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Colletotrichum brevisporum (A-N, U-V. from culture CBS 129957. O-T. from culture CBS 512.75). A-B. Conidiomata. C, I. Tips of setae. D, J. Bases of setae. E-H, K-N. Conidiophores. O-T. Appressoria. U-V. Conidia. A, C-H, U. from Anthriscus stem. B, I-T, V. from SNA. A-B. Dissecting microscope (DM). C-V. Differential interference contrast illumination (DIC). Scale bars: A = 100 μm, E = 10 μm. Scale bar of A applies to A-B. Scale bar of E applies to C-V.
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Although Glomerella glycines, Colletotrichum magnum and C. orchidearum are known as causal agents of anthracnose of soybean, Cucurbitaceae and Orchidaceae, respectively, their taxonomy remains unresolved. In preliminary analyses based on ITS, strains of these species appear basal in Colletotrichum phylogenies, clustering close to C. cliviae, C. bre...
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... there are only ITS sequences available of the strains from papaya and passion fruit in the paper of Shivas et al. (2016), which is not absolute proof of their identity as C. brevisporum, different strains included in this study (CBS 512.75, MAFF 305751) confirm the occurrence of this species on these hosts. However, we also included a strain from papaya in Japan (MAFF 240517), that represents a different species in the C. magnum species complex (see C. okinawense). We also report here C. brevisporum on Anthurium in Thailand ( Fig. 2A-N, U-V). A different strain from Anthurium in Thailand was identified as C. karstii (CBS 129927) by Damm et al. (2012b), belonging to the C. boninense species ...
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... different strains included in this study (CBS 512.75, MAFF 305751) confirm the occurrence of this species on these hosts. However, we also included a strain from papaya in Japan (MAFF 240517), that represents a different species in the C. magnum species complex (see C. okinawense). We also report here C. brevisporum on Anthurium in Thailand ( Fig. 2A-N, U-V). A different strain from Anthurium in Thailand was identified as C. karstii (CBS 129927) by Damm et al. (2012b), belonging to the C. boninense species ...
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Sweet cherry is an important fruit crop with high economic and ornamental value in China. However, cherry fruit anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum species, greatly impacts cherry yield and quality. Here, we surveyed cherry anthracnose in Guizhou, China from 2019–2020. Necrotic sweet cherry fruits were collected from different areas in Guizhou an...
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... Since the initial identification of Colletotrichum trifolii as the causative agent of alfalfa anthracnose by Bain and Essary in 1906 [12], research on this disease has been continually ongoing. More recently, several other Colletotrichum species have also been associated with this disease, including C. destructivum [13], C. coccodes and C. dematium [14,15], C. gloeosporioides [16], C. truncatum [17], C. tofieldiae [18], C. lini [19], C. spinaciae [20], C. americae-borealis [21] and C. sojae [22]. Previously, the Colletotrichum species were identified mainly based on their morphological and cultural characteristics. ...
... The development and utilization of molecular techniques, specifically the comparative analysis of multiple nucleotide sequences, such as the nuclear rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, actin (ACT), histone (HIS3) and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), have yielded substantial insights into both the phylogenetic relationships among individual populations and the genetic structure of the populations [24]. Previous studies have indicated the efficacy of a phylogenetic approach in conjunction with morphological analyses for discerning the points of difference among closely related Colletotrichum species and even among individuals of the same species [21,22,25,26]. Even so, there remains a lack of research on the etiology and ecology of alfalfa anthracnose in major production areas in China, and understanding of the variability and aggressiveness of Colletotrichum species isolates from alfalfa remains limited. ...
Anthracnose caused by various species of Colletotrichum is one of the most prevalent diseases in alfalfa worldwide that not only reduces forage yields but also severely compromises forage quality. A comprehensive survey was conducted in 2020 in the main production regions of northern China. The survey results showed that alfalfa anthracnose is prevalent in northern China, with the disease incidence ranging from 9% to 45% and the disease index from 5 to 17 (maximum possible score: 100). In total, 24 isolates were collected and identified as three Colletotrichum species (C. trifolii, C. truncatum and C. americae-borealis) based on morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analysis (combined sequences ITS, HIS3, ACT and GAPDH). The three species displayed remarkable environmental adaptability, exhibiting a capacity for growth, sporulation and conidial germination in temperatures ranging from 4 to 35 °C and in different nutrient conditions. Pathogenicity assays showed that C. trifolii was more virulent than the other two species, although the growth vigor (in terms of colony diameter, sporulation and conidial germination) of C. truncatum was the greatest.
... A similar prevalence has been reported in other crops across the Amazon region and northeastern states of Brazil [41]. Such a prevalence may be attributed to the species' diversity and wide host range [12,45], or to facilitated dissemination due to small-scale farming, extensive exchange of propagation material among producers and consecutive planting lacking proper cultural treatment. Although, in crops in tropical countries, this species is reported as the main cause of anthracnose [46], including that in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) in Para State, Brazil [47], the high prevalence of C. plurivorum found in our study is not necessarily causing significant virulence in cassava. ...
Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is a staple crop widely cultivated by small farmers in tropical countries. However, despite the low level of technology required for its management, it can be affected by several diseases, with anthracnose as the main threat. There is little information about the main species of Colletotrichum that infect cassava in Brazil. Thus, the objective of this work was to study the diversity, prevalence and virulence of Colletotrichum species that cause anthracnose in cassava leaves in northern Brazil. Twenty municipalities of the Pará and Tocantins states were selected, and leaves with symptoms were collected in those locations. Pure cultures were isolated in the laboratory. Species were identified using phylogenetic analyses of multiple loci, and their pathogenicity, aggressivity and virulence levels were assessed. Our results showed the greatest diversity of Colletotrichum associated with anthracnose in cassava plants of the “Formosa” cultivar in the Tocantins and Pará states. We determined the presence of Colletotrichum chrysophilum, C. truncatum, C. siamense, C. fructicola, C. plurivorum, C. musicola and C. karsti, with C. chrysophilum as the most aggressive and virulent. Our findings provide accurate identifications of species of Colletotrichum causing anthracnose in cassava crops, which are of great relevance for cassava breeding programs (e.g., the search for genotypes with polygenic resistance since the pathogen is so diverse) and for developing anthracnose management strategies that can work efficiently against species complexes of Colletotrichum.
... The following four pairs of assays can be duplexed, which allows for quicker results if the whole panel is run: C. fioriniae with C. nymphaeae (both in CASC), C. fructicola with C. siamense, C. gloeosporioides with C. noveboracense, and C. henanese with C. theobromicola (in CGSC). These assays will provide faster identification of species than MLST, which is currently the most reliable molecular assay for species identification [22,56,57]. This is the first report of species-specific assays for C. chrysophilum, C. fioriniae, C. henanense, and C. noveboracense. ...
... Culture-based methods are time-intensive, require expertise, and are not always reliable [58]. MLST often requires 5-8 genes and high expertise to reliably resolve phylogenetic relationships [9,56,[58][59][60]. Our primer-probe sets required as many as 20 mismatches among both the primers and probe ( Figure S2) and annealing temperatures that were mainly > 68 • C in order to eliminate non-specific amplification ( Table 2), underscoring the necessity of our manual, meticulous, wide-ranging search for polymorphic areas in genes from as many GenBank Accessions as we could find (Table S1). ...
Bitter rot of apple is an economically important worldwide disease caused by different Colletotrichum species, depending on many factors such as climate, geography, other hosts, and crop management practices. Culture, morphology, and single-locus sequencing-based methods for identifying the Colletotrichum species are severely limited in effectiveness, while the multilocus sequence typing methods available for delineating species are costly, time-intensive, and require high expertise. We developed species-specific hydrolysis probe real-time PCR assays for the following nine Colletotrichum species causing bitter rot in the Mid-Atlantic U.S.A.: C. fructicola, C. chrysophilum, C. noveboracense, C. gloeosporioides s.s., C. henanense, C. siamense and C. theobromicola from the C. gloeosporioides species complex, and C. fioriniae and C. nymphaeae from the C. acutatum species complex. After searching 14 gene regions, we designed primers and probes in 5 of them for the nine target species. Four primer-probe set pairs were able to be duplexed. Sensitivity tests showed as little as 0.5 pg DNA were detectable. These real-time PCR assays will provide rapid and reliable identification of these key Colletotrichum species and will be critically important for studies aiming to elucidate their biology, epidemiology, and management on apples as the number one produced and consumed tree fruit in the U.S.A.
... Cai et al. [4] suggested that a mycelial disc (about 4 mm) be taken from the edge of a five-day-old colony with vigorous activity and inoculated in PDA plates at 20 • C, 25 • C, and 30 • C under constant fluorescence light to observe the growth rate and morphological characteristics of the Colletotrichum fungi. However, Damm et al. [8][9][10][11][12] still used their method to observe the features of the colony and characteristic structures. They used the SNA and OA cultures to incubate at 20 • C under near-UV light with a 12 h photoperiod for 10 d. ...
... They were isolated from different plants using ITS, ACT, GAPDH, HIS3, CHS-1, TUB2, CAL, and GS. Damm et al. [6,[8][9][10][11][12]34] used the same genes (except GS) to comprehensively descript and identify Colletotrichum spp., which include Colletotrichum with curved conidia, C. acutatum, C. destructivum, C. dracaenophilum, C. magnum, and C. orchidearum species complexes, as well as C. eriobotryae sp. nov. ...
... C. plurivorum belongs to the C. orchidearum species complex, isolated originally from Sichuan diseased chili fruit by Liu et al. [14] and named C. sichuanensis. It was later recognized as the homonymous species of C. cliviicola in Douanla-Meli et al.'s study [56], while Damm et al.'s study [12] identified them as two different species. The former has a wide host range, and the latter was named after its host Clivia, which GAPDH, TUB2, and HIS3 sequences could distinguish. ...
Anthracnose of pepper is a significant disease caused by Colletotrichum spp. In 2017 and 2021, 296 isolates were obtained from 69 disease samples. Through morphological analysis, pathogenicity detection, and polygenic phylogenetic analysis, the above strains were attributed to 10 species: C. scovillei, C. fructicola, C. karstii, C. truncatum, C. gloeosporioides, C. kahawae, C. boninense, C. nymphaeae, C. plurivorum, and C. nigrum. C. scovillei had the most strains (150), accounting for 51.02% of the total isolates; C. fructicola came in second (72 isolates), accounting for 24.49%. Regarding regional distribution, Zunyi City has the highest concentration of strains—92 strains total, or 34.18%—across seven species. Notably, this investigation showed that C. nymphaeae infected pepper fruit for the first time in China. Genetic diversity analysis showed that C. fructicola could be divided into seven haplotypes, and the population in each region had apparent genetic differentiation. However, the genetic distance between each population was not significantly related to geographical distance. Neutral detection and nucleotide mismatch analysis showed that C. fructicola might have undergone population expansion.
... morphologically indistinguishable (e.g., Crouch et al. 2009;Damm et al. 2009). This approach led to the introduction of the concept of species complexes in Colletotrichum (Damm et al. 2012a, b;Weir et al. 2012), which has been widely accepted as a taxonomic framework (e.g., Damm et al. 2013Damm et al. , 2019Bhunjun et al. 2021) and, to date, accommodates more than 300 species based on DNA sequence data, organized into more than 16 species complexes and some singletons (Talhinhas and Baroncelli 2023). ...
Worldwide, the genus Colletotrichum has been poorly documented in forest trees compared to crops. In Chile, most of the records from native plants date from the beginning of the last century, and only a few species are properly identified according to modern taxonomy. To contribute to the knowledge of Colletotrichum species diversity in Chilean native forests, we examined 50 strains collected from 17 woody plant hosts between 36 and 40° S latitude in south-central Chile. Based on morphological characters, multi-locus phylogenetic analyses (ITS, GAPDH, CHS-1, HIS3, ACT, TUB2), and coalescent-based species delimitation methods, we identified ten species belonging to the Colletotrichum acutatum and Colletotrichum boninense species complexes. These were identified as Colletotrichum arboricola, C. brassicicola, C. godetiae, C. pyricola, C. rhombiforme, and C. roseum, along with the new species described here as C. americanum, C. laurosilvaticum, C. palki, and C. perseicola. We also propose to synonymize C. lauri with C. godetiae and C. australisinense with C. wanningense.
... However, micro-morphological features such as the size and shape of conidia, appressoria and setae or teleomorph characters overlapped in many species and these features could change under different growing conditions . For instance, cylindrical conidia with round ends were typical characteristics of species of the C. gloeosporioides species complex, but these characteristics were also observed in many members in the C. dracaenophilum, C. magnum, and C. orchidearum species complexes, or in some singleton species (Damm et al., 2019;Liu et al., 2022). Cultural characteristics of different strains of a species in the C. gloeosporioides species complex were often significant variations . ...
The Colletotrichum gloeosporioides species complex includes many phytopathogenic species, causing anthracnose disease on a wide range of host plants and appearing to be globally distributed. Seventy-one Colletotrichum isolates in the complex from different plants and geographic regions in Korea were preserved in the Korean Agricultural Culture Collection (KACC). Most of them had been identified based on hosts and morphological features, this could lead to inaccurate species names. Therefore, the KACC isolates were re-identified using DNA sequence analyses of six loci, comprising internal transcribed spacer, gapdh, chs-1, his3, act, and tub2 in this study. Based on the combined phylogenetic analysis, KACC strains were assigned to 12 known species and three new species candidates. The detected species are C. siamense (n = 20), C. fructicola (n = 19), C. gloeosporioides (n = 9), C. aenigma (n = 5), C. camelliae (n = 3), C. temperatum (n = 3), C. musae (n = 2), C. theobromicola (n = 2), C. viniferum (n = 2), C. alatae (n = 1), C. jiangxiense (n = 1), and C. yulongense (n = 1). Of these, C. jiangxiense, C. temperatum, C. theobromicola and C. yulongense are unrecorded species in Korea. Host plant comparisons showed that 27 fungus-host associations are newly reported in the country. However, plant-fungus interactions need to be investigated by pathogenicity tests.
... Currently, there are about 250 actual species distributed among 14 species complexes (caudatum, graminicola, spaethianum, destructivum, acutatum, dematium, gigasporum, gloeosporioides, boninense, truncatum, orbiculare, dracaenophilum, magnum, and orchidearum), as well as 13 individual species based on molecular genetic data (Damm et al., 2019;Jayawardena et al., 2021). There are references to some Colletotrichum species on wild plants in our country, but they are mostly unsystematized and fragmentary (Gasich et al., 1999(Gasich et al., , 2015(Gasich et al., , 2016Mel'nik et al., 2008;Gannibal et al., 2010). ...
... Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), β-tubulin (TUB2), chitin synthase (CHS-1), and actin (ACT) are generally considered the most suitable molecular markers (Damm et al. 2019;Boufleur et al. 2021). However, a recent study emphasized that there is no universal set of loci suitable for every Colletotrichum species complex (dos Santos Vieira et al. 2020). ...
... Colletotrichum species can lead to misinterpretations(Damm et al. 2019). Furthermore, phenotypic traits may exhibit inconsistencies when evaluated under different experimental conditions. ...
Grapevine is among the most economically significant cultivated plants globally, primarily for wine and table grape production. However, both grape production and quality can be adversely affected by fungal diseases, such as powdery and downy mildews. In subtropical regions, vineyards are also vulnerable to infection by Colletotrichum spp., leading to grape ripe rot. The development of grape ripe rot is facilitated by high temperature and moisture during the final stages of berry ripening. In the past three decades, disease reports examined in this study indicate that Colletotrichum species associated with grape ripe rot are predominantly from two species complexes: gloeosporioides and acutatum. Analysis of sequenced loci related to grape ripe rot, available on GenBank, has revealed that taxon identification often lags behind the latest phylogenetic findings. In the expansive and genetically diverse Colletotrichum genus, species identification can sometimes pose challenges. However, it is imperative to establish effective crop management strategies. Furthermore, stakeholders are grappling with the issue of fungicide resistance, and alternatives to chemical compounds, such as biological control strategies, have yet to become a practical reality.
... , recentemente reclassificada como C. sojae (DAMM, 2019;CASTRO, 2018), C. musicola (CASTRO, 2018) e C. plurivorum (DAMM, 2019). ...
... , recentemente reclassificada como C. sojae (DAMM, 2019;CASTRO, 2018), C. musicola (CASTRO, 2018) e C. plurivorum (DAMM, 2019). ...
No Brasil, o estado de Mato Grosso é o principal produtor de soja, sua produção colabora com cerca de 29% da produção nacional. A produtividade das plantas de soja está relacionada, dentre outras atividades, com o manejo correto de doenças, essa eficiência no manejo fúngico ocorre principalmente quando se tem conhecimento das características do microrganismo alvo. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a sensibilidade de Colletotrichum plurivorum e Colletotrichum truncatum a fungicidas disponíveis no mercado. Foram realizados ensaios em placas de Petri, com os fungicidas homogeneizados em meio de cultura batata-dextrose-ágar (BDA) e posterior incubação em incubadora com Demanda Bioquímica de Oxigênio (BOD). Avaliou-se o crescimento micelial diariamente, esporulação e germinação de esporos. Os ensaios comprovaram que C. plurivorum e C. truncatum possuem sensibilidade diferente aos ingredientes ativos estudados, sendo que C. plurivorum apresenta maior sensibilidade aos produtos. O fungicida Mancozebe e a associação Azoxistrobina + Mancozebe + Protioconazol proporcionaram eficiente controle no desenvolvimento de C. truncatum. Os fungicidas Picoxistrobina + Benzovindiflupir e Azoxistrobina + Mancozebe + Protioconazol, promoveram maior eficiência no controle de C. plurivorum.
... Since then, the classification of Colletotrichum has undergone significant revisions (Cannon et al. 2012;Damm et al. 2012Damm et al. , 2019Weir et al. 2012;Jayawardena et al. 2016). Thus, multi-gene phylogenetic analysis is considered necessary for identifying individual Colletotrichum isolates. ...
... Before, C. brevisporum did not belong to any of the former species complexes. However, recently, Damm et al., (2019) resolved and established taxonomic arrangements of some of these Colletotrichum strains and assigned them to a new species complex: magnum species complex (Damm et al. 2019). In some previous studies, C. brevisporum was described as a causal agent in leaf anthracnose of Neoregelia sp., and Pandanus pygmaeus in Thailand (Noireung et al. 2012 (Liu et al. 2016), and red bell pepper fruit in Trinidad (Villafana et al. 2019). ...
... Before, C. brevisporum did not belong to any of the former species complexes. However, recently, Damm et al., (2019) resolved and established taxonomic arrangements of some of these Colletotrichum strains and assigned them to a new species complex: magnum species complex (Damm et al. 2019). In some previous studies, C. brevisporum was described as a causal agent in leaf anthracnose of Neoregelia sp., and Pandanus pygmaeus in Thailand (Noireung et al. 2012 (Liu et al. 2016), and red bell pepper fruit in Trinidad (Villafana et al. 2019). ...
Chilli (Capsicum spp.), is a vegetable widely consumed all over the world. It is a crucial ingredient in many culinary dishes and a significant source of income for farmers across various countries. Unfortunately, the cultivation of this crop is not without its challenges, as it can be affected by pathogenic fungi, which can lead to a decrease in yield and quality. To identify the pathogen causing the disease, this study used combined methods, including analyzing morphological features, DNA sequences, and conducting a phylogenetic analysis of multiple genes. The infected samples were randomly harvested from the chilli fields in three provinces of Vietnam: Thua Thien Hue, Quang Binh, and Quang Tri. This study recovered a total of ten isolates from diseased chilli peppers, and based on the phylogenetic analysis of the combined dataset, these isolates were identified as six species, including Colletotrichum scovillei, C. siamense, C. fructicola, C. brevisporum, Fusarium sulawesiense, and Epicoccum latusicollum. These pathogens were found to be the causative agents of chilli disease. In addition to identifying the pathogen species responsible for chilli disease, this research provides valuable insights into the taxonomy, phylogenetic relationships, and diversity of fungal pathogens affecting chilli crops. These findings contribute to the development of effective management strategies to control these diseases and improve chilli production.
