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Colletotrichum hippeastri (from holotype) . A . Colony on PDA after 7 days. B , Setae. C . Conidiophores. D - G and J , Conidia. H , I , and K - N , Appressoria. Bars: B , D = 5 μm; C, E - N = 10 μm.
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Twenty strains representing eight species of Colletotrichum were isolated from lesions of various species of amaryllids (monocotyledons, Amaryllidaceae) in Yunnan, Guangxi and Guizhou Provinces in China and Chiang Rai Province, Thailand. They are characterized through morphological studies and from phylogenetic analyses based on actin, β-tubulin (t...
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... leaves of Crinum asiaticum with anthracnose caused by this species occurring as yellowish brown ellipsoid spots, acervuli without setae, with yellowish-white conidial masses (Fig.6D). ( Fig. 4) MycoBank: 515280. Etymology: hippeastri, in reference to the host Hippeastrum ...
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... ellip- tical to striped, reddish brown (Fig. 6C). Acervuli, circular to elliptical, subepidermal, disrupting outer epidermal cell wall of host, setae sparse or absent, with buff conidia masses. Setae 70-100 × 5-7 µm ( x = 88.5 ± 10.0 × 5.9 ± 0.8, n = 5), brown, smooth-walled,1-4- septate, tapered to the paler acute apex and swollen at the base (Fig. 4B). Conidiophores hyaline, 1-2 celled, not branched or branching at the base, 19-24 × 5-6µm ( x = 21.5 ± 1.9 × 5.4 ± 0.4, n = 5) (Fig. 4C). Conidia 22-26 × 6.5-8 µm ( x = 22.3 ±1.1 × 7 ± 0.5, n = 20), one-celled, smooth-walled, hyaline, straight, obtuse at the ...
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... of host, setae sparse or absent, with buff conidia masses. Setae 70-100 × 5-7 µm ( x = 88.5 ± 10.0 × 5.9 ± 0.8, n = 5), brown, smooth-walled,1-4- septate, tapered to the paler acute apex and swollen at the base (Fig. 4B). Conidiophores hyaline, 1-2 celled, not branched or branching at the base, 19-24 × 5-6µm ( x = 21.5 ± 1.9 × 5.4 ± 0.4, n = 5) (Fig. 4C). Conidia 22-26 × 6.5-8 µm ( x = 22.3 ±1.1 × 7 ± 0.5, n = 20), one-celled, smooth-walled, hyaline, straight, obtuse at the ...
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... on PDA attaining 7.5-7.8 cm ( x = 7.7 ± 1.1, n = 10) diam. in 6 days at 25°C, growth rate 13.6-14.2 mm per day ( x = 13.9 ± 0.2, n = 10); at first pale white, becoming black from the margin with age, floccose, sparse, reverse white at first, becoming black with age, with pale buff conidial masses (Fig. 4A). Sclerotia present, setose. Setae absent. Coni- diophores hyaline, 20.5-39.5 (-67) × 4.5-6.5µm ( x = 33.5 ± 13.0 × 5.6 ± 0.6, n = 10), 2-4- celled, branched or unbranched at the base. Conidia in white masses, 19.5-42.5 × 7-12 µm ( x = 29.2 ± 5.5 × 8.8 ± 1.0, n = 100), one- celled, smooth-walled, hyaline, cylindrical, straight or ...
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... x = 33.5 ± 13.0 × 5.6 ± 0.6, n = 10), 2-4- celled, branched or unbranched at the base. Conidia in white masses, 19.5-42.5 × 7-12 µm ( x = 29.2 ± 5.5 × 8.8 ± 1.0, n = 100), one- celled, smooth-walled, hyaline, cylindrical, straight or slightly curved, obtuse at the ends, usually constricted near both ends or the centre (Figs 4D-G, J). Appressoria brown to dark brown, irregular, crenate or lobed, occasionally becoming complex (Figs 4H-I, K-N), 10.5-17.5 × 8-12.5 µm ( x = 13 ± 1.7 × 10 ± 1.1, n = 40). ...
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... 2006). Colletotrichum hippea-stri differs in several other characters (Table 7). In C. hippeastri the conidia are distinct in being usually narrower near each end or at the centre, while the conidia of C. dracaenophilum and C. nupharicola do not narrow (Johnson et al. 1997;Farr et al., 2006). Germinating conidia of C. hippeastri form 2-4 cells (Fig. 4), a character distinct from other species of Colletotrichum. The conidia of C. nupharicola become 2-celled and secondary conidia form from germ tubes ( Johnson et al., 1997). The appressoria of C. hippeastri are larger than those of C. nupharicola (10.5-17.5 × 8-12.5 µm vs. 6-10 × 7-9 µm), and they are irregular, crenate or lobed ( Figs ...
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... conidia of C. nupharicola become 2-celled and secondary conidia form from germ tubes ( Johnson et al., 1997). The appressoria of C. hippeastri are larger than those of C. nupharicola (10.5-17.5 × 8-12.5 µm vs. 6-10 × 7-9 µm), and they are irregular, crenate or lobed ( Figs 4H, I, K-N), whereas those of C. nupharicola are ovoid to clavate. The conidia of C. hippeastri are longer than those of C. sansevieriae (mean 29.2 × 8.8 µm vs 18.4 × 6.4 µm). ...
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Anthracnose is a serious fungal disease that primarily infects strawberry roots and stolons during development. Here, 91 isolates from different areas of Zhejiang province, China, were collected. Morphological characteristics were analyzed, and a phylogenetic analysis based on multiple genes (actin, internal transcribed spacer, calmodulin, glyceral...
Citations
... Crouch et al. used ITS, HMG, Apn2, Mat1-2, and SOD2 in 2006 and 2009 to identify various gramineous plant anthracnose pathogens and conducted phylogenetic and population genetic differences analysis on Colletotrichum cereale in different grassland populations. The Cai research group [13,15,32,33] conducted a classification analysis of Colletotrichum spp. They were isolated from different plants using ITS, ACT, GAPDH, HIS3, CHS-1, TUB2, CAL, and GS. ...
Anthracnose of pepper is a significant disease caused by Colletotrichum spp. In 2017 and 2021, 296 isolates were obtained from 69 disease samples. Through morphological analysis, pathogenicity detection, and polygenic phylogenetic analysis, the above strains were attributed to 10 species: C. scovillei, C. fructicola, C. karstii, C. truncatum, C. gloeosporioides, C. kahawae, C. boninense, C. nymphaeae, C. plurivorum, and C. nigrum. C. scovillei had the most strains (150), accounting for 51.02% of the total isolates; C. fructicola came in second (72 isolates), accounting for 24.49%. Regarding regional distribution, Zunyi City has the highest concentration of strains—92 strains total, or 34.18%—across seven species. Notably, this investigation showed that C. nymphaeae infected pepper fruit for the first time in China. Genetic diversity analysis showed that C. fructicola could be divided into seven haplotypes, and the population in each region had apparent genetic differentiation. However, the genetic distance between each population was not significantly related to geographical distance. Neutral detection and nucleotide mismatch analysis showed that C. fructicola might have undergone population expansion.
... Colletotrichum siamense Prihast., L. Cai & K.D. Hyde (2009) ≡ Colletotrichum rhizophorae Norph. and K.D. Hyde, in Norphanphoun, C., Hyde, K.D, Pathogens 12, 1436 ≡ Colletotrichum thailandica Norph. ...
... Thus, treated as synonyms herein. Several phylogenetic revisions have been conducted on Colletotrichum siamense sensu lato, leading to the conclusion that it constitutes a single species rather than a species complex (Doyle et al., 2013;Lima et al., 2013;Liu et al., 2016;Peng et al., 2012;Sharma et al., 2015;Vieira et al., 2014;Weir et al., 2012;Wikee et al., 2011;Yang et al., 2009). Recent studies also synonymised closely related species viz., C. menglaense, C. pandanicola, and C. parvisporum to C. siamense (Zhang et al., 2022;Armand & Jayawardena, 2024). ...
Mangroves play a significant part in the marine ecosystem and harbour a plethora of microorganisms vital for various ecological functions. However, they remain vulnerable to disruptive impacts caused by fungal plant pathogens. In this study, leaves with anthracnose symptoms were collected from mangrove forests in Prachuap Khiri Khan, Thailand. Three species were identified using a polyphasic approach namely two new species – Colletotrichum avicenniae from Avicennia marina, Colletotrichumlumnitzerae from Lumnitzera racemosa, and a known
species Colletotrichum tropicale. Combined analysis of ITS, gapdh, chs-1, act, and tub2 sequence data coupled with Genealogical Concordance Phylogenetic Species Recognition Analysis (GCPSRA) supported the two strains as two distinct species within the gloeosporioides species complex. The three Colletotrichum species were compared and differentiated with closely related taxa. Koch’s postulates were proven, demonstrating that C. avicenniae, C. lumnitzerae, and C. tropicale cause anthracnose leaf spots in mangroves. Understanding the classification and etiology of these fungal pathogens will contribute to a more comprehensive knowledge of mangrove biology within the marine ecosystem.
... orientalis Research in Plant Disease Vol. 29 No. 4 351 . C. siamense (Prihastuti , 2009;Yang , 2009 (2015) 3 (GAPDH, TUB2, ACT) ...
Anthracnose, caused by the Colletotrichum genus, comprises a significant number of plant pathogens and poses a major threat to fruit production worldwide, including South Korea. Colletotrichum species were identified associated with anthracnose in fruits such as apple, persimmon, plum, peach, jujube, walnut, and grape. A polyphasic approach, including morphology, multigene phylogenetics, and pathogenicity testing, was used. Additionally, the in-vitro sensitivity of identified Colletotrichum species to common fungicides was also evaluated. A total of nine Colletotrichum species within two complexes, namely gloeosporioides and acutatum, have been identified as the causal agents of anthracnose in common fruits in South Korea. In the gloeosporioides complex, we found Colletotrichum aenigma, C. fructicola, C. gloeosporioides, C. horii, C. siamense , and C. viniferum . Meanwhile, in the acutatum complex, C. fioriniae, C. nymphaeae , and C. orientalis were identified. Notably, C. fructicola, C. siamense, C. fioriniae , and C. nymphaeae were reported for the first time from apple, C. siamense, C. fioriniae and C. nymphaeae from plum, C. siamense, C. fructicola , and C. fioriniae from peach, C. siamense and C. horii from persimmon, C. fioriniae from Omija ( Schisandra ), C. orientalis from walnut, C. nymphaeae from jujube, and C. aenigma, C. fructicola , and C. siamense from grape. Fungicide sensitivity tests revealed significant variation in the EC<sub>50</sub> values among specific Colletotrichum species when exposed to different fungicides. Moreover, the same Colletotrichum species isolated from different host plants displayed varying sensitivity to the same fungicide.
... infect a wide range of ornamental plants and tropical, subtropical and temperate fruit crops (Bernstein et al., 1995;Freeman and Shabi, 1996;Freeman et al., 1998;Polizzi et al., 2011;Aiello et al., 2015;Ismail et al., 2015;Guarnaccia et al., , 2019Guarnaccia et al., , 2021Vitale et al., 2021). Numerous species of Colletotrichum are recognized to affect citrus and allied genera (Atlantia, Fortunella, Microcitrus, Murraya, Poncirus), and are included in four species complexes (SCs), namely gloeosporioides SC (Cannon et al., 2008;Phoulivong et al., 2011;Weir et al., 2012), acutatum SC (Marcelino et al., 2008;Shivas and Tan, 2009;Damm et al., 2012b;Baroncelli et al., 2015), boninense SC (Moriwaki et al., 2003;Yang et al., 2009;Damm et al., 2012a) and truncatum SC (Damm et al., 2009;Cannon et al., 2012). These pathogenic fungi are well-known to cause anthracnose, post bloom fruit drop, tear stain, stem-end rot, and withered twig tips on several citrus hosts (Brown et al., 1996;Timmer et al., 2000;Peres et al., 2008;Lima et al., 2011;McGovern et al., 2012;Riolo et al., 2021), and losses of marketable fruit (Aiello et al., 2015;Ramos et al., 2016;Rhaiem and Taylor, 2016). ...
Citrus fruit crops are important in many countries. Anthracnose, post bloom fruit drop, fruit stem-end rot, twig and branch dieback and gummosis, caused by Colletotrichum spp., are diseases that seriously threaten citrus production. Surveys of kumquat (Fortunella margarita) orchards were conducted in Eastern Sicily, Southern Italy, during 2022-23. Fungi isolated from twig and branch dieback of F. margarita were identified as Colletotrichum karsti through multi-locus (gapdh, tub2 and act) phy-logeny. Pathogenicity and aggressiveness on detached apple fruit and kumquat plants were confirmed for a selection of representative isolates, although with different levels of disease incidence observed. This is the most comprehensive study on identification of C. karsti as the causal agent of twig and branch dieback of kumquat.
... One set of inoculated plates in 3 replications were kept in continuous darkness and the second set had a 16/8 h light/dark cycle at 28 °C for 10 days.. Growth rate was estimated by measuring the colony diameter every day from the 4th day of incubation and colony characteristics were recorded. Conidial appressoria were produced using the protocol described by Yang et al. (2009) and mycelial appressoria using the protocol described by Cai et al. (2009) and Liu et al. (2016). Samples for microscopy were prepared using sterile distilled water and examined using a Nikon Eclipse 80i microscope. ...
Anthracnose of chilli caused by a complex of Colletotrichum species causes significant yield losses by causing both pre- and post-harvest fruit decay. To understand the diversity of Colletotrichum in India, phylogenetic analysis of 115 Colletotrichum isolates, based on ITS and TUB2 sequences separated Colletotrichum isolates into 4 major species complexes (SC), i.e., truncatum SC (70 isolates), gloeosporioides SC (39 isolates), orchidearum SC (4 isolates) and boninense SC (2 isolates). Two isolates were selected among those preliminary identified to be analyzed further with CHS1, ACT, GAPDH and CAL genomic regions and found C. truncatum, C. gloeosporioides, C. siamense, C. fructicola, C. karstii and C. plurivorum. In pathogenicity tests on unwounded plants, all Colletotrichum spp. identified in this study were able to cause lesions on chilli and papaya but were non-pathogenic to tomato and cotton. The findings provide information on the distribution and prevalence of Colletotrichum spp. in India, crucial for deployment of effective integrated pest management strategies and for resistance breeding. The results also suggest that Colletotrichum spp. are opportunistic pathogens that can cause considerable damage to non-host crops.
... Pure culture FGZ-1 was grown on potato dextrose agar (PDA) (200 g of potato, 20 g of dextrose, 15 g of agar powder, and 1,000 ml of distilled water) or V8 juice medium (100 ml of V8 tomato juice, 1 g of CaCO3, and 15 g of agar per 1000 ml of distilled water) [30] and incubated at 25±2°C with a 12h photoperiod for analyzing the colony morphology [31]. The colony morphology and color were recorded on day nine. ...
Lucky bamboo (Dracaena sanderiana hort. ex Mast. = Dracaena braunii) is a domestic species widely cultivated for ornamental purposes in China. In March 2022, a severe occurrence of anthracnose disease was observed on the stems of lucky bamboo plants in a greenery retail store located in Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China. The morphological characteristics of isolates obtained from diseased stem tissues were identical with those described for Colletotrichum species. Based on multilocus phylogenetic analysis with the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), actin (ACT) gene, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) gene, the pathogen was identified as Colleto-trichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc. Pathogenicity was verified by mycelial plug-inoculating stem cuttings of one-year-old lucky bamboo plants and spray-inoculating whole one-year-old lucky bamboo plants, respectively. Koch’s postulates were fulfilled by the re-isolation of C. gloeosporioides from symptomatic tissues. To the best of our knowledge, this report describes the first time that C. gloeosporioides was observed to cause anthracnose on lucky bamboo in China.
... It appears that some species of Colletotrichum, such as C. horii (on persimmon) and C. kahawae (on coffee) may be restricted to certain hosts genera or families, while some others may have a wide range of hosts. For instance, C. fructicola has been reported from walnut, coffee, chilli, longan, shine muscat, papaya and tea (Prihastuti et al. 2009;Yang et al. 2009;Sharma and Shenoy 2014;Wang et al. 2018;Lim et al. 2020;Lin et al. 2021). To summarise, in Beijing, C. juglandicola and C. peakense, two species new to science, were the causal agents of walnut anthracnose. ...
Colletotrichum species are plant pathogens, saprobes and endophytes on various plant hosts. It is regarded as one of the 10 most important genera of plant pathogens in the world. Walnut anthracnose is one of the most severe diseases affecting walnut productivity and quality in China. In this study, 162 isolates were obtained from 30 fruits and 65 leaf samples of walnut collected in Beijing, China. Based on morphological characteristics and DNA sequence analyses of the concatenated loci, namely internal transcribed spacer (ITS), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase ( GAPDH ), actin ( ACT ), chitin synthase 1 ( CHS-1 ) and beta-tubulin (TUB2), these isolates were identified as two novel species of Colletotrichum , i.e. C. juglandicola and C. peakense . Koch’s postulates indicated that both C. juglandicola and C. peakense could cause anthracnose in walnut.
... A revised CTAB method [2] was used to extract the genomic DNA from representative strain BWZ2 (China [2][3][4][5][6]. The DNA of the amplicons was sequenced by Sangon Biotech (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. ...
... A revised CTAB method [2] was used to extract the genomic DNA from representative strain BWZ2 (China [2][3][4][5][6]. The DNA of the amplicons was sequenced by Sangon Biotech (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. ...
... A multi-locus approach [2,[8][9] was utilized to further identify this pathogen. A BLAST search of the nucleotide database of GenBank indicated that the related amplicons of the ACT (OP573254), CHS1 (OP573255), GAPDH (OP573256), HIS (OP573257), ITS (KJ685390), and TUB2 (OP573258) genes of the representative isolate BWZ2 shared 100%, 99.3%, 98.8%, 99.7%, 100%, and 99.6% of sequence identity with those of C. siamense (MW696003, MF188858, HM038326, MG561765, MK880376, and JF811021, respectively). ...
... Colletotrichum siamense was first reported on the berries of Coffea arabica in Thailand [44]. Most previous studies have had difficulties distinguishing among C. siamense, C. jasmini-sambac, and C. hymenocallidis within the C. gloeosporioides complex [45,46]. However, later on, C. jasmini-sambac and C. hymenocallidis were demoted as synonyms of C. siamense [22]. ...
Salix babylonica L. is a popular ornamental tree species in China and widely cultivated in Asia, Europe, and North America. Anthracnose in S. babylonica poses a serious threat to its growth and reduces its medicinal properties. In 2021, a total of 55 Colletotrichum isolates were isolated from symptomatic leaves in three provinces in China. Phylogenetic analyses using six loci (ITS, ACT, CHS-1, TUB2, CAL, and GAPDH) and a morphological characterization of the 55 isolates showed that they belonged to four species of Colletotrichum, including C. aenigma, C. fructicola, C. gloeosporioides s.s., and C. siamense. Among them, C. siamense was the dominant species, and C. gloeosporioides s.s. was occasionally discovered from the host tissues. Pathogenicity tests revealed that all the isolates of the aforementioned species were pathogenic to the host, and there were significant differences in pathogenicity or virulence among these isolates. The information on the diversity of Colletotrichum spp. that causes S. babylonica anthracnose in China is new.
... Sacc. (Datar and Ghule, 1985), F. incarnatum (Zhu et al., 2021), Fusarium oxysporum (Yang et al., 2009), Fusarium moniliforme and Fusarium pallidoroseum (Parey et al., 2013) with fruit rot disease. ...
Background: Fruit rot is an age old destructive disease of chilli caused by complex fungal pathogens resulting in severe yield losses both at pre and post-harvest stages. Hence, this study aims to investigate the occurrence of fruit rot disease in Tamil Nadu and to identify the fungal pathogens associated with fruit rot symptoms based on morpho-molecular characters. Methods: Roving survey was conducted in various districts of Tamil Nadu to determine the prevalence of fruit rot disease and to ascertain its causative agents. The pathogens were identified based on the conidial morphology, cultural characteristics and further confirmed by Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using ITS 1 and ITS 4 primers. Result: Maximum disease severity was documented in Dharmapuri followed by Namakkal and lowest in Nagapattinam district. Ten isolates representing two genera viz., Colletotrichum and Fusarium were recovered from fruit rot infected chilli fruits and validated by pathogenicity test. Based on the morpho-cultural characters, 2 isolates were identified as Fusarium sp., with oval/ellipsoidal microconidia and straight/curved macroconidia, 6 isolates as Colletotrichum scovillei with fusiform conidia and 2 isolates as Colletotrichum truncatum with falcate conidia. The virulent isolates were further confirmed as C. scovillei based on PCR amplification of ITS region of genomic DNA.
