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The study was conducted on 51 uterine biopsy samples collected from 14 normal fertile and 37 repeat breeding cows for bacteriological examinations to find out the prevalence of bacterial flora and their role in repeat breeding syndrome. Presence of bacteria was detected in 23 samples (62.2%) repeat breeding cases in contrast to only 4 (28.6%) bacte...
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Context 1
... (+ve) and coagulase (-ve). Bacillus spp produced Large, rough colonies on NA (Fig. 3) and in Gram's staining it was revealed as Gram positive, rod shaped and chain forming (Fig. 4) that fermented five basic sugars producing acid without gas and reacted as indole (-ve), MR (-ve) and VP (+ve). Escherichia coli produced metallic sheen in EMB agar (Fig. 5) and it was Gram negative, rod shaped, singly arranged in Gram's staining (Fig. 6), that fermented five basic sugars producing acid with gas ( Fig. 7), and reacted as indole (+ve) (Fig. 8), Methyl Red (MR) (+ve), catalase (+ve), and Voges-Proskaure (VP) (-ve). Pseudomonas spp produced Large, rough colonies on NA and β hemolysis in BA. ...
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Citations
... E. coli, Staphylococcus, Trueperella, Bacillus spp. etc. have also been commonly found, identified and recorded in the past studies in repeat breeders (Gani et al., 2008;Dutt et al., 2017). Values bearing different superscripts in a column differ significantly (P<0.05). ...
Background: Repeat breeding syndrome (RBS) associated with sub-clinical uterine infection (UI) remains to be a major reproductive problem faced by Indian farmers. Present study documents its diagnosis, prevalent etiological agents, antibiogram pattern and efficacy of the treatment at field level. Methods: Seventy-eight RBS affected bovines were selected. The cervical mucous (CM) was collected for study of its characteristics, white-side test, endometrial cytology, microbial examination and antibiogram. The treatment protocol was developed and the animals' response to the treatment was assessed. Result: The overall incidence of RBS was found to be 12.9% and the cases associated with uterine infection (RBS/UI+ve) and without uterine infection (RBS/UI-ve) were 44.87% and 55.13%, respectively. The mean scores of CM character, odour, pH and number of polymorphonuclear cells in RBS/UI +ve were 2.09±1.39, 1.14±0.12, 8.49±0.08 and 12.46±0.96, respectively, and differed significantly (P<0.05) from RBS/UI-ve cases. The microbial examination revealed the presence of gram negative bacilli, Trueperella spp., Pseudomonas spp., Staphylococcus spp., Escherichia coli and yeast infection. Antibiogram studies recorded the response of Tetracyclin as best (48.57%) followed by Cephalexin (22.86%), Chloramphenicol (20.0%) and Streptomycin (8.57%). The RBS/UI+ve cases were treated individually, on one-to-one basis, obeying antibiogram. The infection appeared to be considerably controlled and overall success rate was observed in the form of confirmed pregnancy in 71.43% cases. Thus, it was concluded that prompt diagnosis using endometrial cytology and antibiogram guided therapeutic approach may aid for effective management of RBS/UI +ve cases, under field conditions.
... Results obtained in the present study differed from the report of Udhayavel et al. (2013) [20] who reported, ceftriaxone as the most effective antibiotic for treating uterine infection followed by gentamicin and enrofloxacin, as against the present findings of flouroquinolones (levofloxacin, enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin) followed by cephalexin, ceftriaxone and then gentamicin. The present study slightly differed from the report of Gani et al. (2008) [21] , who reported high sensitivity of bacteria to tetracycline, amoxicillin along with ciprofloxacin but the present study showed low sensitivity of bacteria to tetracycline and amoxicillin but high sensitivity to ciprofloxacin. The difference in the efficacy of antibiotics against the microorganisms isolated might be due to the ~ 102 ~ The Pharma Innovation Journal http://www.thepharmajournal.com ...
... Results obtained in the present study differed from the report of Udhayavel et al. (2013) [20] who reported, ceftriaxone as the most effective antibiotic for treating uterine infection followed by gentamicin and enrofloxacin, as against the present findings of flouroquinolones (levofloxacin, enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin) followed by cephalexin, ceftriaxone and then gentamicin. The present study slightly differed from the report of Gani et al. (2008) [21] , who reported high sensitivity of bacteria to tetracycline, amoxicillin along with ciprofloxacin but the present study showed low sensitivity of bacteria to tetracycline and amoxicillin but high sensitivity to ciprofloxacin. The difference in the efficacy of antibiotics against the microorganisms isolated might be due to the ~ 102 ~ The Pharma Innovation Journal http://www.thepharmajournal.com ...
... Inappropriate use of antimicrobials and corticosteroids in the treatment of reproductive disorders or manipulation of obstetrical procedures like retained placenta and others in camels and cows favor bacterial contamination of vagina and the subsequent invasion of the uterine environment [23,24]. Studies have shown that uterine infection is a significant cause of reproductive failure and infertility in both dromedary camelids [5] and cows [25]. ...
... Studies have shown that uterine infection is a significant cause of reproductive failure and infertility in both dromedary camelids [5] and cows [25]. On the other hand, in cows, bacterial pathogens are associated with delayed uterine involution and failure to conceive on one or more cycles in the same season [24,26]. Actinomyces species, Escherichia coli, Fusobacterium species, Pasteurella species, Pseudomonas species and Staphylococcus species are the most common and economically important bacteria species associated with uterine infections in both animal species [26,27]. ...
Background
Reproduction is a basic prerequisite to efficient livestock production. Reproductive performance depends on the normal structure and function of genital organs. A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2016 to May 2017 to identify and compare the frequency of reproductive tract pathological lesions and to isolate bacteria associated to uterine lesions in female dromedary camels and cows slaughtered at Akaki camel slaughterhouse and Addis Ababa and Adama municipal abattoirs. Purposive sampling technique was employed to include and examine the reproductive tracts of all slaughtered animals (280; 140 cows and 140 camels) during the study period.
Result
The study examined a total of 280 (140 cows and 140 camels) reproductive tracts. Various pathological lesions with different degrees of severity were observed in 48 (34.2%) and 51 (36.4%) of dromedary camels and cows, respectively. In dromedary camels, the most prevalent lesion was uterine lesions (21.4%) followed by ovarian lesions (7.14%); while in cows, ovarian lesions were the most prevalent (16.4%) followed by uterine lesions (14.2%). In general, 56 bacteria were isolated from cows’ uterine lesion, the Staphylococcus species (28.5%), Streptococci species (19.6%), Coynebacterium species (8.9%), Escherichia coli (26.78%), Salmonella species (10.7%) and Klebsiella species (5.35%) being the most representative isolates. In camels, however, 45 bacteria were isolated from uterine lesions with higher prevalence of Escherichia coli (35.5%), Staphylococcus species (26.6%), Streptococcus species (13.3%), Pseudomonas species (6.6%), Proteus species (4.4%), Salmonella species (8.8%) and Klebsiella species (4.4%). Bacteriological data showed that the major isolates were similar, although slightly more frequent in occurrence in cows. Microscopically, uterine inflammatory lesions evidenced endometrial glands degeneration, epithelium sloughing, peri-glandular cuffing, and inflammatory cells infiltration.
Conclusions
In female dromedary camels and cows, pathological lesions of the reproductive tract showed great prevalence, with similarity in bacterial isolates in both species. The role of each reproductive lesion and bacterial isolates as causal agents of reproductive failures in these livestock species, however, needs further investigation.
... On the other hand, uterine infections, ovulation failure, early embryonic death, fetal loss, and abortion and management errors are the actual causes of infertility in she-camels though the etiopathogenesis of this syndrome is not well documented [11,13,14]. Infection of the genitalia during the peripartum period leads to metritis and endometritis with consequent lowering of reproductive efficiency and repeat breeding [15][16][17]. erefore, assessing reproductive performance and isolation of bacteria from the reproductive organs and anatomic pathological investigations are critical for the diagnosis and management of poor reproductive performance in animals including Camelidae. Furthermore, bacteriological and anatomic pathological investigations are important to identify the abnormality along with its pathognomonic lesions in specific reproductive organs to intervene the conditions challenging reproductive performance. ...
Camels are the most efficient domesticated animals in arid and semiarid areas of the world. In Ethiopia, they are the main livestock kept to sustain the livelihoods of pastoralists, as camels are used for milk and meat production and also for transportation. However, she-camel reproductive diseases are one of the major constraints for camel-producing communities. A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2018 to December 2019 to identify and characterize pathological lesions and isolate possible bacteria associated with reproductive diseases and disorders in she-camels slaughtered at Dire Dawa and Babille municipal abattoirs. A total of 155 study animals were examined by recruiting all she-camels slaughtered during every abattoir visit. Overall, 562 reproductive organs, the ovaries, oviducts, uterus, and cervix, were examined through observation, palpation, and incision, and the animal- and organ-level pathological lesion prevalence were found to be 29% and 64.6%, respectively. Degenerative changes, inflammatory lesions (endometritis and salpingitis), growth disturbances (e.g., ovarian hypoplasia), and noninflammatory lesions (e.g., noninflammatory edema) were the identified pathological lesions. Occurrences of pathological changes among reproductive organs had differences where significantly the highest proportion ( = 0.00) was observed in the uteri. Of the 119 microbiological samples processed, 77.3% were positive for single or mixed bacterial genera, from which 7 different bacterial isolates and 14 other unidentified Gram-negative bacteria were detected. E. coli, Salmonella, and Staphylococcus spp. were the most frequently isolated organisms with 28.2%, 26.9%, and 12.8% frequencies, respectively. The result of the questionnaire survey showed 74% of the respondents had culled the she-camel at productive age because of poor reproductive performance associated with refused mating, abortion, and repeat breeding (poor conception). On the other hand, a majority of camel herders had poor to no information and access to modern veterinary services; nevertheless, they had good indigenous knowledge on how to manage reproductive abnormalities. Considering the importance of camels in our study area, further research on camel reproductive diseases and abnormalities with wider sample and epidemiology need to be conducted using molecular and hormonal assay techniques.
1. Introduction
Camels are the most efficient domesticated animals in arid and semiarid areas of the world. They play a significant multipurpose role in the dry lands of the world. Pastoralists use camels for transporting grain, water, salt, and other goods, as well as for milk and meat production [1]. Camels also play an important role in offsetting protein deficiencies worldwide for the drastic increase of animal protein demand, particularly red meat protein [2]. A study by Tefera and Gebreah [3] in Eastern Ethiopia indicates camels work on average for 16 hours per day, traveling 60 km. They are very reliable milk producers even during the dry season and drought years when milk from cattle and goat is scarce.
Apart from its long-standing association with desert areas, this animal is endowed with a unique ability to produce and reproduce under extremely harsh desert conditions and to subsist on poor desert vegetation and shortage of water [4]. However, camel products do not make up a significant share of the Ethiopian diet, as Christian religion followers in Ethiopia are forbidden to consume camel milk [5] and camel meat [6]. Major camel-keeping societies in Ethiopia are Afar, Somali, Oromo, Kunama, and Irob pastoralists [7] in the lowland areas. This agroecology of camel production also limits the supply and consumption of camel products. In Ethiopia, a majority of camel producers are also reluctant to sell camel milk due to traditional taboos [5, 6]. Hence, these factors and the dominance of other ruminant species over camels have masked the potential contributions of these animals to the national and household economy. As a result, the camels have been neglected, or at least, their importance is underestimated [8].
The problems of reproduction in camel are not extensively investigated as, for example, in bovine. Available studies, however, indicated that, among other constraints, camel diseases including reproductive diseases are the major problems faced by camel-producing communities throughout the East African countries [9, 10]. The information collected on these problems is derived mainly from questioning the camel owners, slaughterhouses, and very limited clinical and farm observations [11, 12]. Other scholars reported that repeat breeding, refuse mating, and difficulties in the mating processes are common owner’s complaints about she-camel reproduction problems [13]. On the other hand, uterine infections, ovulation failure, early embryonic death, fetal loss, and abortion and management errors are the actual causes of infertility in she-camels though the etiopathogenesis of this syndrome is not well documented [11, 13, 14]. Infection of the genitalia during the peripartum period leads to metritis and endometritis with consequent lowering of reproductive efficiency and repeat breeding [15–17].
Therefore, assessing reproductive performance and isolation of bacteria from the reproductive organs and anatomic pathological investigations are critical for the diagnosis and management of poor reproductive performance in animals including Camelidae. Furthermore, bacteriological and anatomic pathological investigations are important to identify the abnormality along with its pathognomonic lesions in specific reproductive organs to intervene the conditions challenging reproductive performance. Hence, the main objectives of the present study were as follows:(i)To identify and characterize gross pathological lesions and deformities in reproductive organs of female camels slaughtered at Babille and Dire Dawa municipal abattoirs, eastern Ethiopia(ii)To isolate and identify aerobic bacteria colonizing the reproductive organs(iii)To assess camel reproduction constraints and owners’ indigenous knowledge in managing reproductive problems
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area and Population
The study was conducted from November 2018 to December 2019 in selected districts of eastern Ethiopia, including Babille and Dire Dawa municipal abattoirs. Dire Dawa town is located at a distance of 515 km east of Addis Ababa. It is geographically situated between latitude 9°27′ and 90 49′ north and longitude 41o 38′ and 42o 19′ east. It shares the boundary to the south, south east, and south west with the East Hararghe zone of Oromia region and to the north, east, and west with the Shinille zone of Somali regional state. The main climatic divisions of the area are low land and mid highlands. The average temperature of the area is 25.3co, and the annual rainfall of Dire Dawa varies from 440–760 mm, the rainfall pattern being bimodal. Mixed crop and livestock farming system is the mode of agriculture in the region with camels and shoats as a major livestock which highly contribute for the livelihood of the local community in addition to generating hard currency for the country. The camel population of the area is around 5,070 [18, 19].
Babille woreda is one of the districts of Oromia regional state and located on the main road to Jigjiga at 548.7 km from Addis Ababa to the east of Harar and bordered by the Somali region on the south and east and Fedis and Gursum on the west and north, respectively. The district is located at 700 90′ north latitude and 430 00′ east longitude. The total size of the woreda is about 1,325 km². It is divided into 17 kebeles and 42 subkebeles. The district is mainly situated in the kola climate with shortage of rainfall. Babille is characterized by a semiarid climate with an average temperature of 26.5°C with uneven rainfall distribution. The district has a typical pastoral and agropastoral setting of the country.
Cattle, sheep, goats, and camels are the main animals slaughtered at Dire Dawa and Babille municipal abattoirs where the origin of these animals was mainly from different districts of East Hararghe, Dire Dawa, and Somali regional state. In Dire Dawa municipal abattoir, there are two slaughter premises, the Muslim and Christian slaughter premises, but no such clear premises division in Babille abattoir. Camels are slaughtered in Muslim slaughter premises, and unlike the Christian slaughter premises, the Muslim slaughter premises in the slaughterhouse have no clear division of the slaughtering process into stunning, bleeding, skinning, and evisceration. In both slaughter premises, horizontal bleeding on killing floor but a vertical dressing process on the overhead rail procedure was being conducted.
2.2. Study Design and Study Population
An abattoir-based cross-sectional study supported with a questionnaire and or interview was conducted on she-camels slaughtered at Babille and Dire Dawa municipal abattoirs. During the study period, on average, 5–10 camels were slaughtered in the abattoirs, of which 2 to 5 were females. An abattoir visit was conducted twice per week (considering a day on which large number of camels were slaughtered) which depends on local market needs. All female camels slaughtered at the abattoirs during every abattoir visit were recruited in the study. The survey was conducted by distributing a questionnaire and interviewing selected camel herders from Dire Dawa, Babille, and Haramaya who had culled or sold camels during the study. Camel owners were interviewed with pretested questionnaires at the local animal market while selling the camel and also at the household level to measure reproductive performance variables and the reason for culling of the camel. Focal group discussion was made with representative camel owners both at the local animal marketing place and at the peasant association (PA) levels.
2.3. Sample Size Determination
Since there were no similar previous studies conducted on she-camels in the study areas, 50% expected prevalence was considered at 95% confidence level and 5% precision for sample size calculation [20].
However, due to limited number of she-camels slaughtered during the study period at Babille and Dire Dawa municipal abattoirs, only 155 (58 from Babille and 97 from Dire Dawa) female camels were recruited in the study. From this, a total of 562 reproductive organs, the ovary, oviduct, uterus, and cervix (97 4, from Dire Dawa and 58 3[cervix excluded] from Babille), were used for the pathological study, and 119 bacteriological samples were collected for aerobic bacterial isolation. Besides, fifty households (camel owners) were interviewed, and focal group discussion was also made with owners on female camel reproductive performance and management practices.
2.4. Sample and Data Collection
2.4.1. Questionnaire Survey
Designed questionnaires were supplemented to selected camel owners involved in selling-buying camels during the study period at the animal marketing place and household level and PA sites. Data on history of refused mating, repeat breeding (poor conception), parity number, calving interval, dystocia, early embryonic death/fetal loss, and abortion were collected to estimate the camel’s general reproductive efficiency. Owners’ indigenous knowledge on she-camel reproductive disease (problems) management practices and level of public awareness (trends to use modern veterinary services) on bringing diseased camels to veterinary clinics and use of common breeding bull were also assessed through pretested and designed questionnaires and/or interviews. In case when delegated individuals are involved in camel selling-buying at the local market, the data collectors directed to the primary owner using orientation from delegates and herdmen were interviewed at the household level. In this, the questionnaire was prepared in English and translated to local languages, “Afaan Oromoo” and, “Amharic,” before the survey. Additionally, focal group discussion was also made with camel owner representatives on female camel reproductive problem and management practices.
In the present study, age of each she-camel was estimated by dental examination on the basis of their dental formulas and tartar deposition on the teeth as previously described [21]. However, to estimate the age at first calving, calving interval and age at culling were calculated based information obtained from owners. The camel herders associate calendar with the number of summer seasons since the occasion such as the number of summers since the first calving and the number of summers between the first and the next calving. Accordingly, one summer means one year.
2.4.2. Sample Collection and Procedures
All female camels brought to the abattoir were appropriately examined for the presence of any abnormal signs during antemortem and postmortem; reproductive organs were removed from the carcass and examined for pathological changes. Microbiological samples were separately collected from any of the reproductive organs observed with lesion(s). Accordingly, swab samples were collected using a cotton swab from the margins and within lesions by opening the lesions with a sterile scalpel blade and putting in a 15 ml test tube containing buffered peptone water (BPW) transport media. Samples were then labeled and, on the same day, transported to the Veterinary Microbiology Laboratory of Haramaya University, using an icebox.
2.4.3. Pathological Identification and Characterization
Following microbiological sample collection, detail postmortem examination was conducted through observation, palpation, and incision of the ovaries, oviducts, uterus, and cervix to characterize pathological changes. Each reproductive organ found positive for lesion was fixed with 10% buffered formalin in a large-mouth glass container, labeled, and transported to the Haramaya University Veterinary Pathology Laboratory for further examination and detail characterization. In cases of larger organs, to avoid transportation difficulty, only the lesion part along with enough normal tissue at the margins was sampled and formalin fixed for transportation. In all processes of tissue fixation, 10% formalin was used in, approximately, a 1 : 10 (v/v) tissue to formalin ratio. Gross lesion examination and characterization were performed according to VMTH [22], in which lesion distribution, contour, consistency, texture, shape, size, and color, as well as the extent and nature of the exudate contained upon incisions, were included and recorded on a format prepared for the purpose.
Lesion severity: Due to the complexity and need for flexibility, it is difficult to get a universal (harmonized) grading system for each involved tissue [23]; thus, few modifications were made in the present study. Mann et al. [23], however, stated the grade of severity assigned to a diagnosis should be chosen to reflect a combination of the extent of the process (how many of its subordinate components are present), the distribution (focal to diffuse), and the actual degree of severity. Hence, severity of gross lesions in our study was conducted based on a semiquantitative procedure adopted in cattle and camel tissue [24–27], modifying it to the context of reproductive organ lesions in she-camels. Lesions on each reproductive organ were scored separately using a 4-point (0–4) grading score, where 0 (normal) = no visible gross lesion; 1 (mild) = no gross lesions on the surface and on palpation but small lesions apparent on incising of the organ or one focal lesion covering <30% of the specific organ size; 2 (moderate) = small gross lesions at more than one focus or lesion covering 30–60% of the specific organ size; 3 (extensive) = gross coalescing, multifocal lesions, or a lesion covering 60–75% of the specific organ size; and 4 (severe) = large or multiple lesions covering >75% of the specific organ size.
The reproductive organ lesion scores were assigned after visually evaluating the organs by four investigators individually and then immediately checked by the group for the final score. The diameter (size) of each lesion (morphological change) was measured using a caliper and ruler to calculate the proportion. Cases such as atrophy (hypoplasia) were compared with the size of the corresponding organ with no visible gross lesions measured from the same age group category of the she-camel slaughtered.
Gross characterization of tumor such as lesion, chronic or acute nature of lesion, and exudate types was supported by cytological techniques. Fine needle aspiration (FNA) and touch imprint slide smears were prepared in duplicates, and one slide was stained with giemsa dye and the other slide was stained with eosin dye. Slides were examined under a microscope, and results were interpreted (lesions characterized) based on the macroscopic and cytological findings by adopting techniques used in a previous study [28]. However, other lesions such as cysts were classified based on their anatomical location and contents.
The sample size used in the current study considers three targeted assumptions: the abattoir level, animal level, and individual reproductive organ-based categories (Figure 1), and the prevalence results were presented accordingly. In fact, from 45 lesion-positive camels, 23 4 plus 22 3 = 158, organs were collected; however, at least one organ per animal can be lesion free, and only 102 organs are found lesion positive (Figure 1).
... The damaged physical barrier of cervix, vagina and vulva enhance the entry microbes into the reproductive tract of animal from the outside (Sheldon and Dobson 2004). Infection requires the first step to be established i.e. attachment of the organism on the mucosa followed by penetration of surface epithelium and liberation of toxins that ultimately leads to uterine diseases (Sheldon et al., 2006) (Gani et al., 2008). ...
In this study, a total number of 135 samples were collected and out of them 80 samples
were from reproductive tract, 25 feed samples and 30 milk samples from cattle and sheep.
Samples collected from reproductive tract of cattle and sheep were subjected to
bacteriological and fungal examination for isolation and identification. A total of 105
bacterial isolates have been found from 68 primary bacterial cultures out of which 50
isolates (47.61%) were found to be Gram-positive and 55 isolates (50.47%) were Gram-
negative. Out of mixture of gram positive isolates, 31 isolates (62%) were confirmed to be
Bacillus spp., 14 isolates (28%) Staphylococcus spp., 3 isolates (6%) Streptococcus spp.
and 2 isolates (4%) were Arcanobacterium pyogenes. Among all Gram-negative isolates,
3 isolates were found to positive for Brucella abortus, 30 for E. coli, 13 for Klebsiella
pneumoniae, 7 for Proteus spp. and 2 for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Amid abortion
specific bacteria, 3 isolates have been confirmed to be positive for Brucella sps. by
polymerase chain reaction using genus specific primers. A total of 34 fungal isolates were
obtained from 68 fungal cultures, out of which a total of 8 fungal species from 6 genera
have been identified. Major proportion of these isolates belong to Aspergillus spp.
(41.17%), followed by Alternaria spp. (26.47%), Penicillium spp. (8%), Pithomyces spp.
(8%) and Rhizopus spp. (8%) and Mucor spp. (5.8%). and are confirmed by molecular
method using genus and species specific primers. Collected 25 feed and 30 milk samples
were examined for aflatoxin contamination. A total of four feed samples were found to
have aflatoxin contamination above the permissible limit i.e. 30ppb according to Indian
standards. The level of aflatoxin contamination in feed samples was in between of 4 ppb
and 52 ppb. All 30 collected milk samples were tested negative for aflatoxin
contamination.
... Further, some workers (Kather et al., 2012;Ata et al., 2010;Hella 2014) [17,1,13] observed that E. coli and Staphylococcus were the predominant isolates from intact vagina which is in agreement with the present findings. However, present results are in disagreement with other previous studies (Gani et al., 2008) [12] , where Staphylococcus was predominant 37.8%. Also, the main source of vaginal bacteria is variable according to species including contamination from environment, skin or faecal materials (Torres et al., 1994) [32] . ...
... The variations might be due to the measures used to define RB, study design, difference in geographical location, agro-climatic zones and individual variations. The study identified age as a potential risk factor for repeat breeding which is similar to the findings of Gani et al. (2008) reported that repeat breeding is more prevalent in cows those were in 7 years old. Though the study proved that the aged cows >6-7 yrs old were more prone to repeat breeding. ...
... The variations might be due to the measures used to define RB, study design, difference in geographical location, agro-climatic zones and individual variations. The study identified age as a potential risk factor for repeat breeding which is similar to the findings of Gani et al. (2008) reported that repeat breeding is more prevalent in cows those were in 7 years old. Though the study proved that the aged cows >6-7 yrs old were more prone to repeat breeding. ...
Repeat breeding is one of the important problems in dairy sector of Bangladesh causing economic loss due to reduced production and additional cost on management of cows. This study was conducted to estimate the occurrences of repeat breeder and its frequency distribution in household dairy cows. Total 120 cows from 15 selected households in Hathazari Upazilla, Chattogram during January to March 2018 were considered for this study. Repeat breeding defined as cows less than 10 years old failure to conceive after 3 or more regularly successive services (AI/Natural) in the absence of detectable abnormalities. Households were selected with the history of cow(s) failure to concept even after three or more regular services without any detectable abnormality. Cow’s level factors, households level factors and few organisms in uterine environment were studied as risk factors on repeat breeding.The results revealed25 % (N=120) repeat breeder cows in the household dairy. Cows level factors find out that aged with >6-8 years (33%) and having uterine infection (52%) had significantly influenced the occurrence of repeat breeding. In regards of household level factors, minimum level of farmer’s education, poor drainage system and dirty cows were influenced (P≤0.05) repeat breeding cows. Uterine fluid bacteriological culture showed that Staphylococcus spp. (76%) and E. coli (13%) were commonly found in repeat breeder cows.
... The inappropriate use of antimicrobials and corticosteroids for the treatment of reproductive disorders or for the management of retained placenta and other obstetrical procedures in camels and cows favor bacterial contamination of vagina and the subsequent invasion of the uterine environment [23,24]. Studies have shown that uterine infection is a signi cant cause of reproductive failure and infertility in both dromedary camelids [5] and cows [25]. ...
... Studies have shown that uterine infection is a signi cant cause of reproductive failure and infertility in both dromedary camelids [5] and cows [25]. On the other hand, in cows, bacterial pathogens are associated with delayed uterine involution and failure to conceive on one or more cycles in the same season [24,26]. The most common and economically important bacteria for uterine infection in both dromedary camelids and cows are Actinomyces species, Escherichia coli, Fusobacterium species, Pasteurella species, Pseudomonas species and Staphylococcus species. ...
Background: Reproduction is a basic prerequisite to efficient livestock production. Reproductive performance depends upon the normal structure and function of genital organs.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2016 to May 2017 to identify and compare the frequency of pathological lesions in the reproductive tract and to isolate bacteria associated to uterine lesions in female dromedary camels and cows slaughtered at Akaki camel slaughter house and Addis Ababa and Adama municipal abattoirs. Abattoirs were visited once per week for 28 weeks during which three to seven animals on average were slaughtered per day. A purposive sampling technique was employed to examine reproductive tracts of all slaughtered animals (280; 140 cows and 140 camels). Following gross inspection at abattoirs, tissue samples with lesion were collected for histopathological and bacteriological investigation.
Result: Various pathological lesions with different degrees of severity were observed in 48 (34.2%) and 51 (36.4%) of dromedary camels and cows, respectively. Uterine lesions were the most prevalent 21.4% lesions observed in dromedary camels followed by ovarian lesions 7.14%; while in cows, ovarian lesions were the major prevalent 16.4% lesions followed by uterine lesion 14.2%. The result showed that there were 56 bacteria isolated from cows uterine lesion with Staphylococcus species 28.5%, Streptococci species 19.6%, Coynebacterium species 8.9%, Escherichia coli 26.78%, Salmonella species 10.7% and Klebsiella species 5.35% being the prominent isolates; while in camels, there were 45 bacteria isolated with Escherichia coli 35.5%, Staphylococcus species 26.6%, Streptococcus species 13.3%, Pseudomonas species 6.6 %, Proteus species 4.4%, Salmonella species 8.8% and Klebsiella species 4.4% being the most frequently isolated. The result showed that the major isolates were similar with slightly higher in cows. Histopathologically, endometrial glands degeneration, sloughing of epithelium, peri-glandular cuffing and infiltrations of inflammatory cell were some of characteristic changes observed in uterus.
Conclusions: Pathological lesions in reproductive organs in female dromedary camels and cows showed great prevalence, with similarity in bacterial isolates between the two species. The role of each reproductive lesions and bacterial isolates incriminated as causes of reproductive failures in this livestock species needs further investigation.
... The inappropriate use of broad-spectrum antibiotics and corticosteroids for the treatment of reproductive disorders or in the management of retained placenta and other obstetrical procedures in camels and cows has led to increased bacterial contamination of the vagina and subsequent invasion of the uterine environment [23,24]. Uterine infection is a signi cant cause of reproductive failure and infertility in dromedary camel [4]. ...
Background
Reproduction is a basic prerequisite to efficient livestock production. The reproductive performance depends upon the normal structure and functions of genital organs.
Methods
A cross-sectional study design was conducted from November 2016 to May 2017 to identify and compare the frequency of reproductive organ pathological lesions and to isolates bacteria associated with uterine lesions in female dromedary camels and cows slaughtered at Addis Ababa and Adama municipal abattoirs and Akaki slaughter house. Purposive sampling technique was used to collect 280 reproductive tracts from cow and female dromedary camel. Following gross inspection tissue samples with lesion were collected for histopathological and bacteriological studies and were done according to standard protocols.
Result
Various pathological lesions with different degrees of severity were observed in 34.2% (n = 48) and 36.4% (n = 51) of dromedary camel and cow, respectively. Age, species and body conditions of animals were not statistically associated with most of disorders (P > 0.05). The lesions encountered in dromedary camels were 21.4%, 7.14%, 1.42%, 2.85% and 1.42% uterine, ovarian, oviductal, vaginal and cervical lesions, respectively. However, 16.4%, 14.2%, 3.57%, 1.42% and 1.42%, ovarian, uterine, oviductal, vaginal and cervical lesions were seen in examined cows, respectively. The result showed that the collected uterine tissue was positive for single and/or mixed bacterial infection. Bacterial isolated includes, Staphylococcus species 28.5%, Streptococci species 19.6%, Coynebacterium species 8.9%, Escherichia coli 26.78%, Salmonella species 10.7% and Klebsiella species 5.35% were isolated from cows uteri, while in the dromedary camels, Escherichia coli 35.5%, Staphylococcus species 26.6%, Streptococcus species 13.3%, Pseudomonas species 6.6%, Proteus species 4.4%, Salmonella species 8.8% and Klebsiella species 4.4%.were isolated. Histopathologically, endometrial glands degeneration, sloughing of epithelium, peri-glandular cuffing and infiltrations of inflammatory cell were some of characteristic changes observed in uterus.
Conclusions
Reproductive organ pathological lesions found to be an important problem in female dromedary camel and cow and it was observed that the bacteria isolated from camel’s uteri were similar to those in cows. The role of each reproductive lesions incriminated as causes of reproductive failures in this livestock species needs further investigation.
