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![Collinear antenna and human exposure in the far field of a base station antenna [15]](profile/Ilesanmi-Oluwafemi-2/publication/348937906/figure/fig1/AS:986465500663810@1612203111076/Collinear-antenna-and-human-exposure-in-the-far-field-of-a-base-station-antenna-15.jpg)
Source publication
The ever-increasing number of mobile telecommunication base station as a result of increasing demand for broadband applications has raised a growing concern and worry over the health implications and safety of the radiations from these base stations by the resident of Ekiti State and Nigeria in Nigeria. Measurement of radio frequency was conducted...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... PT is the power from the transmitting antenna and G is the antenna gain. The power density for the case of exposure to single BS as in Figure 1 at the exposed position (given by í µí¼, í µí¼, and í µí¼) is given as: ...
Context 2
... PT is the transmitting antenna radiated power (W), and G is the gain of the antenna (dB). The peak power density for a certain antenna in a given direction illustrated in Figure 1 can be calculated using (4). The highest values of the radiated power from antenna will be in the XOí µí¼ plane, taking to consideration that the down tilt is 90 0 when the XOí µí¼ plane is perpendicular with the centre (O). ...
Context 3
... PT is the power from the transmitting antenna and G is the antenna gain. The power density for the case of exposure to single BS as in Figure 1 at the exposed position (given by í µí¼, í µí¼, and í µí¼) is given as: ...
Context 4
... PT is the transmitting antenna radiated power (W), and G is the gain of the antenna (dB). The peak power density for a certain antenna in a given direction illustrated in Figure 1 can be calculated using (4). The highest values of the radiated power from antenna will be in the XOí µí¼ plane, taking to consideration that the down tilt is 90 0 when the XOí µí¼ plane is perpendicular with the centre (O). ...
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Citations
... O aumento nos níveis de poluição eletromagnética pode estar relacionado a crescente utilização dos dispositivos móveis nos últimos anos, os quais são fontes de radiação não ionizante (Oluwaferni;Faluru;Obasanvo, 2021 A realização de uma análise mais abrangente da produção em periódicos por meio de revisão bibliométrica se faz necessária para melhor compreensão dos aspectos relacionados à poluição eletromagnética e possíveis danos à saúde. Desta forma, o objetivo desta pesquisa é sumarizar as publicações que abordaram a poluição eletromagnética e o desenvolvimento de doenças em seres humanos. ...
... O aumento nos níveis de poluição eletromagnética pode estar relacionado a crescente utilização dos dispositivos móveis nos últimos anos, os quais são fontes de radiação não ionizante (Oluwaferni;Faluru;Obasanvo, 2021 A realização de uma análise mais abrangente da produção em periódicos por meio de revisão bibliométrica se faz necessária para melhor compreensão dos aspectos relacionados à poluição eletromagnética e possíveis danos à saúde. Desta forma, o objetivo desta pesquisa é sumarizar as publicações que abordaram a poluição eletromagnética e o desenvolvimento de doenças em seres humanos. ...
... O aumento nos níveis de poluição eletromagnética pode estar relacionado a crescente utilização dos dispositivos móveis nos últimos anos, os quais são fontes de radiação não ionizante (Oluwaferni;Faluru;Obasanvo, 2021 A realização de uma análise mais abrangente da produção em periódicos por meio de revisão bibliométrica se faz necessária para melhor compreensão dos aspectos relacionados à poluição eletromagnética e possíveis danos à saúde. Desta forma, o objetivo desta pesquisa é sumarizar as publicações que abordaram a poluição eletromagnética e o desenvolvimento de doenças em seres humanos. ...
This bibliometric review aimed to analyze publications on electromagnetic pollution and the development of diseases in humans. EMBASE, Scopus, National Library of Medicine - Medline via PubMed, Web of Science and Virtual Health Library were searched in April and May 2023. Rayyan® was used to remove duplicates and select studies. The selection resulted in 10 articles. IRaMuTeQ® was used to analyze the textual corpus. The Descending Hierarchical Classification generated five classes: exposure to electromagnetic field and impact on health (Class 1); base stations and cell phones: impact on health (Classes 2 and 3); and measurement of exposure to magnetic fields at different periods, especially in pregnant women (Classes 3 and 4). In conclusion, the literature shows that exposure to electromagnetic fields from base stations, telephone antennas and cell phones can impact human health, with the occurrence of neoplasms, electromagnetic hypersensitivity, blood oxidative stress, congenital defects, between others.
... The STAR methodology asks a question or a series of questions based on the sequence of situations, tasks, activities and results. In order to be able to analyze the person's specific work capacity [24]. It is important to follow this sequence and then break down and analyze the answers step by step. ...
is often presented separately from the article, so it must be able to in the following article the use of the mobile application is recommended as a tool that serves public safety because currently crimes of extortion and fraud are committed by making false calls to people's mobile devices. Therefore, the objective of this research is to help families with their welfare and safety and motivate the use of mobile applications. In the present work the situation, task, action, dan result (STAR) methodology was applied to elaborate the present work, this technique will allow improving the difficulties of the people. This methodology is very important because it is used to evaluate the circumstances in which people find themselves, a sequence must be followed to achieve the proposed objectives. The result obtained is an average of 84.5% on the design of the mobile prototype; being approved by the experts. The beneficiaries of the research are citizens through the mobile application.
... The STAR methodology asks a question or a series of questions based on the sequence of situations, tasks, activities and results. In order to be able to analyze the person's specific work capacity [24]. It is important to follow this sequence and then break down and analyze the answers step by step. ...
An abstract is often presented separately from the article, so it must be able to in the following article the use of the mobile application is recommended as a tool that serves public safety because currently crimes of extortion and fraud are committed by making false calls to people's mobile devices. Therefore, the objective of this research is to help families with their welfare and safety and motivate the use of mobile applications. In the present work the situation, task, action, dan result (STAR) methodology was applied to elaborate the present work, this technique will allow improving the difficulties of the people. This methodology is very important because it is used to evaluate the circumstances in which people find themselves, a sequence must be followed to achieve the proposed objectives. The result obtained is an average of 84.5% on the design of the mobile prototype; being approved by the experts. The beneficiaries of the research are citizens through the mobile application. © 2023, Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science. All rights reserved.
... Communication masts are harmful to the environment, including background radiation, and have negative effects on plants and animals [5]. These masts use electromagnetic radiation to transmit signals [6]. The radiation emitted by the antenna is not ionizing because its energy is too low to directly ionize and break chemical bonds in biological systems. ...
Exposure of humans to electromagnetic radiations emanating from the antenna of telecom masts and its health effects on humans have been a subject matter for many scientists today. In Ogwashi-Uku, there is no documented literature or generally accepted findings on the health effects of exposure to effects of electromagnetic radiations from the antenna of telecom masts which may be a result of studies not exceeding the world's permissible limits. This study, therefore, seeks to evaluate the extent of human exposure to electromagnetic radiation in Ogwashi-Uku. A Trifield EMF Meter Model TF2 was used for the purpose of this study. Measurements were recorded and subsequently used with standard equations to obtain the Specific Energy Absorption Rate (SAR) for different tissues of the head. Results from this study have shown that the mean value for radio frequency radiation is 2.40 mW/m 2 and the average value for SAR to tissues of the head is 0.02 W/kg which is lower than the limit set by ICNIRP indicating that the mobile base stations pose no immediate recommended threat to the people of Ogwashi-Uku and are therefore safe.
... Furthermore, power density has been calculated using mathematical algorithm (Pd = E 2 ÷ Characteristics impedance) in same scenario and compared with experimental values (including calibration factor) measured by SRM-3006, and found well matched (with an average error of ~ 5.18%) as mentioned in Table-1. Furthermore, as per coulomb's law, it can be seen that the magnitude of electric field decreases with the inverse square of the distance from the BTS [8]. Now electric field components have been measured using SRM kit in same frequency band and fixed distance from BTS and above statement has been verified as shown in Fig.2. ...
In this paper the state of art study is being done to create awareness and evaluate the level of surface power density emitted from base transceiver (BTS) at different horizontal distances and frequencies, in Navi Mumbai region. A NARDA SRM-3006 kit was used to measure the maximum surface power density in broadband region. The highest power level was found within 40–50m from the tower, ≈ 427.00 mW/m2 (frequency band 26.00MHz to 3.00 GHz). This power level was more than the limit of exposure level recommended by International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP). However, the distance from the BTS Antenna more than 50m and at same frequency, the observed exposure levels were below the ICNIRP limit but more than the limit values, recommended by some countries (≤ 1mW/m2) and researchers. The power density ∼ 24.3 mW/m2 (maximum peak) was found at 350m distance from the tower. The power dependencies algorithm on frequency has been verified and it is observed that power level reduced by ∼ 40% to ∼96% , by reducing the frequency from 2000.00MHz to 500.00 MHz, respectively at fixed distance from the BTS. The results of this study informed that the surface power density levels significantly varied with distance, direction, characteristics impedance of medium and frequency. Therefore, these facts need to be incorporated for determining the public health guideline regarding cell phone towers. Now, this study can further be utilized in future for auditing the power density radiated from BTS for epidemiological studies.
... Electromagnetic pollution levels may be increasing due to the rise of mobile devices in recent years [4], which are sources of non-ionizing radiation (NIR). By 2020, the number of mobile devices may have already exceeded 5 billion, and it is estimated that this number will reach 50 billion in the next decade, considering the proliferation of the internet of things (IoT) sensors [5]- [8]. ...
span lang="EN-US">Currently, telecommunications systems have become more widespread and there is still a discrepancy between whether or not non-ionizing radiation produces health problems in living beings at cellular level. From an experimental point of view, it is interesting to raise the correlation of high levels of electromagnetic pollution with health problems in urban populations which would make it possible to clearly determine the effects of this type of radiation on human health and the environment. By means of remote sensing, a geographic information system (GIS) has been developed for the analysis of electromagnetic pollution levels generated by emissions from non-ionizing radiation (NIR) sources in a city. A method for measuring electromagnetic pollution was applied, which allows the generation of a table of attributes of the GIS that is the input to generate by inverse distance weighting (IDW), the layer of electromagnetic pollution. The method, as a case study, was applied in the city of Manizales, located in Colombia, obtaining as a result a layer that allows evidence that the highest levels of electromagnetic pollution are concentrated in the most central area of the city. In this way, the effects of NIR on public health can be analyzed by means of correlations.</span
... To protect the entire head area, it is possible to suggest the use of an absorber, ie. a dielectric screen that absorbs some of the energy. In this case, it is necessary to take into account the effect on the radiation pattern and on radiation losses both in the screen and in the head [14]. ...
In this work, a numerical calculation was carried out in one of the universal programs for automatic electro-dynamic design. The calculation is aimed at obtaining numerical values for specific absorbed power (SAR). It is the SAR value that can be used to determine the effect of the antenna of a wireless device on biological objects; the dipole parameters will be selected for GSM1800. Investigation of the influence of distance to a cell phone on radiation shows that absorbed in the head of a person the effect of electromagnetic radiation on the brain decreases by three times this is a very important result the SAR value has decreased by almost three times it is acceptable results.
... Nowadays, wireless communication systems play a vital role in all aspects of our daily life, for example, educational, economic, commercial, medical, and military. Therefore, employing a wireless communication system with high reliability, wide coverage area, high data transmission speed, and high-quality of service (QoS) is crucial [1][2][3][4]. When the radio frequency (RF) signals propagate in various propagation environments from the transmitting antennas through the transmission channels to the receiving antennas, they are affected by many factors such as reflection, refraction, scattering, terrain, type of environment, and absorption. ...
The electromagnetic radiation produced by cellular towers in Ramadi city, west of Iraq, is measured and analyzed in this research. This contains basic nodes, hub repeaters, and feeders for transmitting the carrier throughout the entire Ramadi city as well as the surrounding areas. As a result, this research focused on this area to measure and assess energy to determine if it is safe for people or has over the danger threshold. The study region was split into fifty-five mobile phone tower locations. In general, electric field intensity levels surpass 1.7 V/m, which is dangerous and should be reduced. However, apart from a few sites (2, 3, 35, 36, 45, 51, and 53), the magnetic field intensity and radiation density are acceptable based on the findings. The energy severity criteria are based on LATNEX corporation's guidelines. Keywords: Biological effects Electric field Electromagnets Magnetic field SAR
