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Colonies and sporangia morphology of Phytophthora and Pythium on PDA: colony on the top of the Petri dish (1), colony on the bottom of the Petri dish (2), hypha (3) and sporangium (4) of the CHP25-S08 (A), CHP14-S11 (B), CHP25-S01 (C) and CHP18-N03 (D)
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The major problem of durian cultivation are root and stem rot disease caused by Phytophthora and Pythium species. Therefore, the pathogens were isolated, identified, and found the virulent pathogenic fungi that isolated from soil planted to durian in Chumphon province. The pathogens were studied on morphological and molecular analysis based on inte...
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... sporangia width rang from 25.33 to 45.34 μm and length rang from 26.29 to 56.74 μm. This isolate was identified as Phytophthora palmivora (Figure 1-4A). The colony morphology of isolate CHP14-S11, CHP14-N11 and CHP22-S05 is petaloid pattern after 7 days on PDA that the colony grow faster than the first group. ...
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... sporangia of isolate CHP22-S05 ranged in width from 15.63 to 20.29 μm and length from 16.91 to 20.77 μm. Three isolates were identified as Pythium cucurbitacearum which the morphology of isolate CHP14-S11 shown in Figure 1-4B. CHP25-S01, the colony morphology of this isolate is rose pattern on PDA after 7 days. ...
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... sporangia are round and globose shape with spine that width rang from 12.19 to 20.06 μm and length rang from 13.94 to 21.63 μm. This isolate was identified as Pythium spinosum (Figure 1-4C). The final group was divided into 2 subgroups based on their shape and growth pattern of colonies on PDA after 7 days and morphology of sporangia. ...
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... other group (CHP06-S03 and CHP33-S06), colonies are concentric pattern like a rose and sporangia are only limoniform shape without papilla. This group was identified as Pythium sp. which the colony and sporangia of CHP18-N03 shown in Figure 1-4D. The morphological characteristics of ten isolates as shown in Table 2. ...
Citations
... The fungus was proven to be an aggressive pathogen causing durian rot using Koch's postulate, similar to the study of Mohamed Azni et al. (2019). The external characteristics showed that P. palmivora PYSC01 produced a different shape of sporangia with one papilla, branched hyphae, and globose chlamydospores, as confirmed by the report of Suksiri et al. (2018). T. hamatum K01 was morphologically identified. ...
Phytophthora rot of durian var Monthong caused by Phytophthora palmivora has been proven to be a serious threat to durian plantations in Thailand. The research was targeted to isolate the causal pathogen and prove its pathogenicity by Koch's postulate. Morphology and molecular phylogeny have confirmed the identification of pathogenic and antagonistic fungi. Evaluation of antagonistic fungus against plant pathogen in vitro and greenhouse conditions, morphology and molecular phylogenetic identification confirmed antagonistic species Trichoderma hamatum K01 and pathogenic isolate P. palmivora PYSC01. The crude metabolite of T. hamatum K01, namely TK01-MeOH gave the most substantial inhibitory effect to inhibit colony growth and sporangia formation at ED50 (50% effective dose) values of 288 and 118 µg/mL, respectively. Moreover, nanofibre namely nano-TK01M exhibited the best antifungal activity in inhibiting colony growth and sporangia formation at ED50 values of 11 and 3 µg/mL, respectively. Nano-TK01M treated on durian leaves induced the synthesis of scopoletin, which is known as a defense mechanism and marker of plant resistance or plant immunity. Moreover, the application of nano-TK01M significantly reduced disease incidence, the same as metalaxyl. Additionally, nano-TK01M treatment was the most effective in enhancing plant physiological parameters, including the synthesis of chlorophyll, carotenoid contents and promoted plant growth, compared to both metalaxyl and non-treated control. T. hamatum K01 produced antifungal metabolite pyrone 6-pentyl-2H-Pyran-2-one and sorbicillin. It is reported for the first time that pyrone and sorbicillin could be expressed as bioactive compounds in reduction of the disease incidence of durian rot caused by P. palmivora. The finding confirmed that nano-TK01M from T. hamatum K01 exhibited the most effective in controlling plant pathogen, which could be promoted as agricultural input for plant disease management, and it is also a nontoxic fungicide for living life and eco-friendly.
... However, fruit rot, root rot, and stem rot diseases are caused by Phytophthora spp. such as P. palmivora, P. nicotianae, and Pythium cucurbitacearum, which cause huge damage to Durian cultivation through all stages of cultivation [51,52]. The economic losses due to crop loss and the prevention measures are calculated to be 20-25% of the total production [51]. ...
The adverse effects of modern fungicide consumption have caused many issues in the agroecosystem. Hence, under sustainable agriculture concepts, it is important to research alternatives to the currently used fungicide. The use of secondary metabolite-containing herbal extracts for treating plant diseases has become the latest trend in sustainable and green agriculture. However, the poor solubility and volatile nature of many compounds cause practical issues when using them in the field. Hence, bioactive compound delivery through nano- or micro-particles has become a successful technique to improve the solubility and delivery of secondary metabolites to targeted sites. In the current study, the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extract from dried leaves of Vernonia amygdalina was tested against Phytophthora palmivora isolated from Durian (Durio zibethinus) root rot. Further, the potential of enhancing the effect of V. amygdalina EtOAc treatment through microspheres loaded with V. amygdalina EtOAc extract was also investigated. The microspheres encapsulated with Eudragit® E were synthesized under different electrospray conditions to obtain the microspheres with the highest efficacy. The poison media assays evaluated the fungal growth inhibition efficiency of the V. amygdalina EtOAc crude extract and the synthesized microspheres. The study reveals that the V. amygdalina EtOAc extract has the potential to suppress the growth of P. palmivora. Interestingly, the synthesized microspheres showed immense growth inhibition in P. palmivora, with a 61.10 µg/mL decrease in ED50 compared to the direct usage of V. amygdalina EtOAc extract.
... Although, their morphological characteristics were described and categorized into 2 groups (mentioned earlier), all the isolates were identified as Phytophthora palmivora since this fungus had a variation of colony patterns and sporangium shapes (Phung et al., 2015;Drenth and Sendall, 2011;Rodriguez-Polanco et al., 2020;Puig et al., 2021). Besides, there were reports on P. palmivora in Thailand (Phung et al., 2015;Suksiri et al., 2018) and in other countries (Latifah et al., 2018;Perrine-Walker, 2020;Rodriguez-Polanco et al., 2020;Puig et al., 2021). Moreover, all isolates from the eastern and southern parts were pathogenicity proven and confirmed as causal agents of "Monthong" durian diseases. ...
... Moreover, all isolates from the eastern and southern parts were pathogenicity proven and confirmed as causal agents of "Monthong" durian diseases. Our results were in line with Ritmontree and Kongtragoul (2021) and Suksiri et al. (2018). ...
The results showed that 24 and 25 of 40 collected isolates of Phytophthora
palmivora were resistant to metalaxyl and mancozeb, respectively with the 50% effective concentration (EC50) higher than 100 mg/L. Meanwhile, all isolates were resistant to fosetyl-al with EC50 higher than 1000 mg/L. Moreover, mapping between the survey areas and all Phytophthora isolates with the resistant levels to the 3 tested fungicides was depicted. Interestingly, 20 of 40 isolates showed multiple fungicide resistance to all tested fungicides with different modes of action, thereby selecting for the in vitro evaluation of the cajeput extract effect. Lower than expected, only 9 out of 20 multiple fungicide resistance isolates were shown to be significantly sensitive to the 10000, 20000 and 40000 ppm of cajeput extract based on paper disc assay.
... Hơn nữa, với điều kiện canh tác tại ĐBSCL, nấm bệnh dễ dàng phát tán trong đất, từ đó gây khó khăn trong việc phòng trừ (dẫn theo Nguyễn Ngọc anh và ctv., 2018). Hiện nay, nhiều giải pháp đã được áp dụng nhằm kiểm soát sự lây lan của bệnh vàng lá, thối rễ ở các vùng sản xuất tập trung (Suksiri et al., 2018). Trong đó, chế phẩm sinh học phòng trừ bệnh vàng lá, thối rễ, chủ yếu là nấm Trichoderma spp. ...
... Pythium and related genera are distributed in a variety of regions from tropical to temperate (Van der Plaats-Niterink, 1981) and several species are plant pathogens in both monocotyledons and dicotyledons, such as damping off, tuber rot and root rot diseases. There are only a few domestic reports on Pythium distribution in Thailand because most studies only focused on phytopathogenic species (Rujirawat et al., 2017;Suksiri et al., 2018;Charoenrak et al., 2019;Hattapanichaporn et al., 2020). Although the preliminary work of Saelee et al. (2021) investigated in Rayong province, their report focused on the morphology of the genera. ...
... All isolates were clustered in a monophyletic clade with high bootstrap support (Fig. 4). Interestingly, Suksiri et al. (2018) claimed the first report P. splendens (G. splendens) in infected durian, indicating the possibility of G. splendens spreading over cultivated soil in eastern Thailand. ...
... This finding was related to the discovery by Bennett et al. (2018) of Ph. helicoides in mangrove leaf litter, while Ph. cucurbitacearum was also found in cultivated soil and plant hosts in Thailand (Suksiri et al., 2018;Hattapanichaporn et al., 2020). The similarity of these results suggested the ecological competence of this genus. ...
... Eighty percent of the durians in Thailand are an important export commodity [2][3][4]. However, root rot, stem rot, and fruit rot diseases, which have been shown to be caused by several Phytophthora species, including P. palmivora, P. nicotianae, and Pythium cucurbitacearum, are the key limiting factors for durian production [5,6]. They are serious pathogens because the crop losses and control costs are estimated to be in the range of 20-25% of production [5]. ...
Thailand is the leading producer and exporter of durians worldwide. Serious diseases in durians include root rot, stem rot, and fruit rot, which are caused by Phytophthora palmivora, P. nicotianae, and Pythium cucurbitacearum, respectively. Thai farmers have applied fungicides for more than 20 years to control rot, but it remains difficult to control. Thus, the monitoring of fungicide-resistance development in pathogens is important for disease management. Pathogens were isolated from naturally infected durians between 2016 and 2017 in southern Thailand. The sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and 5.8S regions of rDNA were used for the identification of their species. Seventeen out of twenty isolates were confirmed to be P. palmivora. All the isolates were tested for mycelium-growth sensitivity to metalaxyl, azoxystrobin, and dimethomorph. The results showed that nine isolates were resistant to metalaxyl with the 50% effective concentration (EC50) higher than 100 mg L−1. By contrast, all the isolates were sensitive to both azoxystrobin and dimethomorph, with EC50 < 1 mg L−1. Metalaxyl-resistant isolates were not controlled (−25.6% to 22.2%) by the treatment of the detached leaves of ‘Monthong’ durian with 100 mg L−1 metalaxyl prior to inoculation, but all the metalaxyl-sensitive and moderately metalaxyl-resistant isolates were better controlled (33.0% to 62.6%). These results clearly indicate that metalaxyl-resistant strains are present in the populations of P. palmivora in Thailand.
... The pathogen was successfully re-isolated from inoculated leaves and fruits. Pythium cucurbitacearum was previously reported from Indonesia (Santoso et al. 2015) and Thailand (Suksiri et al. 2018), from the soil of durian orchards. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the pathogen on durian in the Philippines. ...
Durian (Durio zibethinus Murray) known as the ‘king of fruits’ is widely cultivated in the tropics of Asia. In September 2019, durian fruit rot was observed in Calinan, Davao City, Mindanao, Philippines (7º10.9620’N; 125º25.0480’E). About 10–15% of fruits in a durian orchard displayed mild to severe infections. Symptoms included small brown to grey lesions up to severe rot, with aerial white mycelial on the surface of infected fruits. Fragments of infected tissues (2–3 mm2) were excised from the diseased-healthy parts of fruits, disinfected with 10% NaOCl for 2 min, rinsed twice in distilled sterile water, and incubated on V8 juice agar. The colony of isolate (DDV-F4) of the pathogen was typically petaloid. Coenocytic hyphae (6.3—11.61 μm wide) had distinctive hyphal swellings. Sporangia were globose to ovoid and measured 7.3–12.1 × 5.6–10.90 μm. Morphological characters suggested Pythium cucurbitacearum S. Takim (Santoso et al. 2015). To confirm the taxonomy of the organism, molecular identification was carried out. Genomic DNA was extracted and the partial ITS region was amplified with ITS1 and ITS4 primers (White et al. 1990). BLAST searches in NCBI GenBank showed that the sequence of the isolate DDV-F4 (MT280219) had 99.76% similarity to P. cucurbitacearum (KP183959) from Indonesia. To establish the pathogenicity of the pathogen, five healthy detached leaves and five matured fruits were inoculated with 5-mm-diam. mycelial plugs from 10-day-old axenic culture of isolate DDV-F4. Sterile agar plugs were used in the control. Two–three days after inoculation dark brown-grey circular to irregular (when they coalesced) lesions with aerial white mycelial appeared on leaves and fruits. The pathogen was successfully re-isolated from inoculated leaves and fruits. Pythium cucurbitacearum was previously reported from Indonesia (Santoso et al. 2015) and Thailand (Suksiri et al. 2018), from the soil of durian orchards. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the pathogen on durian in the Philippines.
... The biggest challenge to the production of durian is Phytophthora disease, which is a fungus that attacks all parts of the durian tree in all of its different growth phases including after harvest. Typical symptoms are stem rot, root rot and fruit rot, thus restricting yield (Drenth and Guest, 2004;Suksiri et al., 2018). While fungicides do exist, which have the capacity to control this disease, there are practical difficulties associated with their application because the pathogen involved tends to develop resistance. ...
Durian (Durio zibethinus) is one of the most important economic fruit crops in
Thailand with high international demand. However, this commercially important crop
is affected by the fungus, Phytophthora palmivora which causes fruit, stem and root rot
disease and significant economic losses. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) have
recently shown capability as an antimicrobial agent being biocompatible, economic,
and having a low toxicity. Their potent ability can stimulate the production of excess
reactive oxygen species, the release of zinc ions, and the induction of cell apoptosis. The
objective of this study was to investigate the antifungal effect of ZnO-NPs, with 25-50
nm size range, at concentrations of 0, 500, 1000 and 2000 µg mL-1 on growth inhibition
of P. palmivora denominated as Phy001 and Phy002. A poisoned food technique with
potato dextrose agar (PDA) was used in the study together with an investigation of the
inhibition of infection on durian leaves. The results showed that ZnO-NPs at a
concentration of 2,000 µg mL-1 could significantly inhibit mycelial growth of Phy001
and Phy002 by 56.6 and 53.6%, respectively. Moreover, the nanoparticles could reduce
the disease severity on durian leaves in both isolates by 50.5 and 43.7%, respectively.
These results suggest that the use of ZnO-NPs could be a satisfactory and
environmentally safe alternative to the current fungicides that are used to control
durian disease caused by P. palmivora
... Serious root rot disease of citrus and papaya caused by P.palmivora has been recorded in India Graham JH, et al. [24] and America Zitko SE, et al. [25] also isolated and characterized Phytophthora species which caused Citrus Gummosis in Kenya. Suskiri S, et al. [26] reported Phytophthora form Durian Orchard in Chumphon Province, Thailand. Root rot and stem rot are the major disease of durian orchard, which is caused by Phytophthora species. ...
Coconut is one the major economic crop in India; a considerable amount of crop will be lost every year due to bud rot disease. Phytophthora palmivora is an omnipresent pathogen which causes many different diseases on a wide range of plants including
bud rot of coconut. In the present investigation, we have successfully isolated bud rot disease causing fungus from the infected coconut plant samples. The isolated fungus was primarily identified by observing in microscopy further the same sample was
sent for molecular identification. The presence of Phytophthora palmivora was confirmed in 18s rRNA sequencing. The growth of isolated fungus was effectively inhibited using biosynthesized Silver and Copper nanoparticles. The inhibition effects of nanoparticles against Phytophthora palmivora were observed excellent in dose-dependent manner. The silver nanoparticles synthesized using Silkworm fecal matter was shown superior inhibition activity towards Phytophthora palmivora compare to standard fungicide Fluconazole. Hence, these silver Nano particles could be successfully used in inhibiting the pathogenic fungus causing bud rot disease to coconut.
... Serious root rot disease of citrus and papaya caused by P.palmivora has been recorded in India Graham JH, et al. [24] and America Zitko SE, et al. [25] also isolated and characterized Phytophthora species which caused Citrus Gummosis in Kenya. Suskiri S, et al. [26] reported Phytophthora form Durian Orchard in Chumphon Province, Thailand. Root rot and stem rot are the major disease of durian orchard, which is caused by Phytophthora species. ...
Coconut is one the major economic crop in India; a considerable amount of crop will be lost every year due to bud rot disease. Phytophthora palmivora is an omnipresent pathogen which causes many different diseases on a wide range of plants including bud rot of coconut. In the present investigation, we have successfully isolated bud rot disease causing fungus from the infected coconut plant samples. The isolated fungus was primarily identified by observing in microscopy further the same sample was sent for molecular identification. The presence of Phytophthora palmivora was confirmed in 18s rRNA sequencing. The growth of isolated fungus was effectively inhibited using biosynthesized Silver and Copper nanoparticles. The inhibition effects of nanoparticles against Phytophthora palmivora were observed excellent in dose-dependent manner. The silver nanoparticles synthesized using Silkworm fecal matter was shown superior inhibition activity towards Phytophthora palmivora compare to standard fungicide Fluconazole. Hence, these silver Nano particles could be successfully used in inhibiting the pathogenic fungus causing bud rot disease to coconut.
