from the rhizomes and roots of Cymodocea serrulata had 99.84% nucleotide similarity with Eutypella sp. Isolates from the rhizomes and roots of Enhalus acoroides had a 100% match identity with Beauveria bassiana. While the isolate from the leaf of Thalassia hemprichii had a 99% nucleotide affinity to Xylaria apoda. These isolates formed a well-supported clade with their closest match taxa at 100% bootstrap support. The estimate of evolutionary divergence between the isolates’ sequences and their reference taxa was 0.0, suggesting no nucleotide base substitutions per site. The identification of seagrass isolates as Eutypella sp., Beauveria bassiana, and Xylaria apoda is hereby supported. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that endophytic fungi from the Philippine seagrass did not cluster with any fungal species previously reported from the Philippines, suggesting different species. To our knowledge, Eutypella sp., Beauveria bassiana, and Xylaria apoda were the first reports of endophytic Sordariomycete in Philippine seagrasses. The isolation of these endophytes is promising because these genera are a rich source of novel compounds and biocontrol agents.
... Phenotypic features of each fungal colony, like colony colour, form, texture, elevation, margin, conidiophore type, conidia and hyphal type were used in the identification. Scientific articles were used as references in the morphological identification (Chen et al., 2013;Samson et al., 2014;Visagie et al., 2014;Cañón et al., 2019, Dhar et al., 2019Bich et al., 2021). ...
... The phylogenetic analysis was conducted using the closest matched sequences from the Gen-Bank database [47], sequences derived from open database from Hsieh et al. [48], Hsieh et al. [12], Thomas et al. [49], Peršoh et al. [39], Fournier et al. [2], U'Ren et al. [50], Pan et al. [9], Hashemi et al. [51], Rönsch et al. [52], Cañón et al. [4], Vega et al. [53], Jaklitsch et al. [54], Chen et al. [55], Del Olmo-Ruiz et al. [56] and unpublished sequences from the GenBank database [47] (Table 1). Hypoxylon fragiforme JN979420 [12] was used as an outgroup reference. ...
... The ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 rDNA gene sequence of the fungal isolate was compared with the total number of 27 sequences, including the closest matched sequences by a BLAST search and sequences derived from open database [2,4,9,12,39,[47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56]. The phylogenetic analysis clearly demonstrated the appearance of the new fungal isolate in a clade together with all other X. karsticola isolates (Fig 2). ...
... Molecular techniques have become the most powerful and essential tools in identification and phylogenetic survey of fungi, including Xylaria species [55]. Among all DNA markers, the ITS region is most commonly used for species delimitation. ...
The present study is the first to report Xylaria karsticola isolated from the basidiocarp of Macrolepiota procera (Basidiomycota), from Stara Planina Mountain, Bulgaria and second report for such species found in Europe. The fungal isolate was in vitro cultivated and the morphology was observed. It was primarily determined as a xylariaceous morphotype at the intragenus level, based on the evaluation of colony growth rate, color, and stromatic structure formation and was confirmed by unique conidiophores and conidia. The molecular identification of the isolate was performed by amplification of ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region and the strain was identified as Xylaria karsticola with 97.57% of confidence. The obtained sequence was deposited in the GenBank database under the accession number MW996752 and in the National Bank of Industrial Microorganisms and Cell Cultures of Bulgaria under accession number NBIMCC 9097. The phylogenetic analysis of the isolate was also conducted by including 26 sequences obtained from different Xylaria isolates. Considering the phylogenetic data, X. karsticola NBIMCC 9097 was grouped along with other X. karsticola isolates, although the DNA sequence of the novel X. karsticola was rather distantly related to the other X. karsticola sequence data. The results were supported by the bootstrap analysis (100%) and indicated the different origin of the examined X. karsticola NBIMCC 9097.
... Terrestrial endophytic and saprobic Chen et al. (2013) and Demoor et al. (2019) using culture-dependent and HTS. All the culturable fungi were ascomycetes, however, HTS recovered Ascomycota, Basidiomycota and Zygomycota (Dissanayake et al. 2018). ...
Fungi are an essential component of any ecosystem and have diverse ecological roles, ranging from endophytes to epiphytes
and pathogens to saprobes. The current estimate of fungal endophytes is around 1 million species, however, we estimate
that there is likely over 3 million species and only about 150,000 fungal species have been named and classified to date.
Endophytes inhabit internal plant tissues without causing apparent harm to the hosts. Endophytes occur in almost every
plant from the coldest climates to the tropics. They are thought to provide several benefits to host plants and improve the
hosts’ ability to tolerate several abiotic and biotic stresses. Endophytes produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological,
industrial and pharmaceutical application. Some endophytes appear to be host-specific, while some are associated with a
wide range of hosts. We discuss the importance of endophytes. The ability to switch lifestyles from endophytes to pathogens
or saprobes is discussed. Interactions between endophytes and hosts based on fossil data is also highlighted. Factors that
influence the specificity in endophytes are discussed. We argue that the endophytic lifestyle is a common strategy in most
fungi and that all fungi have endophytic ancestors. We critically evaluate the influence of co-evolution based on fossil data.
We hypothesise the influence of specificity on the estimated number of endophytes and overall species numbers, and present
examples of metabolites that they produce. We argue that studying endophytes for novel compounds has limitations as the
genera recovered are limited. However, if saprobes were chosen instead, this would result in a much higher species diversity
and undoubtedly chemical diversity
... GenBank number: OM235096 (ITS) Notes: Our collection shares similar morphological characteristics with the ex-type strain of A. medicaginicola (Boerema et al. 2004;Chen et al. 2013). The multigene Fig. 20 Phylogram generated from maximum likelihood analysis based on combined, ITS, LSU and tub2 sequence data of selected taxa. ...
The description of a new Mediterranean species, Coltricia insularis, is provided, on the basis of material collected in Corsica, Sardinia, Cyprus and Spain
... GenBank number: OM235096 (ITS) Notes: Our collection shares similar morphological characteristics with the ex-type strain of A. medicaginicola (Boerema et al. 2004;Chen et al. 2013). The multigene Fig. 20 Phylogram generated from maximum likelihood analysis based on combined, ITS, LSU and tub2 sequence data of selected taxa. ...
This article is the 14th in the Fungal Diversity Notes series, wherein we report 98 taxa distributed in two phyla, seven classes, 26 orders and 50 families which are described and illustrated. Taxa in this study were collected from Australia, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Chile, China, Cyprus, Egypt, France, French Guiana, India, Indonesia, Italy, Laos, Mexico, Russia, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Vietnam. There are 59 new taxa, 39 new hosts and new geographical distributions with one new combination. The 59 new species comprise Angustimassarina kunmingense, Asterina lopi, Asterina brigadeirensis, Bartalinia bidenticola, Bartalinia caryotae, Buellia pruinocalcarea, Coltricia insularis, Colletotrichum flexuosum, Colletotrichum thasutense, Coniochaeta caraganae, Coniothyrium yuccicola, Dematipyriforma aquatic, Dematipyriforma globispora, Dematipyriforma nilotica, Distoseptispora bambusicola, Fulvifomes jawadhuvensis, Fulvifomes malaiyanurensis, Fulvifomes thiruvannamalaiensis, Fusarium purpurea, Gerronema atrovirens, Gerronema flavum, Gerronema keralense, Gerronema kuruvense, Grammothele taiwanensis, Hongkongmyces changchunensis, Hypoxylon inaequale, Kirschsteiniothelia acutisporum, Kirschsteiniothelia crustaceum, Kirschsteiniothelia extensum, Kirschsteiniothelia septemseptatum, Kirschsteiniothelia spatiosum, Lecanora immersocalcarea, Lepiota subthailandica, Lindgomyces guizhouensis, Marthe asmius pallidoaurantiacus, Marasmius tangerinus, Neovaginatispora mangiferae, Pararamichloridium aquisubtropicum, Pestalotiopsis piraubensis, Phacidium chinaum, Phaeoisaria goiasensis, Phaeoseptum thailandicum, Pleurothecium aquisubtropicum, Pseudocercospora vernoniae, Pyrenophora verruculosa, Rhachomyces cruralis, Rhachomyces hyperommae, Rhachomyces magrinii, Rhachomyces platyprosophi, Rhizomarasmius cunninghamietorum, Skeletocutis cangshanensis, Skeletocutis subchrysella, Sporisorium anadelphiae-leptocomae, Tetraploa dashaoensis, Tomentella exiguelata, Tomentella fuscoaraneosa, Tricholomopsis lechatii, Vaginatispora flavispora and Wetmoreana blastidiocalcarea. The new combination is Torula sundara. The 39 new records on hosts and geographical distribution comprise Apiospora guiyangensis, Aplosporella artocarpi, Ascochyta medicaginicola, Astrocystis bambusicola, Athelia rolfsii, Bambusicola bambusae, Bipolaris luttrellii, Botryosphaeria dothidea, Chlorophyllum squamulosum, Colletotrichum aeschynomenes, Colletotrichum pandanicola, Coprinopsis cinerea, Corylicola italica, Curvularia alcornii, Curvularia senegalensis, Diaporthe foeniculina, Diaporthe longicolla, Diaporthe phaseolorum, Diatrypella quercina, Fusarium brachygibbosum, Helicoma aquaticum, Lepiota metulispora, Lepiota pongduadensis, Lepiota subvenenata, Melanconiella meridionalis, Monotosporella erecta, Nodulosphaeria digitalis, Palmiascoma gregariascomum, Periconia byssoides, Periconia cortaderiae, Pleopunctum ellipsoideum, Psilocybe keralensis, Scedosporium apiospermum, Scedosporium dehoogii, Scedosporium marina, Spegazzinia deightonii, Torula fici, Wiesneriomyces laurinus and Xylaria venosula. All these taxa are supported by morphological and multigene phylogenetic analyses. This article allows the researchers to publish fungal collections which are important for future studies. An updated, accurate and timely report of fungus-host and fungus-geography is important. We also provide an updated list of fungal taxa published in the previous fungal diversity notes. In this list, erroneous taxa and synonyms are marked and corrected accordingly.
