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Colony characters of Botryodiplodia theobromae isolates collected from different pear growing regions of Punjab.
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Thirteen isolates of Botryodiplodia theobromae collected from pear varieties grown in various regions of Punjab were studied for morphological, pathological and molecular characterization. The mycelial growth of B. theobromae isolates was classified as fluffy or depressed, uniform to irregular and cottony white turning to black. Colony growth rate...
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... the 13 isolates studied for their morphological characters, 6 isolates, namely B-PA 2 , B-PH 1 , B-PA 1 , B-PL 1 , B-PL 2 , and B-PH 2 , showed a colony growth rate of 24.0 to 24.9 mm/day indicating their fast growing nature (Table 2). These isolates filled the entire 90-mm diameter Petri dish surface in 96 h. ...
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Citations
... Las condiciones de amplificación para la PCR incluyeron una etapa inicial de desnaturalización a 94 °C por 5 min, 38 ciclos de desnaturalización a 94 °C por 1 min, alineamiento a 60 °C por 1 min, extensión a 72 °C por 1 min, y una etapa final de extensión a 72 °C por 4 min. Los productos de PCR se visualizaron por medio de electroforesis de geles de agarosa al 1.5 % en tampón TBE 1 X a 80 V por 1 h (White et al., 1990;Casarrubias-Carrillo et al., 2003;Shah et al., 2010). El producto fue secuenciado por Macrogen Genome Center (Seoul, Korea ® ). ...
El estudio consistió en identificar el agente causal de la muerte descendente de ramas en guanábana en los municipios de Compostela y San Blas, Nayarit, México. Lasiodiplodia es un patógeno poco estudiado respecto a su patogenicidad y hospederos en México. Lo cual, reafirma la necesidad de conducir estudios que involucren caracteres morfológicos y genéticos de Lasiodiplodia, especialmente por la asociación de un complejo de especies crípticas. De los tejidos de guanábana con síntomas aparentes de muerte descendente se obtuvieron 9 aislamientos con caracteres morfológicos macro y microscópicos típicos de Lasiodiplodia. Los cebadores universales ITS4 e ITS5 permitieron la identidad molecular de especies de Lasiodiplodia, L. theobromae (6 aislamientos), L. pseudotheobromae (1 aislamiento), L. venezuelensis (, 1 aislamiento) y L. iranensis (1 aislamiento). Donde solo se confirmó la patogenicidad del aislamiento de L. theobromae (4To2) del cual se confirmó su identidad con la secuenciación de TEF1a utilizando los cebadores EF-728F y EF-986R, el aislado indujo marchitamiento de hojas, muerte de ramas y lesiones necróticas en los ápices vegetativos.
... Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Colletotrichum truncatum have been reported to cause pre-harvest and postharvest diseases of loquat [13,14]. Previous studies have described fungal diseases of loquat including anthracnose [15], fruit rot by Colletotrichum species [16], fruit rot by Lasiodiplodia theobromae [17,18], circular brown leaf spot [19], Fusarium fruit rot [17], and scab by Fusicladium eriobotryae [20][21][22]. In Pakistan, few major fungi including Diplodia seriata [23], Fusarium solani [17], C. gloeosporioides [24], Curvularia lunata [25], and Alternaria mali [26] have been reported to cause diseases on different parts of loquat tree. ...
The subtropical fruit known as the loquat is prized for both its flavour and its health benefits. The perishable nature of loquat makes it vulnerable to several biotic and abiotic stressors. During the previous growing season (March–April 2021), loquat in Islamabad showed signs of fruit rot. Loquat fruits bearing fruit rot symptoms were collected, and the pathogen that was causing the disease isolated and identified using its morphology, microscopic visualisation, and rRNA sequence. The pathogen that was isolated was identified as Fusarium oxysporum. Green synthesized metallic iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe2O3 NPs) were employed to treat fruit rot disease. Iron oxide nanoparticles were synthesized using a leaf extract of the Calotropis procera. Characterization of NPs was performed by different modern techniques. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) determined the existence of stabilizing and reducing compounds like phenol, carbonyl compounds, and nitro compounds, on the surface of Fe2O3 NPs. X-ray diffraction (XRD) explained the crystalline nature and average size (~49 nm) of Fe2O3 NPs. Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) exhibited Fe and O peaks, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed the smaller size and spherical shape of Fe2O3 NPs. Following both in vitro and in vivo approaches, the antifungal potential of Fe2O3 NPs was determined, at different concentrations. The results of both in vitro and in vivo analyses depicted that the maximum fungal growth inhibition was observed at concentration of 1.0 mg/mL of Fe2O3 NPs. Successful mycelial growth inhibition and significantly reduced disease incidence suggest the future application of Fe2O3 NPs as bio fungicides to control fruit rot disease of loquat.
... Variability of disease symptoms and host range of the fungus indicates the probability that this species has several strains (Shah, 2010). The strains have different virulence levels and symptoms on each host. ...
... The initial growth observed was picked up aseptically with the help of a sterilized inoculating needle purified by hyphal tip method (Hansen 1926), transferred to PDA slants, and incubated in BOD at temperature 25 ± 1 o C for mycelial growth and used for further investigations. The pure culture of the microorganism was examined under the microscope and identified based on morphological characters through documented instandard authentic description (Shah et al 2010). The culture was granted accession number MN453809 by NCBI. ...
... B. theobromae is a common rot fungus that causes great economic losses in the cultivation of various crops such as banana, cocoa, yam and mango [26]. B. theobromae has also been reported to cause bark canker and die-back of pear trees in India [27]. ...
Aims: Cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp] is a legume widely consumed in Africa. The effect of eight organisms viz: Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus niger, Botryodiplodia theobromae, Rhizopus stolonifer, Pseudomonas sp., Corynebacterium sp., Micrococcus sp. and Xanthomonas sp. on the growth of Vigna unguiculata seedlings was determined. Methodology: Spore suspension of each fungal organism was prepared from pure cultures grown on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) plates and the bacteria used were obtained from slants. Fungal spores were standardized with the help of a haemocytometer slide and gelatine (0.1%) was used as a sticker. Using serial dilution method, 0.1ml of each of the isolated bacteria was collected from the 10-3 dilution and sprayed on the young seedlings using the runoff method. The cowpea seedlings were separately inoculated with each organism at the three leaf stage, three weeks after planting. Seedlings were artificially inoculated by spraying the adaxial surface of the leaves until water-soaked spots were obtained. The experiment was allowed to stand for 2 months and the leaf number, root length, shoot length and total seedling height of the cowpea seedlings were determined. Results: Symptoms observed on seedlings were: stunted growth, drying of leaves, few fibrous roots, yellowing of leaves, wilting, necrotic lesions, leaf spot, darkening of leaf veins and blight. 12 Most of the test organisms were pathogenic to V. unguiculata causing varying degrees of damage. Fusarium oxysporum caused the most deterioration on cowpea seedlings when compared to the other treatments. Conclusion: This study has demonstrated the ability of culture filtrates of pathogenic microorganisms to express symptoms in seedlings and transmit diseases to healthy seedlings.
... The bark of infected parts shrinks considerably resulting in depressed lesions. Consequently, longitudinal and transverse cracks appear on the cankered bark of older branches (Verma and Cheema 1984) wherein, the pathogen causes distension, disrupts the cell walls thereby deteriorating strength and toughness of the wood (Shah et al. 2010). Nutmeg is vulnerable to several obnoxious phytopathogenic microbes. ...
Lasiodiplodia theobromae is a cosmopolitan pathogen geographically widespread in tropics and subtropics inciting economically important diseases on diverse plant genera. In the present study, Lasiodiplodia theobromae associated with nutmeg exhibiting die-back and declining symptoms was identified and characterized by adopting a polyphasic approach. The disease was characterized with the symptoms including general decline, water-soaking patches on branches and tree trunk, die-back of branches, necrotic lesions beneath water-soaked lesions and necrosis of vascular tissues. The isolates representing diverse nutmeg growing tracts were initially identified as Lasiodiplodia species based on macro- and micro-morphological characteristics. Subsequent analyses of internal transcribed spacer (ITS), partial elongation factor 1-alpha (EF1-α) and β-tubulin (β-tub) genes identified the pathogen as Lasiodiplodia theobromae. Pathogenicity studies were proved on nutmeg twigs and branches (in vitro) as well as on saplings (in vivo). The present investigation enunciated the association of Lasiodiplodia theobromae with die-back and decline of nutmeg employing a polyphasic approach which warrants further investigations on its spatio-temporal distribution, pathogen diversity, weather–host–pathogen interaction and formulating prospective disease management strategies.
... (Mohali et al., 2005), Azadirachta indica (Cedeno et al., 1995), Citrus spp. (Cedeno and Pru, 1992) and pear (Shah et al., 2010) etc is well documented. ...
Meenakshi Mukhopadhyay*1, Surmilita Biswas2,
Mongistha Ghoshal3, Sayani Basu4, Supriya Kumar Ghosh5,
Sudeshna Shyam Chowdhury6 and Arup Kumar Mitra7
1Department of Botany, Vivekananda College, 269 Diamond
Harbour Road, Kolkata-700063
E-mail: meenakshi.banerjee97@gmail.com
2-7 Department of Microbiology, St. Xavier’s College (Autonomous)
Kolkata,30, Mother Teresa Sarani (Park Street) Kolkata-700016
ABSTRACT
Soybean, Glycine max(L.) Meril. is a miracle crop containing over 40%
proteins and 20% oil contributing about 25% of total global edible oil
and two thirds of the protein concentrate for livestock feeding. This
legume meets its own Nitrogen requirement through biological N2-
fixation andalso leaves a considerable amount in soil for successive
crops.Soil degradation and persistent decline in fertility is a major
global issue in the 20th century for its serious impact on world food and
environmental security. To ensure sustained productivity the natural
ways of feeding the soil with microbial inoculants are now practiced.
Accordingly the investigation was undertaken to upgrade a low
productive soil by the use of resident microorganisms. The soil sample
was collected from a fallow land of Bahadurpur village, Diamond
Harbour, South 24 Parganas District, West Bengal. It had poor nutrient
status with 48.7 mg/kg of Nitrogen, 80.1 mg/kg of Phosphate, 134.6
mg/kg of Potassium and 0.73% organic carbon content. Microbes were isolated from it; six bacterial isolates were detected to be Nitrogen fixer
as well as Phosphate solubilizer and one of them can mobilize
potassium. Based on their nutrient harnessing ability and interaction
study, three microbial consortia were formulated for application to the
soil; their efficacies were evaluated growing soybean as a test crop in
pots under natural condition. Among them one combination of
consortium was observed to be most promising in improving
productivity of the potted soybean plants.
... Among all these, the isolate ILtDM3 was very slow and took five days to cover the Petri dish. In this study, culture characters of all the isolates were agreed with the findings of the authors (Goos et al., 1961;Punithalingam, 1976;Ko et al., 2004;Shah et al., 2010;Sathya et al., 2017;Ekanayake et al., 2019). ...
... Among the isolates, ILtDM5 had the highest length of the spore and the smallest spore length was recorded in with ILtDM6. Such variation in conidial characters was reported by different workers, which was attributed to the inherent genetic variability (Khanzada et al., 2004;Alves et al., 2008;Shah et al., 2010;Phillips et al., 2013). ...
Mango (Mangifera indica Linn.) is the “king of fruits” originated from South East Asia.
Mango is affected by many biotic stresses; among them dieback is one of the serious
diseases incited by the fungus Lasiodiplodia theobromae. Roving survey conducted in
Tamil Nadu revealed the maximum disease incidence of 55.84% in Mulaiyur village
(ILtDM10) of Dindigul district and minimum disease incidence of 8.95% in Ettipatti
village (ILtDM17) of Krishnagiri district, Tamil Nadu. Major symptoms observed were
defoliation of infected leaves, tip dieback, bark, twigs drying, shrivelling of twigs, vascular
discolouration, and finally death of plants. Thirty numbers of pathogen isolates were
collected from the diseased plant parts collected during the survey and pure cultures of
them were established. The morphological characteristics of the pure cultures were studied
and the pathogen growth was initially white, later on grey to dark greyish black with black
to dark black pigmentation. Conidia were initially hyaline, unicellular, sub ovoid to
ellipsoid and mature conidia were dark brown to black, bi-celled, ellipsoid, thick walled
with longitudinal striations. The size of the conidia varied between 18.4 - 26.8 × 10.6 -
14.2 μm.
... The conidia size of all isolates varied but range from recorded in Ochaja on [2] and Alam et al. [15] showed that some produced pigment in PDA medium and aerial mycelium. Ammar [16] Alves [7] and Shah et al. [17] reported high existence of genetic variation among isolates of the fungus. ...
Nine isolates of Lasiodiplodia theobromae were collected from cashew inflorescences showing typical symptoms of dieback disease in nine different farms belonging to various cashew growing ecologies of Nigeria. The result revealed that most of the Lasiodiplodia species isolates exhibited significant differences in morphology, colour and spore dimensions. The colony growth rate of Lasiodiplodia species range from 11.95 mm to 14.17 mm, colony texture and colour of the isolates in the obverse were fluffy dark mouse grey, fluffy mouse grey, fluffy olivaceous grey or fluffy groh grey while the reverse colour of the isolates was either greyish blue or sky grey. Sporulation was observed at varied degrees in all the Lasiodiplodia species isolates except in isolates from Oro and Ejule and likewise is the numbers of pycnidia produced varied in all the isolates across growing ecologies. Significant variations were observed in the characters and morphology of the Lasiodiplodia species isolates causing inflorescence dieback of cashew in Nigeria. Conidia of all isolates are septated with single septa but the septa sizes varies and conidia sizes also differ. Eigenvalues and variance proportion consistently decreased among selected characters and the proportional contribution of each character to the total variance also varied in dimension and quantity. Four clusters significantly evolved in the dendogram with 2, 2, 4 and 1 isolates within each cluster.
... Based on macroscopic characteristics and microscopic examination, identification of fungi like Fusarium is often very tough or unreliable because of variability among isolates and overlapping characters between species. Similarly identification of Lasiodiplodiatheobromae using morphological and physiological characteristics is tedious as these characteristics are unstable and often influenced by environmental factors (Shah et al., 2010).In comparison molecular classification is quick and is also helpful in differentiating morphologically similar species (Gautam and Bhadauria, 2012). PCR applications and sequencing of ITS region have been increasingly used for identification and classification of fungi (Druzhinina et al., 2005;Hathout et al., 2014 andEl-Neekety et al., 2016). ...
