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Colony morphology of representative actinomycete isolates derived from solar saltern ponds. ‘A’ represents the colony view from aerial mycelium side and ‘B’ is the substrate mycelium view. Colonies were distinguished based on the colour of aerial and substrate mycelia and sporulation.
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Background
Hypersaline solar salterns are extreme environments in many tropical and subtropical regions throughout the world. In India, there are several coastal solar salterns along with the coastal line of the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea and inland solar salterns around Sambhar saltlake, from which sodium chloride is obtained for human consumpt...
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... of representative isolates was visually observed and their aerial and substrate mycelium are shown in Figure 3. The isolates JAJ13, JAJ07, JAJ19, JAJ26, JAJ38 and JAJ46 grew well on IM2 with charac- teristic musty odour, spore formation, dimorphic myce- lial forms as aerial and subterranean mycelium and non-motile colonies. ...Similar publications
One of the important problems in traditional Nata de Coco (Nata) fermentation is production inconsistency due to strain or genetic variability reflecting mixed microbial communities involved in this process. This research was aimed at examine the population dynamics of the bacterial community during the fermentation processes. Samples were collecte...
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... The crude extract was examined and shown to have strong antioxidant activities, which can be valuable for future research development to make it industrially useful. The radical scavenging activity was concentration-dependent and increasing the concentration gradually enhanced the activity 55 . The DPPH free radical scavenging test was widely utilized to assess antioxidant activity. ...
Bacterial secondary metabolites contain a diverse spectrum of biologically active compounds, including antimicrobials and antioxidants. Harnessing these products has enabled humans to fight against various diseases. But due to the overuse of antibiotics over the past few decades, many resistant strains of microbes are emerging. Therefore, there is a need to identify new sources of antimicrobial compounds. Actinomycetes are a group of bacteria known to produce antimicrobial compounds. This investigation aimed to identify, isolate and characterize actinomycetes with antimicrobial and antioxidant activity against pathogens acquired from MTCC. Sambhar Lake has a very potential group of actinomycetes producing several secondary metabolites. The study reports the antimicrobial and antioxidant potential of different extracts of actinomycetes. The sections of the actinomycetes were tested for their antagonistic activity against five pathogenic microorganisms. Antibacterial activity was reported in all five actinomycete isolates against Bacillus subtilis-MTCC 441, Escherichia coli-MTCC-1885, and Salmonella typhi-MTCC 733 but almost negligible activity against Staphylococcus aureus-MTCC 737 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa- MTCC 424 except for ACT-14 and ACT- 11. ACT14 had the highest antibacterial activity compared to all other isolates. The antioxidant capacities of all isolated extracts were evaluated for total phenols, total antioxidant activity, total reducing power, DPPH, and ABTS assays. Section of Pseudonocardia Antarctica ACT14 showed the highest (23.89±0.96) free radical scavenging of 2, 2-diphenyl1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), phenolic activity (194 ± 6.05) activity. This study was conducted to identify novel actinomycetes with antimicrobial properties. The sample ACT14 was found to be a novel actinomycete (Pseudonocardia Antarctica), and this isolate showed antimicrobial activity against all the test pathogenic bacteria used in the study. The culture was optimized for antimicrobial compound production. Since many pathogens tend to acquire antibiotic resistance, this study is essential as a novel source of antimicrobials that will provide a new weapon in the fight against infectious pathogens. Further purification and characterization of this compound are underway.
... Nocardiopsis, Salinispora, and Streptomonspora. 33 The presence of Streptomyces as a predominant genus in halophilic environments of both marine and non-marine origin has been reported in many studies, 28,34,35 and a similar pattern was noticed in the present study also. Nocardiopsis was the second most abundant actinomycete isolated in the present study, and its presence was also observed in Kovalam, Puthalum, and Thamaraikulam salt works, India. ...
Actinomycetes are Gram-positive filamentous bacteria well known for the production of bioactive compounds. Recently, many halophilic habitats have been explored for isolation of actinomycetes that exhibit biotechnological potentials. In this investigation, a saline habitat of Rajasthan, Sambhar Salt Lake (SSL) was selected to study the actinomycetes population and Carboxy Methyl Cellulase (CMCase) production by native isolates. A total of sixteen actinomycete isolates, halotolerant and moderately halophilic, were obtained using culture-dependent methods and characterized morphologically and biochemically. They were identified as members of Streptomyces, Nocardiopsis, Pseudonocardia, Saccharospolyspora, and Microbispora. Streptomyces was the most dominating genus, followed by Nocardiopsis. Agar plate assay was used for screening the isolates for CMCase production. Thirteen were found to produce the enzyme, apparent by hydrolysis observed on media plates. The highest relative activity of 22.04 was shown by isolate SSL 14 identified as Nocardiopsis sp. by 16S rDNA sequencing studies and thus selected for further optimization studies. Maximum enzyme (1.08 ± 0.09 U/ml) was produced using medium containing Carboxy Methyl Cellulose (Carbon source) and yeast extract (nitrogen source) at 12% NaCl and pH 9.0, incubated at 30 °C for 96 h. Maximum CMCase production at high salt concentration and pH suggests that Nocardiopsis SSL 14 can be used for industrial processes that operate under excessive saline and alkaline conditions.
... The occurrence of actinomycetes in the hypersaline environments was reported by Wu et al. [39] while studying the diversity of actinobacteria in salt sediments in China, of which species belonging to different suborders were isolated: Streptosporangineae, Micrococcineae, Streptomycineae, Pseudonocardineae, and Glycomycineae. In addition, phylogenetic diversity of actinomycetes cultured from coastal multipond solar saltern in India showed the presence of actinomycetes mainly affiliated to six genera Streptomyces, Micromonospora, Nocardia, Nonomuraea, Saccharopolyspora, and Nocardiopsis [40]. Moreover, actinomycetes isolated from marine ecosystems have been assigned to different genera including, Streptomyces, Micromonospora, Salinispora, Marinophilus, Solwaraspora, Salinibacterium, Aeromicrobium, Gordonia, Microbacterium, Mycobacterium, Nocardiopsis, Pseudonocardia, Actinomadura, Saccharopolyspora, Streptosporangium, Nonomuraea, Williamsia, and Verrucosispora [13]. ...
The study aimed to isolate rare halophilic actinomycetes from hypersaline soils of Algerian inland Wetland Ecosystems “Sebkhas-Chotts” located in arid and hot hyper-arid lands with international importance under the Ramsar Convention and to explore their enzyme-producing and antibacterial abilities. The halophilic actinomycetes were selectively isolated using agar-rich media supplemented with 5, 10, and 15% (W/V) of total salts. Thirty-one isolates were obtained and 16SrRNA gene sequencing analysis revealed the presence of members affiliated to rare halophilic actinobacterial genera (Actinopolyspora and Nocardiopsis) accounting for 74.19% (23 isolates out of 31) and 25.8% (8 isolates), respectively. Both phylotypes are alkalitolerant and halophilic thermotolerant actinomycetes displaying significant hydrolytic activities relative to (amylase, asparaginase, cellulase, esterase, glutaminase, inulinase, protease, pectinase, xylanase), and over 96% of tested isolates exhibited all common enzymes, mainly active at 10% of growing salt. In addition, high antibacterial activity was observed against Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus luteus, and Staphylococcus aureus. The findings showed that saline wetlands ecosystems represent a rich reservoir for the isolation of significant rare halophilic actinomycetes with potential adaptive features and valuable sources for novel bioactive metabolites and biocatalysts of biotechnological interest.
... It has been observed that different actinomycetes genera are found along the solar salterns of Tuticorin, India. Streptomycetes records the majority of the isolated actinomycetes population (48%) as well as rare actinomycetes genus Nonomuraea was also reported [6]. The potent isolates were further studied for their antimicrobial activity and production of bioactive compounds. ...
Actinomycetes are potential antibiotic producers that have been isolated from various terrestrial ecosystems and are exploited for their bioactive compounds. On the contrary, the marine environments were less explored and the research on marine actinomycetes had gained momentum only for the past three decades. Marine actinomycetes are one of the most significant producers of diverse groups of secondary metabolites and provide a huge scope for pharmaceutical and other industries. These organisms are proved to be important, both biotechnologically and economically considering their global presence. The marine ecosystem in India is less explored for the isolation of actinomycetes and several ecological niches are left unattended. Compared to the global scenario, the contribution from Indian researchers towards the isolation and exploitation of marine actinomycetes from the Indian sub-continent is noteworthy. Exploration of actinomycetes from these ecosystems will certainly yield new species and metabolites. Considering the declining rate of drug discovery from terrestrial actinomycetes, the marine counterparts, especially from unexplored regions from the Indian coast will hold a promising way ahead. Apart from drugs, these organisms are reported for the production of different industrially important enzymes like cellulase, amylase, protease, lipase, etc. They are also used in environmental applications, agriculture, and aquacultures sectors. With the rapid advancement in the study of actinomycetes from different marine sources in India, new metabolites are being discovered which have an important role from the economic and industrial point of view. As the world is witnessing newer diseases such as Sars-Cov 2 and the pandemic due to its demands drugs and other metabolites are increasing day by day. Therefore, the necessity for the quest for unique and rare marine actinomycetes is enhancing too. This review highlights the research on marine actinomycetes in India and also the challenges associated with its research.
... PCR conditions were maintained as follows: initial 5 min for denaturation at 95°C, followed by 35 cycles of 30s at 95°C, 30s at 51.4°C, and 120s at 72°C, and a final extension of 10 min at 72°C (TAKARA ermal Cycler, Japan). e amplified products were examined by 0.8% agarose gel electrophoresis [23] stained by ethidium bromide. e purified PCR products were sequenced using the same primers, 27 F and 1492R (Macrogen, Inc., South Korea). ...
Antibiotics are widely used in the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases. The main sources of antibiotics are Streptomyces species, which are mostly isolated from soil and marine environment. They are the primary source of various bioactive compounds, including antibiotics. Streptomyces species under stress conditions may produce new secondary metabolites, including antibiotics. Soil samples were collected from different regions of Nepal. Streptomyces species were isolated on ISP4 (International Streptomyces Project medium 4) and were sub-cultured on the same media. To isolate metabolites, seed culture was performed in TSB (Tryptone Soya Broth) medium. Primary screening of Streptomyces species was carried out on MHA (Mueller Hinton Agar) plate by perpendicular sticking method against Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella sonnei, Eschericha coli, Klebsiells pneumonia, Salmonella typhi, and Acinetobacter baumani. The antimicrobial susceptibility test of isolates was executed on MHA plates by well diffusion method and was evaluated by measuring the inhibition zone. Large number of Streptomyces colonies were isolated from soil samples. Distinct colonies were selected from the primary screening. Out of 30 different colonies, only two colonies BT09 and BT29 showed strong antimicrobial activity against gram positive bacteria.
... Multiple sequence alignment and molecular phylogeny analyses were performed using the MEGA 5.0 software (www.megasoftware.net). The TREE VIEW program was used to display the phylogenetic tree [15][16][17]. The level of DNA similarity was evaluated using the basic local alignment search tool (BLAST) program (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ ...
Background and Aim: Streptomyces is a well-known agent of secondary metabolite production. This study aimed to identify Streptomyces spp. from garbage dump soils in Surabaya based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence. Moreover, the structure of new chemical compounds used for treating infectious diseases in humans, animals, and plants was elucidated.
Materials and Methods: We isolated Streptomyces spp. from garbage dump soils in Surabaya. In this study, all isolates were characterized according to phenotype, and they were also confirmed by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Multiple sequence alignment and molecular phylogeny analyses were conducted using the MEGA 5.0 software, and then the TREE VIEW program was used to display the phylogenetic tree. The level of DNA similarity was also evaluated using the basic local alignment search tool (BLAST) program and then compared with nucleotide sequences stored in the GenBank database using National Center for Biotechnology Information BLAST.
Results: The eight Streptomyces spp. showed different nucleotide sequence lengths in gel electrophoresis and photography, which is in accordance with the results observed in the phylogenetic tree. New types of Streptomyces spp., Sp-C, Sp-D, Sp-Ep, Sp-G, and Sp-I, were found from the waste heap in Surabaya. Of these, Sp-Ep was very closely related to Streptomyces indonesiasis and Streptomyces nashvillensis. Sp-F was identified as Streptomyces levis strain NRRL B-24299, and Sp-C was identified as Synodontis filamentosus. Sp-D was related to Sida javensis and Staphylococcus roseus. Sp-G was related to Streptomyces roseoviridis strain NBRC 12911 and Streptomyces thermocarboxydovorans strain AT52. Sp-I was related to Streptomyces cangkringensis and Streptomyces asiaticus. Finally, Sp-A was related to Sansevieria laurentii strain LMG 19959.
Conclusion: Based on the phylogenetic tree, new strains of Streptomyces isolate, namely, Sp-D, Sp-Ep, Sp-G, and Sp-I, were found in the garbage dump soils of Surabaya. This new strain can produce antibiotics to be used as an alternative to antibiotics; however, further research is needed to confirm the activity.
... has already been isolated from Lake Elmenteita, another East African soda lake (Mwirichia et al. 2010), as well as other hypersaline environments (e.g. Quesada et al. 1982;Jose and Jebakumar 2012). Bennur et al. (2016) reported that the halotolerant Nocardiopsis spp. ...
The Momela soda lakes consist of seven small, hypersaline, alkaline lakes, situated in the East African rift valley
at Arusha National Park, Tanzania. The lakes are fed by separate underground water sources with slightly varying
mineral contents resulting in colour variation and supporting different kinds of prokaryotic and eukaryotic species.
In this study, the diversity of Actinobacteria in surface water and sediments of five Lakes were investigated
using culture-dependent and culture-independent molecular techniques. A total of 34 out of 112, and 13 out of
85, representatives of Actinobacteria isolates and clones, respectively, were selected for gene sequencing using
the CD-HIT program. Analysis of their 16S rRNA gene sequences displayed the presence of species affiliated to
15 different genera, namely Mycobacterium, Rhodococcus, Microbacterium, Isoptericola, Dietzia, Leucobacter,
Jonesia, Nesterenkonia, Micrococcus, Streptomyces, Hoyosella, Norcadiopsis, Cellulomonas, Bogoriella, and
Agromyces. The results showed 5 and 12 putative new Actinobacteria isolates and clones, respectively. This is
the first report of isolation of bacteria from the genus Mycobacterium from a soda lake globally, as well as the
genera Hoyosella, Isoptericola, Jonesia, Micrococcus, Leucobacter and Agromyces from a soda lake in East Africa.
Because Actinobacteria are known as a source of biotechnologically important compounds, the species revealed
set a platform to search for novel bioactive compounds.
... Actinomycetes Actinomycetes are abundantly available in natural saline environments In soil, various species of actinomycetes have been identified so far. The important genera of actinomycetes are Streptomycetes, Nocardia, Micromonospora, Thermomonospora, Actinoplanes, Microbispora, Streptosporangium, Actinomadura, Actinosynnema, Dactylosporangium, Rhodococcus, ActinosynnemaKitasatospora, Gordona, Intrasporangium and Streptoalloteichus [51][52][53]. Under laboratory conditions, the isolation of actinomycetes can be performed using various media such as Starch casein agar, Actinomycetes isolation agar, Oatmeal agar, Inorganic salt starch agar, Glycerol asparagine agar, Kennights agar which respectively can produce whitish, brown, grey, sandal white, pale sandy and light yellow colored colonies. ...
Salt pans are ground covered with salt, minerals and inhabit halophilic microbes. Diversity in salt pans provides alkaline, saline, pH and temperature at different conditions. The optimum 0.5 and 3.0M salt concentration for growing halophilic organisms. Halophilic Microbes were grown in high salt concentrations. These halophilic microbes are used in old years for salt and fermented production but Nowadays the various halophilic microbes involved in Antibiotic production, Enzymes, Pigments, Ecotine, Polysaccharides, Bio surfactants, and Bioplastics production. Halophilic fungi and actinomycetes are involved in Bioremediation for agricultural improvement. In the electrical field also Extremophilic halophilic bacteria can be used in Mining and nanotechnology sectors. INTRODUCTION Halophiles are extremophilic microbes that thrive in environments with extreme salt concentrations. Being salt-loving organisms, These halophiles are found in marine environments, which include ponds, lake, sea, salt pans, and fermented foods and were extensively investigated to understand its characteristics [1]. The halophiles are classified based on the amount of salt required for its complete growth. A halophilic organism is evaluated based on how attentive it is, towards the salt. They are categorized into three essential types such as Mild (Moderate) halophiles that can grow at 3-15% of NaCl, Intense (Extreme) halophiles that can grow at <25 % and halotolerant (Slight) organisms which grow at 2.5% NaCl [2]. Halophiles grow in each of the three domains of lifestyles, such as Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya. It additionally exhibits great metabolic diversity that includes phototrophs, anoxygenicphototrophs, aerobic heterotrophs, fermenters, denitrifiers, sulfate reducers, and methanogens [3]. The defensive mechanism of halophiles is fascinating since it functions on the concept of osmotic pressure. Through the accumulation of halophiles, the compatible solute present in the cells increases to balance the osmotic pressure. These accumulating halophilic microbes produce some enzymes which in turn generate k+ ions. These ions increase the inner salinity and accordingly, the external osmotic pressure [4]. The haloarchae accumulates a high concentration of KCl within the cytoplasm for osmotic stability. The domains of archaea, bacteria and eukarya belong to aerobic, anaerobic and facultative anaerobic halophilic microbes. The halophiles can be determined from the extensive range of bacteria and eukarya that were recovered from these extreme conditions [5]. Halophiles have promising biotechnological applications that include pigments, enzymes, surfactants, decolorization of textile dye effluents, degrading metals and the removal of pollutants in saline water. Recent studies conducted in halophilic fungi in the hypersaline environment inferred that they have a great diversity of fungal species. The halophilic fungi were investigated in the year 2000 and the study focused its morphological and molecular characteristics in a saline environment [6].
... Other members of the Actinomadura, Streptomyces, Streptosporangium, and also Micromonospora are utmost extensively spread thermoresistant species in deserts soils. Numerous members of Streptomyces, which belonged to actinobacterial genera Nocardia, Micromonospora, Saccharopolyspora, Nonomuraea, and Nocardiopsis, were also reported from the Arabian Sea, solar salterns of the Bay of Bengal, and inland surrounding the Sambhar Salt Lake (Jose and Jebakumar 2012). However, surprisingly it has been revealed that Actinobacteria in desert soil land dominated 20.7%, whereas agricultural soil comprises 4.6% relatively in poorer quantity in farmland when compared with desert ecosystem (Ding et al. 2013b). ...
In nature, we can see many hostile or extreme environments, as these environments have made life more difficult to survive. Harsh environments can be designated as any considerably high change in the extent of chemical (pH, water content, organic solvents, and salt concentration) or physical variations (osmotic pressure, temperature, pressure, and radiation). Extremophilic organisms are rare organisms that can thrive well in these adverse physicochemical conditions. The discovery of novel actinobacterial species may lead to the recovery of new secondary metabolites. In another sense, the metabolites from the extremophilic actinobacteria have received immense value in harsh industrial applications. Extremophilic actinobacteria can be classified into thermophilic, psychrophilic, barophilic, acidophilic, alkaliphilic, halophilic, osmophilic, saprophytic, and xerophilic based upon their inherent properties. Apart from these extremophilic actinobacteria, there is a particular category of extreme tolerant actinobacteria in various environments. However, lots of research work needs to be carried out in the exploration of these groups of actinobacteria—both extremophilic and extreme tolerant actinobacterial communities’ genomes inherently have novel potential bioactive compounds. However, the only fraction of the diversity of the extremophilic or extreme tolerant actinobacteria is known, but they have got enormous potential.
... BIOSCIeNCe BIOTeCHNOlOGy ReSeARCH COMMUNICATIONS found from hyper saline environments such as soda lakes and salterns along with Streptomyces species (Mwirichia et al. 2010;Jose and Jebakumar 2012;Kamjam et al. 2017). It is believed that Nocardiopsis genus might be playing a mediating role in breakdown of naturally occurring complex polymers, these species mainly produce extremozymes, compatible solutes, and surfactants (Bennur et al. 2015). ...
Objectives: Actinomycetes are well known sources of antibiotics, however; recently the focus of antimicrobial research has been turning towards actinomycetes of extreme environments. Therefore, present work would highlight the isolation, identification and characterization of antimicrobial metabolites produced by marine haloalkaliphilic actinomycetes.
Methods: Saline soil sample was collected from Ghogha coast (Gulf of Khambhat), Bhavnagar, Western India. Isolation was carried out using selective media while identification was done based on morphological, cultural and molecular characterization. The antimicrobial potential was checked by spot inoculation method. Optimization was carried out by the one variable at a time (OVAT) method. The antimicrobial compounds were extracted using ethyl acetate and characterized by GC-MS.
Results: The haloalkaliphilic actinomycetes Nocardiopsis sp. GhM-HA-6 was isolated from saline soil of Ghogha coast using starch agar with 10% w/v NaCl and pH 9 and was identified as Nocardiopsis sp. based on morphology, cultural characteristics and 16S rRNA phylogenetic analysis (NCBI Genbank Accession number: KF384492). The organism showed antimicrobial activity against five Gram positive and three Gram negative bacteria while the isolate did not show any antifungal activity. Results of optimization showed that the highest production of antimicrobial compounds was obtained using starch broth with 0.5% w/v starch, 1% w/v yeast extract, 10% w/v NaCl and pH 9. GC-MS analysis of ethyl acetate extract of the isolate showed presence of total 18 compounds including various antimicrobial compounds like 2, 4-bis (1, 1-dimethylethyl)-Phenol, various types of alkanes and their derivatives.
