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A 2-year-old spayed female mongrel dog showed claudication with abnormal ossification containing fungal cells detected by biopsy. The dog was treated with ketoconazole and itraconazole perorally for 5 months; however, the osteomyelitis became aggravated, and an amputation from the scapula was performed. The right superficial cervical lymph node bec...
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... on the Sabouraud dextrose agar plates incubated at 258C for 3 weeks were flat, smooth and orange colored, while colonies on PDA had irregular surfaces with black colored heaping centers and yellow- ish margins ( Fig. 3a and b). The hyaline hyphae on PDA produced abundant hyaline, smooth-and thin- walled, broadly ellipsoidal to cylindrical or allantoid conidia which were 3 to 4 )/1Á2 mm. In contrast, colonies on PDA slant at 258C for 2 months were composed of tan-colored hyphae ( Fig. 4a and b). The maximum growth temperature was ...
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Endophytic fungi associated with medicinal plants are reported as potent producers of diverse classes of secondary metabolites. In the present study, an endophytic fungi, Aspergillus clavatonanicus strain MJ31, exhibiting significant antimicrobial activity was isolated from roots of Mirabilis jalapa L., was identified by sequencing three nuclear ge...
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... 1970) [50], also never before isolated from caves, is an intriguing discovery in our study, since it is a potential pathogen of humans and animals. Although a saprophyte in the environment, L. hoffmannii has been associated with human infections resulting in keratitis or subcutaneous abscesses, particularly in immunocompromised patients [89,90]. ...
Soil and sediment host microorganisms are able to survive in extremely resource-limited environments. Therefore, more and more attention is being paid to cave sediments as a reservoir of microbiota. The aim of this study is the speleomycological evaluation of the culturable soil and sediment fungal communities in the Brestovská Cave. To explore the origins of fungi, speleomycological studies were conducted both inside and outside the cave under investigation. Additionally, two incubation temperatures (5 and 24 °C) were used to increase the species spectrum of isolated fungi. To achieve the most accurate species identification, we combined an assessment of morphological characteristics of the isolates with molecular sequencing (ITS, internal transcribed spacer). Twenty different species were found and the most frequent was Penicillium commune, fol-lowed by Trichosporiella cerebriformis and Pseudogymnoascus pannorum. To our knowledge, our study has enabled the first identification of fungal species such as Penicillium swiecicki, Cephalotrichum hinnuleum, Cosmpospora berkeleyana, Lecythophora hoffmannii, Ambomucor seriatoinflatus, and Mortierella minutissima in underground sites. Our data showed that the abundance and composition of the fungal community varied between the indoor and outdoor samples and thus from the entrance and less visited sites deeper in the cave.
... The nomenclature of this organism has changed over the years. Initially classified as Margarinomyces hoffmannii, it was later changed to Phialophora hoffmannii, followed by Lecythophora hoffmannii and the currently accepted Coniochaieta hoffmannii [1,7]. The genus Lecythophora is still frequently used in clinical literature. ...
Lecythophora hoffmannii is a saprophytic fungus commonly found in the environment. Able to be isolated from soil, it is frequently associated with the soft rot of wood. Although human infections are not common, they have been reported, and have ranged from keratitis and soft-tissue infection to deep osteomyelitis and endometritis. Here we report a case of soft-tissue infection with this pathogen along with successful treatment with standard-dose terbinafine when other agents were unavailable. The true prevalence of infections with this pathogen is unclear and further data are needed to determine optimal therapy.
... After 48 hours, growth was visible. The colonies that formed on PDA were spherical, moist, and yellow [7] in color (Fig. 1b). Under a microscope ellipsoidal to cylindrical budding conidia was all apparent using the Gram , s staining method. ...
This study aims to report a rare instance of corneal decompensation brought on by Coniochaeta hoffmannii fungus invasion of a bandage contact lens (BCL). A 71-year-old man with pseudophakic bullous keratopathy (PBK) had BCL treatment for four months to symptomatically reduce pain and itching in his right eye. However, the patient unexpectedly lost his vision. The slit-lamp examination revealed an edematous cornea; the extensive direct inspection raised suspicion of BCL. For morphological characterization, the BCL extracted was inoculated onto 5% sheep blood agar and PDA. By Sanger sequencing method the isolate's genomic DNA was molecularly identified as C. hoffmannii.
... C. hoffmannii has been described as a plant pathogen [12]. It has also been implicated in emerging human fungal infections, including subcutaneous abscess [12], keratitis [13], and sinusitis [14], and in canine osteomyelitis in a dog [15]. However, Coniochaeta mutabilis [12] is known to be more frequently involved in severe infections. ...
The genus Coniochaeta belongs to the class Ascomycota and the family Coniochaetaceae. Some of the Coniochaeta species are plant and animal pathogens, while others are known to be primarily involved in human diseases. In the last few decades, case reports of human infections with Coniochaeta have increased, mainly in immunocompromised hosts. We have described and characterised a new species in the genus Coniochaeta, here named Coniochaeta massiliensis (PMML0158), which was isolated from a clinical sample. Species identification and thorough description were based on apposite and reliable phylogenetic and phenotypic approaches. The phylogenetic methods included multilocus phylogenetic analyses of four genomic regions: ITS (rRNA Internal Transcribed Spacers 1 and 2), TEF-1α (Translation Elongation Factor-1alpha), B-tub2 (β-tubulin2), and D1/D2 domains (28S large subunit rRNA). The phenotypic characterisation consisted, first, of a physiological analysis using both EDX (energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy) and BiologTM advanced phenotypic technology for fixing the chemical mapping and carbon-source oxidation/assimilation profiles. Afterwards, morphological characteristics were highlighted by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The in vitro antifungal susceptibility profile was characterised using the E-testTM exponential gradient method. The molecular analysis revealed the genetic distance between the novel species Coniochaeta massiliensis (PMML0158) and other known taxa, and the phenotypic analysis confirmed its unique chemical and physiological profile when compared with all other species of this genus.
... C. hoffmannii has been described as a plant pathogen [12]. It has also been implicated in emerging human fungal infections, including subcutaneous abscess [12], keratitis [13], and sinusitis [14], and in canine osteomyelitis in a dog [15]. However, Coniochaeta mutabilis [12] is known to be more frequently involved in severe infections. ...
Coniochaeta is a teleomorphic genus belonging to the Ascomycota class and Coniochaetaceae family. Some of the Coniochaeta species are plant and animal pathogens, while others are known to be primarily involved in human disease. In the last decades, case reports of human infections with Coniochaeta have increased, mainly in immunocompromised hosts. We have described and characterised a new species in the Coniochaeta genus, here named Coniochaeta massiliensis (PMML0158) that was isolated from a clinical sample. Species identification and thorough description were based on apposite and reliable phylogenetic and phenotypic approaches. The phylogenetic methods included a multilocus nucleotide analysis of four genomic regions: ITS (rRNA internal transcribed spacers 1 and 2), TEF-1α (translation elongation factor-1alpha), TUB2 (β-tubulin2), and D1/D2 domains (28S LSU rRNA). The phenotypic characterisation first consisted of a physiological analysis using both EDX (Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy) and Biolog™ advanced phenotypic technology for fixing the chemical mapping and carbon source oxidation/assimilation profiles. Afterwards, morphological characteristics were highlighted by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The in vitro antifungal susceptibility profile was characterised using the E-test™ exponential gradient method. The molecular analysis revealed the genetic distance between the novel species Coniochaeta massiliensis (PMML0158) and other known taxa, and the phenotypic analysis confirmed its unique chemical and physiological profile when compared to all other species of this genus.
... 1. Lecythophora hoffmannii isolated from a case of canine osteomyelitis in Japan. 109 2. Scytalidium dimidiatum and Lecythophora hoffmannii: unusual causes of fungal infections in a patient with AIDS 110 3. Mixed infection caused by Lecythophora canina sp. nov. ...
The dematiaceous fungi are usually defined as those that have melanin or melanin-like pigment in the wall of the hyphae and/or spores and can cause a variety of infections in humans known as phaeohyphomycosis (phaeo is Greek for "dark").
Over 100 species and 60 genera of dematiaceous, or pigmented fungi have been implicated in human diseases. The vast majority are filamentous fungi or moulds, though a few yeast species are also important pathogens. Though they represent a very heterogeneous group of fungi, the distinguishing characteristic common to all these various species is the presence of melanin in their cell walls, which imparts the dark colour to their conidia or spores and hyphae. The colonies are typically brown to black in colour as well.
Dematiaceous fungi are generally found in soil or associated with plants and distributed worldwide. Those causing the specific conditions of mycetoma and chromoblastomycosis are primarily found in tropical regions. Exposure is thought to be from inhalation or minor trauma, which may not even be noticed by the patient.
The taxonomy and nomenclature of dematiaceous fungi undergo constant revision and are controversial. Thus, a single organism may be identified by a variety of names in the recent and historical literature, a circumstance that contributes to confusion for clinicians and for all but the most dedicated mycologists. This monograph does not attempt to deal definitively with the difficult questions of mycological classification and nomenclature of dematiaceous fungi, but alternative names or appropriate synonyms will be given in each case. Identification of these fungi is based mostly upon morphology. Important structures include annellides (Phaeoannellomyces, Exophiala), phialides (Phialophora, Wangiella), adelophialides (Phialemonium without collarettes, Lecythophora with collarettes), differentiation of conidiophores (Cladosporium) and conidial hilum, septation and germination (Bipolaris, Drechslera, Exserohilum).
A variety of infectious syndromes are attributed to dematiaceous fungi Two unique conditions, mycetoma and chromoblastomycosis, are caused by a small number of species and are usually seen in tropical regions.
• Mycetoma is commonly associated with chronic swelling and draining sinus tracts, usually of the lower extremities. It can be debilitating and difficult to treat.
• Chromoblastomycosis often presents with verrucous lesions that may occur anywhere on the body, but usually on the lower extremities. This is a chronic, slowly progressive subcutaneous mycosis. Minor trauma typically precedes the lesions. Initially, nodular lesions are present, which may progress over years to form large, verrucous plaques.
• Phaeohyphomycosis is a term that encompasses many clinical syndromes due to a wide variety of fungi. Conditions include superficial infections such as keratitisand subcutaneous nodules, allergic diseases, and invasive infections such as brain abscess and disseminated disease.
Relatively little is known regarding the pathogenic mechanisms by which many of these fungi cause disease, particularly in immunocompetent individuals. One of the likely candidate virulence factors is the presence of melanin in the cell wall, which is common to all dematiaceous fungi.
There are several mechanisms proposed by which melanin may act as a virulence factor :
• It is thought to confer a protective advantage by scavenging free radicals and hypochlorite that are produced by phagocytic cells in their oxidative burst that would normally kill most organisms.
• Melanin may bind to hydrolytic enzymes, thereby preventing their action on the plasma membrane.
... As endophytes, Coniochaeta/Lecythophora has been isolated from asymptomatic dormant buds of Vitis vinifera young plants and from Huperzia serrata (Dugan et al. 2002;Casieri et al. 2009;Chen et al. 2011) and Taxus globosa (Rivera-Orduña et al. 2011). Lecythophora hoffmanni is recognizing as the anamorph Coniochaeta ligniaria/Lecythophora hoffmannii is also known as human pathogens involved in keratitis, subcutanous abscesses, peritonitis, endocarditis, septic shock (de Hoog et al. 2000;Drees et al. 2007) and canine osteomyelitis (Sakaeyama et al. 2007). Recently, L. hoffmannii was cited as an endophytic fungus associated with wild specimens of Broussonetia papyrifera collected in Argentina (Errasti et al. 2010) and C. ligniaria from leaves of Baeckea frutescens in Thailand (Kokaew et al. 2011). ...
Few studies have addressed the presence and bioactivity of endophytic fungi living in plantlets growing under in vitro conditions. After unfruitful attempts to grow axenic shoot cultures of the medicinal plant Smallanthus sonchifolius (yacon) were made, healthy shoots grew on half strength Murashigue and Skoog media supplemented with 2.2 μM benzylaminopurine without sucrose. We isolated a fungus UM109 from these autotrophic tissue cultures and it was identified as Coniochaeta ligniaria using molecular, physiological and morphological methods. Dichloromethane extracts from C. ligniaria and its host S. sonchifolius exhibited antifungal activity against phytopathogenic fungi Colletotrichum acutatum, C. fragariae and C. gloeosporioides. Both extracts of C. ligniaria and S. sonchifolius were subjected to antifungal bioassay-directed fractionation using NMR spectroscopy and GC-FID analysis. Twelve antifungal fatty acids were identified and 8 out of the total were produced by the fungus and the plant including caproic, caprylic, myristic, palmitic, heptadecanoic, stearic, oleic and linoleic acids. Additionally, caproic, caprylic and palmitic acids were produced at high concentrations by the endophytic fungus and its host. The detection of these antifungal fatty acids produced by both C. ligniaria and S. sonchifolius suggests that these bioactive compounds may be partially responsible for the high resistance of S. sonchifolius to phytopathogenic fungal attacks. This finding also indicates the existence of an interesting chemical symbiosis between an endophytic fungus and its host. Furthermore, the isolation of C. ligniaria from tissue culture of S. sonchifolius demonstrates that plantlets growing in vitro as autotrophic cultures can shelter specific endophytic fungal communities. The use of autotrophic tissue cultures may become an important tool for studies on the taxonomy, ecology, evolution and biotechnological application of endophytes.
... have been isolated from wood, water and food (Weber 2002), and some species are also known as human pathogens. Lecythophora hoffmannii and L. mutabilis have been isolated from keratitis, subcutanous abscesses, peritonitis, endocarditis and septic shock (de Hoog et al. 2000, Sakaeyama et al. 2007, Drees et al. 2007, Taniguchi et al. 2009 These genera belong to ascomycete orders other than those embracing Lecythophora and Phialemonium . ...
In molecular studies involving numerous clinical isolates of the genera Acremonium, Phialemonium and Lecytophora some of them could not be identified. To clarify the phylogenetic relationships among these fungi and other related taxa, we performed a polyphasic study based on a detailed morphological study and on the analysis of sequences of four loci: the internal transcribed spacer regions, the D1/D2 domains of the 28S rRNA, actin and β-tubulin genes. The combination of the resulting data let us propose the new genus Phialemoniopsis to accommodate the opportunistic fungi Phialemonium curvatum and Sarcopodium oculorum and two new species, Phialemoniopsis cornearis and Phialemoniopsis pluriloculosa. The taxonomy of Phialemoniopsis has not been completely resolved, however, remaining incertae sedis within the Sordariomycetes. In addition, the new species Lecythophora luteorubra, Lecythophora cateniformis and Phialemonium globosum are described and the species Acremonium atrogriseum and Taifanglania inflata are transferred to the genus Phialemonium. Lecythophora and Phialemonium are currently monophyletic genera of the families Coniochaetaceae (Coniochaetales) and Cephalothecaceae (Sordariales) respectively, according to our results. Tables summarizing key morphological features to distinguish the current species of Lecythophora, Phialemonium and Phialemoniopsis are provided.
