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Objective
The purpose of this study was to present the reliability of three validated measures, namely the System of Analysis of Instruction in Competition, the Questionnaire on Coach Instructional Behavior Expectations, and the Questionnaire on Coach Instructional Behavior Perception that could be used in a mix-method approach.
Methods
Three inst...
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This study examined the relationship between “exercise passion”, sports confidence, exercise continuation intention, and the moderating effect of the coach’s support to provide basic data for Taekwondo players and instructors. A total of 428 data items were obtained using purposive sampling. Data were analyzed using frequency analysis, reliability...
Citations
... Coaches play a key role in designing training sessions [8], and thus, training load can be measured internally, as a psychophysiological response, or externally, considering the physical work performed [9]. External load is usually collected by global positioning systems (GPS), global navigation satellite systems, local positioning systems, and inertial measurement units that belong to micro-electro-mechanical systems (which provide a combination of 3D accelerometers, 3D gyroscopes, and 3D magnetometers) [10]. ...
Background and Objectives: Research on female soccer players that analyzes playing status is scarce and has previously only examined load monitoring, while other markers, such as physical (i.e., strength, power, and agility), physiological (i.e., maximal oxygen uptake), and body composition (i.e., body fat mass, fat-free mass, body water, and phase angle) markers, warrant further investigation. Thus, the study aims were to (a) compare physical, physiological, body composition, and load markers between starters and non-starters; (b) compare measurements pre-and post-training intervention (five weeks); and (c) analyze any relationships between physical, physiological, body composition, and load markers in an elite female soccer team. Materials and Methods: Fourteen first-team players participated in the study (age 23.29 ± 3.19 years, weight 59.14 ± 6.87 kg, height 1.66 ± 0.08 m). Several physical (n = 15), physiological (n = 1), body composition (n = 11), and load markers (n = 14) were collected. In addition, participants were subdivided into starters (n = 7) and non-starters (n = 7). Results: No differences were revealed between starters and non-starters in any of the examined variables. Moreover, following the training intervention, a significantly lower value was found for total body water/fat-free mass ratio (p = 0.043; ES = 0.582). In addition, there were several correlations detected between load and physical/physiological markers (n = 28); load and body composition markers (n = 6); physical/physiological and body composition markers (n = 34); and physical and physiological markers (n = 42). Conclusions: In conclusion, only a slight tendency of higher load values for starters than non-starters was observed. In addition, no differences in physical, physiological, and body composition markers were found between starters and non-starters, possibly suggesting that five weeks were not enough to improve such variables. Finally, the present results provide novel information assessing the effects of the pre-season in elite female Portuguese soccer players and contribute to a better understanding of the associations between different types of measurements.
... As heads of the team, sports coaches play a fundamental role in proposing a work method that includes the planning and design of training sessions [8]. Although there are different options for periodization or planning strategy in elite soccer [9], these can be ...
Background: Coaches propose training strategies to develop their playing model, but the impact on the conditional demand of players is unknown. The objective of this study aimed to assess the conditional demands associated with five competitive micro-cycle (Mi) planning strategies put forth by professional soccer coaches. The dependent locomotor variables were: total distance traveled (TD, in m), high-speed running distance (TD21, >21 km·h−1, in m), sprint distance (TD27, >27 km·h−1, in m), acceleration load (aLoaD, in AU) and number of accelerations (ACC2, >2 m·s−2 in n) and decelerations (DEC2, <−2 m·s−2 in n). The activity profile of the players was monitored during each training session using a global positioning system (GPS) during four seasons (2018–2019 to 2021–2022). Regardless of the coach, the sessions furthest from Mi (MD+1, MD-4 and MD-3) were the most conditionally demanding, where TD27 was especially stimulated on MD-3 (ES = 0.7, 0.2/1.2, mean and range; p < 0.05); furthermore, MD-2 was the least demanding session of all the trainers (ES = −2.4, −2.6/−1.5, mean and range; p < 0.01). However, there were nuances regarding the conditional demand among the coaches: Co1 and Co2 proposed a higher conditional demand in the MD-2 and MD-1 sessions (p < 0.05). The conclusion was twofold: elite soccer coaches proposed a horizontal alternation in the weekly distribution of training stimuli; nevertheless, the differences in the style of play of each coach affected the week-planning strategy.
... Training monitoring is critical for football coaches to prescribe and quantify training load, as well as analyzed the effects on players [5,6] since they play a key role, namely in designing training sessions [7,8]. The internal load is related to the physiological and psychological effects resulting from training or competition, measured through heart rate (HR), blood lactate (BLa), oxygen uptake (VO 2 ), rating of perceived exertion (RPE) or training impulse (e.g., TRIMP-Edwards) that monitors the time spent in the different HR zones [9]. ...
This research aimed to analyse the pitch size manipulation effect on internal and external load and to study the age effect on the studied variables in different small-sided games (SSGs) formats. Male U-12 (n = 8), U-15 (n = 8) youth football players, and U-23 (n = 8) professional cohorts participated in the study. Two SSGs formats were analyzed, goalkeeper (GK) + 4 vs. 4 + GK, 3 minutes play in 20 × 30 m and 24 × 36 m, with 3 minutes rest between bouts. The variance analysis Anova two-way was used to analyse two independent factors, pitch size, and age group. The playing area manipulation had an effect under the following variables: distance (p < 0.001), speed 0-6 km/h (p < 0.001), speed 12-18 km/h (p < 0.001), speed 18-21 km/h (p < 0.001), accelerations (Ac.) 1-2 m/s 2 (p < 0.001), decelerations (Dc.) 2-3 m/s 2 (p < 0.001), metabolic power (Pmet) (p < 0.001) and high metabolic load distance (HMLD) (p < 0.001). The age group influenced the distance covered (p < 0.001), speed 0-6 km/h (p < 0.001), speed 6-12 km/h (p < 0.001), speed 12-18 km/h (p < 0.001), speed 21-24 km/h (p = 0.030), Ac. 1-2 m/s 2 (p < 0.001), Ac. 1-2 m/s 2 (p < 0.001Pmet (p < 0.001), HMLD (p < 0.001) and training impulse (TRIMP) (p < 0.001). Playing area manipulation in football SSGs promotes an increase in external load intensity, namely, larger areas are suitable for larger effects at high speeds (>21 km/h) and TRIMP. A careful and detailed evaluation of training tasks, considering the different age category football players, is important to optimize the planning in football, aiming at improving players' condition and performance and avoiding health problems and injuries.
... Nowadays, the introduction of children and youth into organized and regular practice begins much earlier when compared to the past, with parents searching for a safe and healthy environment on the pathway between different age categories, aiming for long-term development towards the senior category. This development is directly associated with the key role of coaches, specifically in designing training sessions [1]. Football is characterized by technical-tactical complexity and is a team sport associated with moments with high running and execution speed; these factors often decide the result of the game [2]. ...
The aim of this study was to analyse the injuries sustained by youth football players from a professional team of the Spanish League integrated into an elite academy, considering the sporting context, the month, and the category of the player throughout the 2017–2018 football season. A total of 227 players in under (U) age categories from U-10 to U-18, with two age-groups in each category (A and B), except U-18, with three groups (A, B and, C), were evaluated. Of the 242 cases, 196 injuries were observed. Injury recurrence or different injuries were observed in the same football player during the season, specifically in the older age categories. With regard to the location of injuries, sixteen different parts of the body were associated with injuries, with five of those totalizing the majority of incidence (162 injuries): the ankle (19), the foot (10), the hip (22), the knee (27), and the thigh (74). A negative relationship was observed between the sporting context and the number of injuries sustained (Rho = −0.203; p = 0.002), and a positive relationship between the category and the number of injuries was identified (Rho = 0.488; p < 0.001). Of the total, 118 injuries were sustained during training (62.8%), 70 were sustained in competitive moments (37.2%), and the remaining cases were associated with accidents outside football. The majority of injuries were muscular (101), followed by articular injuries (49), with both combined accounting for 150 of the total injuries. Though no relationship was observed between month and number of injuries (Rho = −0.024; p = 0.707), the months associated with the restart of training routines after interruptions (August, September, and January) were the highest, other than May, in which the highest number of injuries was observed. The findings in this study suggested that it is advisable to carry out a greater number of hours of injury prevention training in U-16 and U-18. Coaches should routinely monitor young players’ development in order to adapt and balance training interventions to individual needs, and they should consider implementing specific injury risk mitigation strategies in youth football based on the long-term development of the football players. Additionally, it is our understanding that it is essential to program, perform, and monitor specific training sessions or even specific training tasks considering the player’s category and long-term sporting development.
... ra et al. (2018) state that coaches in their practice should choose a style of behaviour which increases the basic psychological needs of athletes, create a psychologically supportive environment to strengthen the emotional response to exercise, to avoid disappointment in physical activity. Studies of coaches' perception of interpersonal behaviour (Rodrigues et. al., 2021) show that athletes will be more motivated, will perform exercises more persistently when the coach ensures a sufficient amount of supportive behaviour. Therefore, interpersonal behaviour and sports coach support ensure long-term and purposeful sports activities. ...
Research on interpersonal behaviour is becoming increasingly important in a variety of social contexts and cultures. In educational practice, its importance is based on interactions as the educational context, in which learning, value formation and meaningful activities take place. The aim of this was to adapt the Interpersonal Behaviours Questionnaire (IBQ) in Sport into Lithuanian and to analyse its reliability and validity. 241 physically active men (mean age 27.01 ± 7.67) participated in this study. The adapted questionnaire showed good reliability (Cronbach α 0.927), content, criterion and structural validity (CFI 0.928, TLI 0.917, RMSEA 0.070, χ²/df 2.21) of Lithuanian version of IBQ in sport. The structural validity of the scale showed that supportive behaviours are strongly related to autonomy, competence and relatedness needs (rs ranged from .843 to .877), while supportive and thwarting behaviours have a moderate inverse relationship. However, supportive and thwarting behaviours are not diametrically opposed (r = −.597). Thus, the study shows that the IBQ in sport is valuable for analysing interpersonal relationships explaining the links between supportive and thwarting behaviour. The IBQ in sport can be a valuable tool for advancing research, enriching and improving educational practice in this field.
... As injuries have an unfavorable impact on physical performance, a well-established preseason protocol associated to detailed analysis of the performed tests, would offer soccer teams and practitioners with more concrete information concerning their importance for soccer players performance enhancement and injury prevention. In our opinion this is pivotal not only for soccer, but for sport coaches as they play a key role in designing training sessions [64]. Some limitations should be considered when interpreting the findings of this study: (a) participants were high-level senior and professional soccer players, which is related to the possibility that the results cannot be directly applied to other age categories and soccer players of other levels; (b) the research was conducted in the beginning of the season (preseason, August), consequently, the commons screening tests protocols and results should not be applicable in other moments such as competitive moments. ...
This study sought to examine inter-limb asymmetries in common screening tests performed during preseason and to analyze the relationship between the performance in the different tests. Nineteen high-level senior and professional soccer players (age: 23.2 ± 3.1 years; height: 181 ± 0.06 cm; body mass: 75.2 ± 4.8 kg) performed several common screening tests during preseason: Dorsiflexion lunge test (DLT); bent knee fall out test (BKFO); y-balance anterior test (YBT A); y-balance posterolateral test (YBT PL); Y-balance posteromedial test (YBT PM); Heel-rise test (HRT) and single leg hamstring bridge test (SLHBT). High levels of reliability (ICC > 0.88 and <0.94) were observed in all the studied variables. Inter-limb significant differences were observed in DLT and YBT PM test (p < 0.01) but YBT A, HRT and SLHBT presented trivial effect size (ES) (0.03; 0.07 and 0.13, respectively), contrary to DLT, BKFO and YBT PL, all with small ES (0.20; −0.23 and −0.22) and YBT PM, which revealed very large ES (2.91). Considering all data, high-level senior and professional soccer players present fairly good mean values of lower limb symmetry. Performance considering all tests was different, a fact associated with different biomechanical dynamics (e.g., YBT), nonetheless, the correlations between tests underline the relationship between these, which could represent important evidence to consider for injury prevention and performance enhancement programs.
... Thirdly, our results recommend that smaller formats seem to promote higher exercise intensity but may be a limitation for the occurrence of higher running speeds, so it would be recommended to increase pitch size if coaches want to design tasks with greater focus on speed. These conclusions may contribute for soccer coaches' knowledge regarding the physical load measures during SSGs in sub-elite professional soccer players, which can result in the improvement of daily training workouts and, therefore, in players' and team's performance enhancement, since coaches play a key role in designing training sessions [44]. Finally, soccer coaches should consider that training monitorization as of crucial importance to understand the different internal and external load imposed in SSGs in sub-elite soccer players, which during periods of higher training and competitive load should be individually balanced. ...
This study sought to examine the variations of internal and external load measures in soccer players when performing different types of 4 vs. 4 small-sided games (SSGs). Ten U-23 professional and sub-elite soccer players, eight outfield players (age: 20.1 ± 1.5 years old; height: 1.83 ± 0.04 m; total body mass: 76.1 ± 3.6 kg) and two goalkeepers (GK) (age: 20.5 ± 2.1 years old; height: 1.91 ± 0.04 m; total body mass: 77.0 ± 1.4 kg) participated in the study. Five SSGs were performed with 3 min duration and 3 min rest interval. SSG1, SSG2 and SSG4 aimed for ball possession play, while in SSG3 and SSG5, two GK were added, defending regular-size goals. The pitch size changed from SSG1 (16 × 24 m) to SSG2 and SSG3 (both 20 × 30 m) and SSG4 and SSG5 (both 24 × 36 m). All players were monitored using WIMU Pro device during the tasks. Anova One-Way and the post hoc Tukey honestly significant difference were used for analysis of statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) and effect sizes were determined by calculating partial eta-squared. The framework was associated with relevant but steady state internal load fatigue and induce a considerable external load stimulus. GK participation in SSGs should be carefully considered as it seems to have a greater impact on physical load measures when compared to the pitch size manipulation.
... According to Rodrigues, Rodrigues, Resende, Espada, and Santos (2021), the method of research qualitative is a method of research that is based on the philosophy postpositivism used or interpretive, is used to examine the condition of the object that is natural, where researchers are as instrument keys, a technique of collecting the data is done by triangulation, data obtained tend qualitative data, data analysis is inductive/qualitative and qualitative research results are to understand the meaning, understand the uniqueness, construct phenomena. Observation, interviews, and documentation do methods of data collection. ...
Building a business is not easy; many pioneering efforts that road in place even fails and give up so alone. The number of competitors in the type of business that is similar to that pioneered require a differentiator so that the right to walk with a smooth and survive. However, there are characteristics specific that all prospective employers must develop to increase the chances of their own to succeed dramatically. Pattern think entrepreneurial, if willing, can mark the difference to be a profitable business. This study uses a qualitative descriptive method with data collection through observations and literature studies on business startups, primarily digital. The results obtained are the dominant its duties as a principal entrepreneur are determining entrepreneurs like anything that he wants based on attitude, behaviour, competency management, experience, and so forth as well as patterns of thought entrepreneurship could get benefit large, the company established the current is the same as the company trim. To cite this article: Samoedra, A, D, A.; Febrianti, A, M.; Kaniawati, K.; Hendri, M.; and Kurniawan, R. (2021) Entrepreneurial Mind in Fierce Competition for Startup Businesses.
Nowadays, football goalkeepers (GKs) play an important role in the team's organization, namely, considering the offensive and defensive processes. The purpose of our investigation focuses on the notational and T-pattern analysis of the offensive and defensive actions of elite young football GKs. The participating GKs (n = 3, mean age of 16.6 years) presented 8 years of experience in the specific position, were internationally selected for the national team of Portugal, and competed in the national U-17 championship of Portugal. Thirty football matches were observed. The observational sample consisted of defensive actions (n = 225) and offensive actions (n = 296). Two observational instruments were used to codify the actions: the observation system of defensive technical-tactical actions of GKs and the observation system of offensive technical-tactical actions of GKs. Both instruments underwent a validation process, and inter- and intra-observer reliability was tested. The codification of the actions was performed with the LINCE program, and later the data were exported to Microsoft Excel and THEME 5.0. The notational data were analyzed in SPSS, and T-pattern detection analysis was performed in THEME 5.0. The predominant actions of young observed GKs were fundamentally goal defense and participation in the team's offensive process construction through actions performed with the foot and hand. The analysis of T-patterns allowed to identify T-pattern actions in the defensive actions of goal defense and exit of the goal, as well as related to the defensive set pieces. In the offensive process, the analysis of T-patterns reinforced the participation of the GK in the team's first phase of construction and in the execution of goal kicks and actions that start as a result of the actions of the opponent. The GK's defensive actions are mostly focused on the objective of goal defense and offensive actions with the hands and feet are important for their participation in positional attack construction. Our study contributes to a better knowledge of the GK's actions in the competition and is relevant to be considered by the specific position coaches in the training process organization.
