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Colletotrichum plurivorum. a, b. Front and back view, respectively, of 6-d-old PDA culture; c, d. ascomata; e. section of ascoma; f, g. asci; h. immature ascus; i. ascospores; j. section view of acervulus produced on pear fruit (P. bretschneideri cv. Huangguan); k. conidia (a–k. isolate PAFQ65; a–i. produced on PDA agar medium, j, k. from pear fruits). — Scale bars: c = 200 μm; d = 50 μm; e–k = 20 μm.
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Colletotrichum species are plant pathogens, saprobes, and endophytes on a range of economically important hosts. However, the species occurring on pear remain largely unresolved. To determine the morphology, phylogeny and biology of Colletotrichum species associated with Pyrus plants, a total of 295 samples were collected from cultivated pear speci...
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A total of 24 Colletotrichum isolates were isolated from diseased Japanese plum (Prunus salicina) fruits showing chlorotic regions with whitish-brown sunken necrotic lesions and phylogenetic relationships among the collected Colletotrichum isolates were determined. A subset of 11 isolates was chosen for further taxonomic study based on morphology a...
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... VOC-3.9 slightly inhibited the Gram-positive pathogenic bacterium Staphylococcus aureus ( Figure 1B), and evidently inhibited four agricultural pathogenic fungi (including Colletotrichum fioriniae, Fusarium solani, Fusarium oxysporum, and Pyricularia oryzae) ( Figure 1C). For the four fungal pathogens, C. fioriniae is an important plant pathogenic, saprophytic, and endophytic fungus that causes rot in important crops such as strawberries, apples, blueberries, and pears [34]; F. solani can cause root rot in a wide range of economically important crops such as citrus, vegetables, flowers, field crops worldwide [35], and even humans and animals [36]; F. oxysporum is a pathogen that affects cucumbers [37]; P. oryzae is an important pathogen that causes rice blast disease [38]. Therefore, the above results suggested that VOC-3.9 had a broad inhibitory spectrum and could be developed as a potential antibiotic against both bacterial and fungal pathogens in the medical and agricultural fields. ...
The deep-sea bacterium Spongiibacter nanhainus CSC3.9 has significant inhibitory effects on agricultural pathogenic fungi and human pathogenic bacteria, especially Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the notorious multidrug-resistant pathogen affecting human public health. We demonstrate that the corresponding antibacterial agents against P. aeruginosa PAO1 are volatile organic compounds (VOCs, namely VOC-3.9). Our findings show that VOC-3.9 leads to the abnormal cell division of P. aeruginosa PAO1 by disordering the expression of several essential division proteins associated with septal peptidoglycan synthesis. VOC-3.9 hinders the biofilm formation process and promotes the biofilm dispersion process of P. aeruginosa PAO1 by affecting its quorum sensing systems. VOC-3.9 also weakens the iron uptake capability of P. aeruginosa PAO1, leading to reduced enzymatic activity associated with key metabolic processes, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging. Overall, our study paves the way to developing antimicrobial compounds against drug-resistant bacteria by using volatile organic compounds.
... Foliar fragments (lesion margin; 4 mm in side length) without sporulation were surface-sterilized (1% NaClO for 45 s, followed by 70% ethanol for 45 s, rinsed in sterile distilled water three times and dried), placed to potato dextrose agar (PDA; 200 g/L of potato; 20 g/L of glucose; 20 g/L of agar; Solarbio, Beijing, China) plates supplemented with 100 µg/mL ampicillin, and incubated at 25 • C in the dark. For symptomatic leaves with sporulation, conidial suspensions were collected by rinsing fruiting bodies with sterile distilled water, diluted to a concentration of 1 × 10 4 cfu/mL, and coating them on the surface of 2% water agar (WA; Solarbio, China) [18]. The edges of the emerging myceliawere were transferred onto fresh PDA plates, and pure cultures were obtained by single spore (conidium or ascospore) isolation following the methods of Cai et al. [19]. ...
... For macroscopic and microscopic characterization of representative Colletotrichum isolates, mycelial blocks (2-3 mm 2 ) were aseptically removed from the edge of actively growing cultures, transferred to fresh PDA and synthetic nutrient-poor agar (SNA [18]) plates and incubated as described above. The culture characteristics were recorded at 6 days after inoculation, and images of the upper and lower surfaces of the colonies were taken. ...
... To fulfil Koch's postulates, all Colletotrichum isolates used in pathogenicity tests were reisolated from the infected leaves and their identity were confirmed according to cultural characteristics and GADPH sequences as described above. In addition, inoculated leaves bearing typical Colletotrichum conidial masses or ascomata were collected and prepared in accordance with Fu et al. [18]. Photomicrographs were taken under a ZEISS fluorescence microscope (Stereo Discovery V20, Carl Zeiss, Germany). ...
Cyclocarya paliurus, native to China, is a medicinal and edible plant with important health benefits. Anthracnose is an emerging disease in southern China that causes severe economic losses and poses a great threat to the C. paliurus tea industry. However, to date, the species diversity of pathogens causing C. paliurus anthracnose has remained limited. From 2018 to 2022, a total of 331 Colletotrichum isolates were recovered from symptomatic leaves in eight major C. paliurus planting provinces of southern China. Phylogenetic analyses based on nine loci (ITS, GAPDH, ACT, CHS-1, TUB, CAL, HIS3, GS and ApMat) coupled with phenotypic characteristics revealed that 43 representative isolates belonged to seven known Colletotrichum species, including C. brevisporum, C. fructicola, C. gloeosporioides sensu stricto, C. godetiae, C. nymphaeae, C. plurivorum and C. sojae. Pathogenicity tests demonstrated that all species described above were pathogenic to wounding detached leaves of C. paliurus, with C. fructicola being the most aggressive species. However, C. brevisporum, C. plurivorum and C. sojae were not pathogenic to the intact plant of C. paliurus. These findings reveal the remarkable species diversity involved in C. paliurus anthracnose and will facilitate further studies on implementing effective control of C. paliurus anthracnose in China.
... The samples were catalogued considering information such as sample code, symptoms, plant organ, the associated microorganism, and assessment date. Disease prevalence was quantified as the percentage of number of positive samples of the total samples assessed (x100) (Fu et al. 2019). Prevalence calculations were restricted to pathogens fulfilling Koch's postulates. ...
In Brazil, the cultivation of macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia) has expanded within the nut industry. However, there is a lack of information concerning the primary macadamia diseases under Brazilian conditions, which is crucial to defining management strategies. This study aims to identify the causal agents responsible for macadamia diseases and determine their prevalence based on a 2-year survey in a representative production area in Brazil. Samples were collected from leaves, trunk sections, racemes, and macadamia fruit from November 2019 to September 2021 in Brazil. All associated microorganisms were isolated, and pathogenicity tests were conducted to fulfill Koch’s postulates. For isolates confirmed as pathogenic, morphological characterisation and molecular identification were performed. The diseases observed, along with their respective prevalence, were as follows: leaf spot caused by Neopestalotiopsis (7%), stem canker caused by Lasiodiplodia (28%), Cladosporium blight caused by Cladosporium (72%), and fruit rot caused by Colletotrichum (18%). This study marks the first reporting of the fungi species L. pseudotheobromae, C. xanthochromaticum, and Co. siamense as phytopathogens of macadamia in Brazil. Additionally, it reports C. xanthochromaticum and Co. siamense for the first time as causal agents of Cladosporium blight and fruit rot in macadamia worldwide, respectively.
... C. aenigma was introduced by Weir et al. (2012) and this fungus later became a very popular species, causing anthracnose on the grapevine, Asian pear, and walnut in China (Fu et al., 2019;Wang et al., 2021;Yan et al., 2015), on dragon fruits in Thailand (Meetum et al., 2015), on avocado in Israel (Sharma et al., 2017), on miracle in Japan (Truong et al., 2018), on grape and orange stonecrop in Korea (Choi et al., 2017;Kim et al., 2021). In our study, this fungus was isolated from five new hosts (Ampelopsis glandulosa f. citrulloides, Boehmeria japonica, Ilex rotunda, Laurus nobilis, and Zanthoxylum schinifolium) belonging to the five different families. ...
The Colletotrichum gloeosporioides species complex includes many phytopathogenic species, causing anthracnose disease on a wide range of host plants and appearing to be globally distributed. Seventy-one Colletotrichum isolates in the complex from different plants and geographic regions in Korea were preserved in the Korean Agricultural Culture Collection (KACC). Most of them had been identified based on hosts and morphological features, this could lead to inaccurate species names. Therefore, the KACC isolates were re-identified using DNA sequence analyses of six loci, comprising internal transcribed spacer, gapdh, chs-1, his3, act, and tub2 in this study. Based on the combined phylogenetic analysis, KACC strains were assigned to 12 known species and three new species candidates. The detected species are C. siamense (n = 20), C. fructicola (n = 19), C. gloeosporioides (n = 9), C. aenigma (n = 5), C. camelliae (n = 3), C. temperatum (n = 3), C. musae (n = 2), C. theobromicola (n = 2), C. viniferum (n = 2), C. alatae (n = 1), C. jiangxiense (n = 1), and C. yulongense (n = 1). Of these, C. jiangxiense, C. temperatum, C. theobromicola and C. yulongense are unrecorded species in Korea. Host plant comparisons showed that 27 fungus-host associations are newly reported in the country. However, plant-fungus interactions need to be investigated by pathogenicity tests.
... Pear, a widely cultivated fruit tree species, is highly susceptible to a diverse range of pests and diseases that can significantly impact crop yield and quality. Among the most devastating diseases impacting the pear industry is pear anthracnose, which is caused by the fungus Colletotrichum fructicola (Li et al. 2013;Fu et al. 2019). It is considered as one of the most serious diseases in the major pear-producing regions of China (Fu et al. 2019). ...
... Among the most devastating diseases impacting the pear industry is pear anthracnose, which is caused by the fungus Colletotrichum fructicola (Li et al. 2013;Fu et al. 2019). It is considered as one of the most serious diseases in the major pear-producing regions of China (Fu et al. 2019). It can occur during the growth of pear trees and the ripening of fruits, causing fruit decay and premature leaf loss, leading to weaken tree vigour (Jiang et al. 2014;Cao et al. 2022). ...
Pear anthracnose, caused by the fungus Colletotrichum fructicola , is a devastating disease for the pear industry. The apoplast, an extracellular compartment outside the plasma membrane, plays a crucial role in water and nutrient transport, as well as plant-microbe interactions. This study aimed to uncover the molecular mechanism of pear leaf apoplastic protein-mediated resistance to C. fructicola . Apoplast fluid was isolated using the vacuum infiltration method, and defence-related apoplastic proteins were identified through protein mass spectrometry and transcriptome sequencing. We found 213 apoplastic proteins in the leaf apoplast fluid during early C. fructicola infection, with the majority (74.64%) being enzymes, including glycosidases, proteases, and oxidoreductases. Gene Ontology analysis revealed their involvement in defence response, enzyme inhibition, carbohydrate metabolism, and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. Transcriptome analysis showed the infection induced expression of certain apoplast proteins, potentially contributing to pear leaf resistance. Notably, the expression of PbrGlu1 , an endo-β-1,3-glucanase from the glycoside hydrolase 17 family, was significantly higher in infected leaves. Silencing of the PbrGlu1 gene increased pear leaf susceptibility to C. fructicola , leading to more severe symptoms and higher reactive oxygen species content. Overall, our study provides insights into the apoplast space interaction between pear leaves and C. fructicola , identifies a key gene in infected pears, and offers a foundation and new strategy for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying pear anthracnose and breeding disease-resistant pears.
... Amplification of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) was performed using the primer pair ITS1 (5 -TCCGTAGGTGAACCTGCGG-3 ) and ITS4 (5 -TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC-3 ). PCR amplification and Sanger sequencing were performed as in previously reported methods [39]. ...
Pear black spot disease, caused by Alternaria alternata, is a devastating disease in pears and leads to enormous economic losses worldwide. In this investigation, we isolated a Streptomyces odonnellii SZF-179 from the rhizosphere soil of pear plants in China. Indoor confrontation experiments results showed that both SZF-179 and its aseptic filtrate had excellent inhibitory effects against A. alternata. Afterwards, the main antifungal compound of SZF-179 was identified as polyene, with thermal and pH stability in the environment. A microscopic examination of A. alternata mycelium showed severe morphological abnormalities caused by SZF-179. Protective studies showed that SZF-179 fermentation broth could significantly reduce the diameter of the necrotic lesions on pear leaves by 42.25%. Furthermore, the potential of fermentation broth as a foliar treatment to control black leaf spot was also evaluated. Disease indexes of ‘Hosui’ and ‘Wonwhang’ pear plants treated with SZF-179 fermentation broth were lower than that of control plants. Overall, SZF-179 is expected to be developed into a safe and broad-spectrum biocontrol agent. No studies to date have evaluated the utility of S. odonnellii for the control of pear black spot disease; our study fills this research gap. Collectively, our findings provide new insights that will aid the control of pear black spot disease, as well as future studies of S. odonnellii strains.
... The PCR was performed in a S1000 TM Thermal Cycler (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA, USA) with the thermal programs listed in Table S2. The PCR products were cloned and sequenced using routine procedures [24]. The DNA sequences were deposited in the GenBank public database (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov ...
Eight fungal strains (P1 to P8) were isolated from rapeseed stems (Brassica napus) infected with the blackleg pathogen Leptosphaeria biglobosa (Lb). They formed pycnidia with similar morphology to those of Lb, and thus were considered as Lb relatives (LbRs). The species-level identification of these strains was performed. Their virulence on rapeseed and efficacy in the suppression of Lb infection were determined, and the biocontrol potential and biocontrol mechanisms of strain P2 were investigated. The results showed that the LbRs belong to two teleomorphic genera in the family Didymellaceae, Didymella for P1 to P7 and Boeremia for P8. Pathogenicity tests on rapeseed cotyledons and stems indicated the LbRs were weakly virulent compared to L. biglobosa. Co-inoculation assays on rapeseed cotyledons demonstrated that P1 to P7 (especially P1 to P4) had a suppressive effect on Lb infection, whereas P8 had a marginal effect on infection by L. biglobosa. Moreover, D. macrostoma P2 displayed a more aggressive behavior than L. biglobosa in the endophytic colonization of healthy rapeseed cotyledons. Cultures of P2 in potato dextrose broth (PDB) and pycnidiospore mucilages exuded from P2 pycnidia showed antifungal activity to L. biglobosa. Further leaf assays revealed that antifungal metabolites (AM) of strain P2 from PDB cultures effectively suppressed infection by L. biglobosa, Botrytis cinerea (gray mold), and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (white mold). An antifungal metabolite, namely penicillither, was purified and identified from PDB cultures and detected in pycnidiospore mucilages of strain P2. This study suggests that the LbRs are a repertoire for screening biocontrol agents (BCAs) against rapeseed diseases, and D. macrostoma P2 is a multi-functional BCA, a penicillither producer, and an endophyte.
... Furthermore, for grape leaf [37] and mango fruit [38], wounding is necessary for Colletotrichum to infect. Only 2 of 12 Colletotrichum species from cultivated pear were pathogenic to pear leaves inoculated without wounding [39]. This was also observed in this study, as the pathogenicity tests indicated that all eight species isolated were able to infect litchi leaves when inoculated onto wounded leaves, while only three of the eight species induced visible symptoms on litchi leaves using a nonwound inoculation method. ...
Litchi (Litchi chinensis) is an evergreen fruit tree grown in subtropical and tropical countries. China accounts for 71.5% of the total litchi cultivated area in the world. Anthracnose disease caused by Colletotrichum species is one of the most important diseases of litchi in China. In this study, the causal pathogens of litchi anthracnose in Hainan, China, were determined using phylogenetic and morphological analyses. The results identified eight Colletotrichum species from four species complexes, including a proposed new species. These were C. karsti from the C. boninense species complex; C. gigasporum and the proposed new species C. danzhouense from the C. gigasporum species complex; C. arecicola, C. fructicola species complex; C. arecicola, C. fructicola and C. siamense from the C. gloeosporioides species complex; and C. musicola and C. plurivorum from the C. orchidearum species complex. Pathogenicity tests showed that all eight species could infect litchi leaves using a wound inoculation method, although the pathogenicity was different in different species. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first report that identifies C. arecicola, C. danzhouense, C. gigasporum and C. musicola as etiological agents of litchi anthracnose.
... Anthracnose of Pyrus spp. was caused by 12 Colletotrichum species in China, viz. C. aenigma, C. citricola, C. conoides, C. fioriniae, C. fructicola, C. gloeosporioides, C. karstii, C. plurivorum, C. siamense, C. wuxiense, C. jinshuiense and C. pyrifoliae (Fu et al. 2019). Quite a few species of Collectotrichum have been reported to be causing walnut anthracnose disease, which has resulted in a considerable reduction in walnut production worldwide (Zhu et al. 2014;Wang et al. 2016;Da Lio et al. 2018). ...
... Briefly, fruits and leaves were washed with sterilised water and surface sterilised with 75% ethanol for 1 min. The fruits and leaves were inoculated using the spore suspension and non-wound inoculation methods (Fu et al. 2019;Zhao et al. 2019b). For the spore suspension and non-wound method, an aliquot of 20 μl of spore suspension (1.0 × 10 6 conidia per ml) was inoculated on to fruits and leaves without wounding them. ...
Colletotrichum species are plant pathogens, saprobes and endophytes on various plant hosts. It is regarded as one of the 10 most important genera of plant pathogens in the world. Walnut anthracnose is one of the most severe diseases affecting walnut productivity and quality in China. In this study, 162 isolates were obtained from 30 fruits and 65 leaf samples of walnut collected in Beijing, China. Based on morphological characteristics and DNA sequence analyses of the concatenated loci, namely internal transcribed spacer (ITS), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase ( GAPDH ), actin ( ACT ), chitin synthase 1 ( CHS-1 ) and beta-tubulin (TUB2), these isolates were identified as two novel species of Colletotrichum , i.e. C. juglandicola and C. peakense . Koch’s postulates indicated that both C. juglandicola and C. peakense could cause anthracnose in walnut.
... Colletotrichum species are important phytopathogens among many important economic hosts in the world. It has a wide distribution and numerous hosts and can infect the branches, leaves, and stems of Citrus, Pyrus, and Camellia, resulting in large-scale economic losses or poor plant growth [57][58][59]. C. siamense, a member of the C. gloeosporioides species complex, was first discovered on coffee in Thailand by Prihastuti et al. in 2009 [60]. C. siamense has been identified as part of the gloeosporioides species complex that can infect forest trees, fruits, and crops [36,61]. ...
Viburnum odoratissimum Ker-Gawl is native to Asia and is usually used as a garden ornamental. In September 2022, a leaf blotch on V. odoratissimum was observed in Nanjing, Jiangsu, China. The disease causes the leaves of the plants to curl and dry up and defoliate early. It not only seriously affects the growth of the plants but also greatly reduces the ornamental value. The pathogenic fungus was isolated from the diseased leaves, and the fungus was identified to be Colletotrichum siamense based on morphological features and multilocus phylogenetic analyses of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, actin (ACT), calmodulin (CAL), beta-tubulin 2 (TUB2), chitin synthase (CHS-1), Apn2-Mat1-2 intergenic spacer and partial mating type (ApMat), and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) genes. Pathogenicity tests were performed by inoculating healthy leaves with conidia. C. siamense can grow at 15–35 °C, with an optimal growth temperature at 25–30 °C. The results of sensitivity to nine fungicides showed that C. siamense was the most sensitive to prochloraz in the concentration range of 0.01 μg/mL to 100 μg/mL. Therefore, spraying prochloraz before the optimum growth temperature of pathogenic fungus can achieve effective control. It provided useful information for future studies on the prevention and treatment strategies of C. siamense. This is the first report of leaf blotch caused by C. siamense on V. odoratissimum in China and worldwide.
