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Colletotrichum kahawae subsp. kahawae. A, E. ICMP 17905 (ex IMI 361501). B–C. ICMP 17816 (ex IMI 319418 – ex-holotype culture). C. ICMP 17915 (ex CBS 982.69). A–B. Appressoria. C. Conidia. D–E. Cultures on PDA, 10 d growth from single conidia, from above and below. Scale bar C = 20 μm. Scale bar of C applies to A–C.
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The limit of the Colletotrichum gloeosporioides species complex is defined genetically, based on a strongly supported clade within the Colletotrichum ITS gene tree. All taxa accepted within this clade are morphologically more or less typical of the broadly defined C. gloeosporioides, as it has been applied in the literature for the past 50 years. W...
Citations
... La identificación morfológica y molecular de la cepa aislada de frutos de guanábana de huertas comerciales de Nayarit, México, sugieren que se trata de C. gloeosrprioides; sin embargo, Weir et al. (2012) mencionan que C. gloeosrprioides es un complejo de distintas especies que pueden confundirse. En este sentido, aunque la secuencia de la cepa utilizada en este trabajo da un 98% de identidad con la accesión MS296048 del Genbank® (NCBI, 2015) clasificada como C. fruticola, Weir et al. (2012) mencionan que esta especie puede generar falsos positivos con otras especies del complejo utilizando la región ITS1-5.8S-ITS2, ...
... La identificación morfológica y molecular de la cepa aislada de frutos de guanábana de huertas comerciales de Nayarit, México, sugieren que se trata de C. gloeosrprioides; sin embargo, Weir et al. (2012) mencionan que C. gloeosrprioides es un complejo de distintas especies que pueden confundirse. En este sentido, aunque la secuencia de la cepa utilizada en este trabajo da un 98% de identidad con la accesión MS296048 del Genbank® (NCBI, 2015) clasificada como C. fruticola, Weir et al. (2012) mencionan que esta especie puede generar falsos positivos con otras especies del complejo utilizando la región ITS1-5.8S-ITS2, mientras que C. gloeosporioides no, generando una certeza sobre la identificación utilizada en este trabajo. ...
El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar efectos fungicidas y fungistáticos de aceites esenciales de clavo, canela, tomillo y limón contra C. gloeosporioides.
... Damages become visible as black and sunken lesions postharvest. Eight species in the Colletotrichum gloeosporioides species complex have been reported to cause anthracnose of mango including C. asianum, C. fructicola, C. gloeosporioides, C. grossum, C. queenslandicum, C. siamense, C. theobromicola, and C. tropicale Lima et al., 2013;Manzano León et al., 2018;Mo et al., 2018;Rattanakreetakul et al., 2023;Shivas et al., 2016;Tovar-Pedraza et al., 2020;Weir et al., 2012). ...
... Five-day culture was harvested and DNA extracted (Zelaya-Molina et al., 2011). The PCR were performed using PCRBIO Taq Mix (PCR Biosystems) and primers listed in Table S1 to amplify the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) (White et al., 1990), Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) (Templeton et al., 1992), Actin (ACT) (Carbone & Kohn, 1999), and Calmodulin (CAL) (Weir et al., 2012) genes of isolates. DNA sequences of each region were searched in the NCBI database using the nucleotide BLAST. ...
... Salmon to orange colored spore masses were formed in middle of colony after incubated for 4-5 days. Morphological features were similar to Colletotrichum gloeosporioides species complex (Dugan, 2006;Sutton, 1980;Weir et al., 2012). ...
Anthracnose of mango is one of the major postharvest diseases of mango fruit caused by members of the Colletotrichum gloeosporioides species complex such as Colletotrichum siamense. Crude extracts from dry trunk bark of four Cinnamomum species (C. burmanni, C. iners, C. loureiroi, and C. verum), a commercial cinnamon powder, cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, and cinnamon oil were assayed for their antifungal activity against Colletotrichum siamense. The crude extract of C. verum at 500 mg L−1 showed the highest inhibition of mycelial growth. At a concentration above 10 g L−1 cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, and cinnamon oil showed 100% mycelial inhibition. Using the microdilution assay, C. burmanni and C. verum crude extracts were effective against Colletotrichum siamense spore germination and showed a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 625 mg L−1 while the MIC value of cinnamaldehyde was 50 mg L−1. The direct bioautography of the C. verum extract and the fractions obtained by column chromatography over silica gel against Cladosporium herbarum revealed clear inhibition zones on TLC plates. The treatment of Colletotrichum siamense spores with this active fraction led to severe membrane damage which was observed by scanning electron microscopy. Comparative HPLC analyses of the Cinnamomum extracts and the active fraction of C. verum, cinnamon power, and the cinnamaldehyde and eugenol as standards indicated cinnamaldehyde as the major compound. The C. verum fraction reduced disease severity and disease incidence on inoculated mango fruit. Moreover, uninoculated mango dipped into C. burmanni and C. verum extracts reduced the naturally occurring disease while total soluble solid, titratable acidity, and weight loss of dipped mango were insignificantly different from the untreated fruit control.
... To conduct phylogenetic analyses, genomic DNA was extracted from 0.5 g of fresh hyphae using a DNA extraction kit (TaKaRa Bioengineering Co., Ltd., Dalian, China) and stored at −20°C. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS), histone 3 (HIS3), chitin synthase (CHS-1), actin (ACT), β-tubulin (TUB2) and glyceraldehyde-3phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) regions were amplified as described in Weir et al. (2012). The primers used, along with their respective sequences, are presented in Supplementary Table S1. ...
Introduction: Anthracnose is a significant fungal disease that affects tree growth and development, with Colletotrichum spp. exhibiting host non-specificity and targeting various organs, making disease control challenging. Methods: This study aimed to identify the pathogenic species causing anthracnose in Ilex macrocarpa in Nanchong, Sichuan Province, and screen effective fungicides, particularly biological ones. The pathogen was identified as Colletotrichum fioriniae through morphological observation, pathogenicity assays, and molecular biological methods. Three biological and five chemical fungicides were evaluated for their effects on the mycelial growth and spore germination rate of the pathogen. Results: The results indicated that prochloraz was the most effective chemical fungicide, while the cell-free supernatant (CFS) of Bacillus velezensis had the most significant inhibitory effect among the biological fungicides. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the CFS of B. velezensis significantly reduced the expression of genes associated with ribosomes, genetic information processing, membrane lipid metabolism, and sphingolipid biosynthesis in C. fioriniae. Additionally, the glutathione pathway's expression of various genes, including key genes such as GST, GFA, Grx, TRR, and POD, was induced. Furthermore, the expression of 17 MFS transporters and 9 ABC transporters was increased. Autophagy-related ATGs were also affected by the B. velezensis CFS. Discussion: These findings suggest that the B. velezensis CFS may inhibit C. fioriniae through interference with ribosomes, genetic information processing, cell membrane metabolism, and energy metabolism. These results provide potential target genes for the B. velezensis CFS and insights into the antifungal mechanism by which B. velezensis inhibits C. fioriniae.
... wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/ndr2 1 of 3 https://doi.org/10.1002/ndr2.12289 F I G U R E 2 Fungal colony isolated from leaves of karonda and grown on potato dextrose agar F I G U R E 3 Conidia of Colletotrichum fructicola characteristics were consistent with descriptions of the Colletotrichum gloeosporioides species complex(Weir et al., 2012). ...
... Mycelial growth rate varied among the isolates and an average mycelial growth rate up to 10.7 mm/day was recorded from the isolate implying a fast colony growth rate. Weir et al. [49] also indicated the growth rate is among the useful features used to differentiate Colletotrichum species. Rampersad [36] also indicated C. gloeosporioide1s can be differentiated from C. acutatum by its significantly faster growth rate, and recorded a growth rate of 10.1-11.8 ...
Papaya is among the most economically important fruit crops cultivated in Ethiopia supporting the livelihood of thousands of people. Anthracnose of papaya caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is the major limitation that threatens the production and consumption of papaya fruit worldwide. This investigation was initiated to determine the current status of papaya anthracnose and identify factors influencing postharvest loss of papaya fruit in Assosa Zone, western Ethiopia. Field and market assessments were conducted in three major papaya-producing districts of Assosa Zone namely Assosa, Bambasi, and Homosha. Data on the disease intensity of anthracnose was recorded both in the field and in the market. Furthermore, factors associated with postharvest disease development were recorded through administration of a pretested semi-structured questionnaire to randomly selected papaya producers, wholesalers, and retailers. The results revealed that anthracnose of papaya was prevalent in all assessed localities, nevertheless, there was a significant (p < 0.05) difference between districts and peasant association in intensity of disease. At the orchard level, the disease incidence and severity ranged between 21.30–33.87% and 10.90–20.83%, respectively. Similarly, postharvest anthracnose incidence and severity ranged between 47.04–60.85% and 28.84–47.95%, respectively. Morphological and pathological identification of pure cultures from symptomatic fruits revealed that C. gloeosporioides was the causal agent of postharvest anthracnose of papaya in the Assosa Zone. Moreover, poor postharvest practices such as wrong methods of harvesting, improper handling of produce, and poor or improper transportation facilities are some factors that significantly influence postharvest disease development. This empirical evidence revealed that anthracnose is the major challenge to papaya production and utilization in Assosa, Western Ethiopia.
... A total of 257 different species reported and grouped into 15 species complexes so far. Colletotrichum gloeosporioides species complex (Cgsc) is one of the unique, morphologically, and phylogenetically diverse species complex, which contains majorly polyphagous to some extent host-specific (Weir et al., 2012;Talhinhas and Baroncelli, 2021). ...
... In addition, C. kahawae subsp. cigarro has been reported to cause anthracnose on Olea europaea (Weir et al., 2012), Mangifera indica (Ismail et al., 2015), Citrus reticulata (Perrone et al., 2016) and Lonicera macranthoides (Xiao et al., 2023). Being an airborne pathogen, once established in Indian arecanut plantations, managing this pathogen becomes exceedingly challenging. ...
... The APN2/MAT-IGS region was amplified and sequenced with the primers AMF and AMR (Silva et al., 2012), CAL with CL1C and CL2C (Weir et al., 2012), GAPDH with GDF and GDR (Templeton et al., 1992), GS with GS-64F and GS-967R (Vieira et al., 2017), and TUB2 with T1 and Bt2B (O'Donnell and Cigelnik 1997;Glass and Donaldson 1995). ...
Anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum is the most severe and widely occurring cashew disease in Brazil. Colle-totrichum species are commonly found as pathogens, endophytes and occasionally as saprophytes in a wide range of hosts. The endophytic species associated with cashew trees are poorly studied. In this study, we report the Colletotrichum endophytic species associated with cashew trees in two locations in the state of Pernambuco, their prevalence in different plant organs (leaves, veins, branches and inflorescences), and compare the species in terms of pathogenicity and aggressiveness using different inoculation methods (wounded × unwounded). Six species of Colletotrichum were identified according to multilocus phylogenetic analyses, including Colletotrichum asianum, Colletotrichum chrysophilum, Colletotrichum karsti, Colletotrichum siamense, Colletotrichum theobromicola, and Colletotrichum tropicale. There were differences in the percentage of isolation in relation to the prevalence of colonized tissues and collection locations. C. tropicale was the prevalent species in both geographic areas and plant tissues collected, with no pattern of distribution of species between areas and plant tissues. All isolates were pathogenic in injured tissues of cashew plants. The best method to test the pathogenicity of Colletotrichum species was utilizing the combination of leaves + presence of wounds + conidial suspension, as it better represents the natural infection process. C. siamense was the most aggressive species.
... Many Colletotrichum species are very closely related, making any type of species delineation or identification challenging. Culture-based methods are time-intensive, require expertise, and are not always reliable [58]. MLST often requires 5-8 genes and high expertise to reliably resolve phylogenetic relationships [9,56,[58][59][60]. ...
... Culture-based methods are time-intensive, require expertise, and are not always reliable [58]. MLST often requires 5-8 genes and high expertise to reliably resolve phylogenetic relationships [9,56,[58][59][60]. Our primer-probe sets required as many as 20 mismatches among both the primers and probe ( Figure S2) and annealing temperatures that were mainly > 68 • C in order to eliminate non-specific amplification ( Table 2), underscoring the necessity of our manual, meticulous, wide-ranging search for polymorphic areas in genes from as many GenBank Accessions as we could find (Table S1). ...
Bitter rot of apple is an economically important worldwide disease caused by different Colletotrichum species, depending on many factors such as climate, geography, other hosts, and crop management practices. Culture, morphology, and single-locus sequencing-based methods for identifying the Colletotrichum species are severely limited in effectiveness, while the multilocus sequence typing methods available for delineating species are costly, time-intensive, and require high expertise. We developed species-specific hydrolysis probe real-time PCR assays for the following nine Colletotrichum species causing bitter rot in the Mid-Atlantic U.S.A.: C. fructicola, C. chrysophilum, C. noveboracense, C. gloeosporioides s.s., C. henanense, C. siamense and C. theobromicola from the C. gloeosporioides species complex, and C. fioriniae and C. nymphaeae from the C. acutatum species complex. After searching 14 gene regions, we designed primers and probes in 5 of them for the nine target species. Four primer-probe set pairs were able to be duplexed. Sensitivity tests showed as little as 0.5 pg DNA were detectable. These real-time PCR assays will provide rapid and reliable identification of these key Colletotrichum species and will be critically important for studies aiming to elucidate their biology, epidemiology, and management on apples as the number one produced and consumed tree fruit in the U.S.A.
... Moreover, recent studies have revealed high genotypic diversity within C. gloeosporioides [7]. It is a species complex of more than 20 subspecies with a rapid rate of intraspecific variation and a wide geographic distribution [8], suggesting potential for the evolution of new virulent strains capable of overcoming plant resistance. In addition, C. gloeosporioides is not only a widespread causal agent of greater yam anthracnose but also a pathogen infecting over 470 different host genera from monocotyledons to dicotyledons [9]. ...
The greater yam (Dioscorea alata), a widely cultivated and nutritious food crop, suffers from widespread yield reduction due to anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Latent infection often occurs before anthracnose phenotypes can be detected, making early prevention difficult and causing significant harm to agricultural production. Through comparative genomic analysis of 60 genomes of 38 species from the Colletotrichum genus, this study identified 17 orthologous gene groups (orthogroups) that were shared by all investigated C. gloeosporioides strains but absent from all other Colletotrichum species. Four of the 17 C. gloeosporioides-specific orthogroups were used as molecular markers for PCR primer designation and C. gloeosporioides detection. All of them can specifically detect C. gloeosporioides out of microbes within and beyond the Colletotrichum genus with different sensitivities. To establish a rapid, portable, and operable anthracnose diagnostic method suitable for field use, specific recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) primer probe combinations were designed, and a lateral flow (LF)-RPA detection kit for C. gloeosporioides was developed, with the sensitivity reaching the picogram (pg) level. In conclusion, this study identified C. gloeosporioides-specific molecular markers and developed an efficient method for C. gloeosporioides detection, which can be applied to the prevention and control of yam anthracnose as well as anthracnose caused by C. gloeosporioides in other crops. The strategy adopted by this study also serves as a reference for the identification of molecular markers and diagnosis of other plant pathogens.
... The method was performed according to the protocols in previous study (Kimishima et al . 2024 (West et al. 2001 ;Ebbole 2007 ;Weir et al . 2012 ;Cheung et al . 2020 ). The QoIS and QoIR strains were collected from paddy field of Akita Prefecture in 2015. Compound 1 was prepared as 10 mg/mL DMSO solution. ...
We found that the culture broth of fungi showed anti-fungal activity against multidrug-sensitive budding yeast. However, we could not identify the anti-fungal compound due to the small quantity. Therefore, we attempted to increase the productivity of the target compound by the introduction of a global secondary metabolism regulator, laeA to the strain, which led to the successful isolation of ten-folds greater amount of MS-347a (1) than Aspergillus sp. FKI-5362. Compound 1 was not effective against Candida albicans and the detailed anti-fungal activity of 1 remains unverified. After our anti-fungal activity screening, 1 was found to inhibit the growth of broad plant pathogenic fungal species belonging to the Ascomycota. It is noteworthy that 1 showed little insecticidal activity against silkworms, suggesting its selective biological activity against plant pathogenic fungi. Our study implies that the combination strategy of multidrug-sensitive yeast and the introduction of laeA is useful for new anti-fungal drug discovery.
