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Clusters of macroconidia at the apices of long phialides and single-cell chlamydoconidia of C. lichenicola. Magnification, ×460.
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Cylindrocarpon lichenicola is a saprophytic soil fungus which has rarely been associated with human disease. We report the first case of localized invasive cutaneous infection caused by this fungus in a 53-year-old male from the rural midwestern United States with relapsed acute myelogenous leukemia. On admission for induction chemotherapy, the pat...
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Citations
... Botrytis cinerea (teleomorph: Botryotinia fuckeliana), another common plant pathogen, attacks over 200 crop hosts worldwide (Williamson et al. 2007). Other fungal species, such as Mycocentrospora acerina, Alternaria spp., and Cylindrocarpon spp., are pathogens causing pre-and postharvest damage to agricultural products, and they can produce mycotoxins harmful to humans (Iwen et al. 2000;Patriarca et al. 2014;Cheung et al. 2020). In addition to fungi, oomycetes affect plant yield, i.e., Phytophthora spp., common pathogens of potato (Solanum tuberosum) and strawberry (Fragaria Ananassa) (Vleeshouwers et al. 2011;Toljamo et al. 2016;Adams et al. 2020). ...
Objectives
The aim was to screen di- and triterpenes as potential biocides against fungal pathogens (Alternaria sp., Fusarium avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Botrytis cinerea, Botryotina fuckeliana, Mycocentrospora acerina, Cylindrocarpon sp.) and oomycetes (Phytophthora cactorum, P. fragariae). Results We measured the antifungal activity of terpenes by estimating the growth area, ergosterol content and level of lipid peroxidation. Fungi and oomycetes were grown on solid media in Petri dishes. As a positive control, we used a common synthetic fungicide, fosetyl-Al. Di- and triterpenes showed promising potential as biocides against most of the studied species. The responses of fungi and oomycetes were dependent on the specific type of terpenes and identity of the fungi. Compared to synthetic fungicide, terpenes were equally effective as antifungal agents and even more effective for some species, especially for oomycetes. The terpene mode of action includes inhibition of ergosterol synthesis and increased lipid peroxidation. Conclusions Di- and triterpenes, natural compounds that are very abundant in northern countries, are excellent candidates for biocides.
... Of these, 11 were associated with FK. Other clinical presentations included cutaneous infections (n = 2) [8,9], mycetoma (n = 1) [10], intertrigo (n = 2) [11,12], peritonitis (n = 1) [13], onychomycosis (n = 1) [14], endophthalmitis (n = 1) [15] and disseminated infections (n = 2) [16,17]. ...
Fusarium species are among the most commonly isolated causes of fungal keratitis. Most species of the genus Fusarium belong to Fusarium solani species complex (FSSC). Fusarium lichenicola, a member of the FSSC complex, is a well-established plant and human pathogen. However, reports of fungal keratitis due to Fusarium lichenicola have not been frequently reported. To the best of our knowledge, only twelve cases of Fusarium lichenicola keratitis have been reported in the past fifty years. Clinical cases of Fusarium lichenicola may have most likely been misidentified because of the lack of clinical and microbiological suspicion, as well as inadequate diagnostic facilities in many tropical countries where the burden of the disease may be the highest. We report a case of fungal keratitis caused by Fusarium lichenicola and present a global review of the literature of all cases of fungal keratitis caused by this potentially blinding fungus.
... Additionally, Emergomyces canadensis and Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, two other dimorphic environmental fungi, can test positive with this probe, but have different morphologic appearances than Blastomyces [15,16]. Rarely encountered fungi, such as Gymnascella hyalinospora and Spiromastigoides asexualis, also can give false positive tests with the DNA probe [17,18]. ...
The diagnosis of blastomycosis and histoplasmosis can be difficult for clinicians who rarely see infections caused by these environmentally restricted dimorphic fungi. Historically, the diagnosis of blastomycosis has been established by culture and sometimes by histopathologic identification. Currently, antigen detection in urine and serum has been shown to aid in the rapid diagnosis of blastomycosis, and newer antibody assays are likely to contribute to our diagnostic capability in the near future. The gold standard for the diagnosis of histoplasmosis has been culture of the organism from involved tissues, aided in some patients by histopathological verification of the typical yeast forms in tissues. Antigen detection has contributed greatly to the ability of clinicians to rapidly establish the diagnosis of histoplasmosis, especially in severely ill and immunocompromised patients, and antibody testing for Histoplasma capsulatum provides important adjunctive diagnostic capability for several forms of both acute and chronic histoplasmosis. For both of these endemic mycoses, novel molecular tests are under active investigation, but remain available in only a few reference laboratories. In this review, we provide a synopsis of diagnostic test options that aid in establishing whether a patient has blastomycosis or histoplasmosis.
... The ability to produce chlamydospores likely ensures survival of the pathogen for extended periods. The fungus is most commonly reported from tropical regions worldwide and is rarely found in temperate climates (Iwen et al. 2000). The recovery of F. lichenicola from cannabis plants represents the first occurrence worldwide. ...
Greenhouse-grown cannabis (Cannabis sativa L., marijuana) plants with yellowing, crown rot and root browning symptoms were sampled from six production facilities during 2019-2020. Among 34 fungal isolates recovered, 28 were identified as Fusarium solani and six isolates were provisionally identified as Cylindrocarpon sp. based on morphology. These latter isolates produced slow-growing colonies with gray-white aerial mycelium and a chestnut-brown color below. Cylindrical 1-3 septate conidia without a distinctive foot cell were produced. Microconidia were absent and chlamydospores were produced in culture. Phylogenetic analysis of three isolates based on the elongation factor (TEF-1 α) and ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 regions identified them as Fusarium lichenicola (formerly Cylindrocarpon lichenicola), a member of F. solani species complex (FSSC) subclade 16. Pathogenicity tests using a mycelial and spore suspension were performed on cannabis cuttings and rooted plants. Isolates of F. solani originating from diseased crowns caused symptoms in 10-14 days, while those of F. lichenicola caused yellowing and wilting after 3 weeks, suggesting that F. lichenicola is less virulent. Inoculum of F. lichenicola was detected in coco coir samples used for plant propagation. Previous reports of F. lichenicola are from tropical climates, where the fungus has been associated with dermal and ocular infections of human tissues, with a few reports of it causing diseases on pomelo fruits, taro corms and tea plants. This study demonstrates the first occurrence worldwide of F. lichenicola on cannabis plants, on which it is considered a weak introduced tropical pathogen, likely to have originated from coco coir imported into Canada.
... Cylindrocarpon species have been rarely associated with human disease. They are known to cause post-traumatic keratitis 7,8 and have been implicated in mycetoma following injury 9,10 , athlete's foot 11 , peritonitisina case of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis 12 , localized invasive lesion in a case of AML 13 , disseminate disinfection in neutropenic patients 14 , Tinea pedis 15 , Cutaneous infection 16 . The human-infecting species include C. cyanescens, C. destructans, C. lichenicola and C. vaginae 17 . ...
... The singlet observed at δ 7.57 was attributed to aromatic proton. The proton NMR data was backed up by 13 C NMR spectrum that displayed peaks at δ 189.5 and 195.4 (characteristics of aldehyde moieties), 151.9-109.6 (aromatic carbon), 171.1 (ester carbonyl moiety) 66.9 (oxymethylene carbon) and 11.9, 10.2 and 8.7 (methyl carbons). Analysis of 13 C and DEPT experiment revealed the presence of three methine carbons including two aldehyde carbons, one oxygenated methylene, three methyl and 14 quaternary carbons which include one keto group and 13 fully substituted aromatic carbons. ...
p>Phytochemical investigation on pathogenic fungus Cylindrocarpon destructans isolated form Meconopsisgrandis plant led to the isolation of one new polyoxygenated polyketides namely cylindrocarpolide A along with five known compounds. The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR and mass spectroscopic data analysis. The isolated compounds were evaluated for α-glycosidase inhibition activity. The compounds isolated compounds were found to have strong to weak inhibition against the α-glycosidase enzymes.</p
... Cylindrocarpon species have been rarely associated with human disease. They are known to cause post traumatic keratitis [7,8] and, have been implicated in mycetoma following injury [9,10], athlete's foot [11], peritonitisina case of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis [10], localized invasive lesion in a case of AML [12], disseminate disinfection in neutropenic patients [13]. The human infecting species include C. cyanescens, C. destructans, C. lichenicola and C. vaginae [14]. ...
Phytochemical investigation on pathogenic fungus Cylindrocarpon destructans isolated form Meconopsisgrandis plant led to the isolation of two new isochromene derivatives namely, 6,8-dimethoxy-3-methyl-3,4-dihydrobenzoisochromene-4,9,10-triol (1) and 3,5,6-trihydroxy-4-methylbenzoisochromene-9,11-dione (2) along with four known compounds (3-6). The structures of these compounds were elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR and mass spectroscopic data analysis. The isolated compounds were evaluated for cytotoxic activity. The compounds 1-4 showed good inhibition against the growth of cell lines MCF-7 and PC-3. Compounds 5-6 showed minimum inhibitory effect of cancerous cell lines growth.
... Cylindrocarpon species have been rarely associated with human disease. They are known to cause post-traumatic keratitis 7,8 and have been implicated in mycetoma following injury 9,10 , athlete's foot 11 , peritonitisina case of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis 12 , localized invasive lesion in a case of AML 13 , disseminate disinfection in neutropenic patients 14 , Tinea pedis 15 , Cutaneous infection 16 . The human-infecting species include C. cyanescens, C. destructans, C. lichenicola and C. vaginae 17 . ...
... The singlet observed at δ 7.57 was attributed to aromatic proton. The proton NMR data was backed up by 13 C NMR spectrum that displayed peaks at δ 189.5 and 195.4 (characteristics of aldehyde moieties), 151.9-109.6 (aromatic carbon), 171.1 (ester carbonyl moiety) 66.9 (oxymethylene carbon) and 11.9, 10.2 and 8.7 (methyl carbons). Analysis of 13 C and DEPT experiment revealed the presence of three methine carbons including two aldehyde carbons, one oxygenated methylene, three methyl and 14 quaternary carbons which include one keto group and 13 fully substituted aromatic carbons. ...
... In the 51 cases identified, 66.7% were neutropenic on presentation and 54.9% were male (Table 1). [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23] All primary cutaneous mold infections in patients with hematological malignancy were caused by molds from 1 of 2 phylum, Zygomycota or Ascomycota (Fig 5). [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23] Within the phylum Zygomycota, the following 5 genera/classes caused infections: Absidia, Mucorales, Rhizopus, Rhizomucor ("Other"), and Cunninghamella ("Other"; see Fig 5). ...
... [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23] All primary cutaneous mold infections in patients with hematological malignancy were caused by molds from 1 of 2 phylum, Zygomycota or Ascomycota (Fig 5). [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23] Within the phylum Zygomycota, the following 5 genera/classes caused infections: Absidia, Mucorales, Rhizopus, Rhizomucor ("Other"), and Cunninghamella ("Other"; see Fig 5). [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23] Within the phylum Ascomycota, the following 5 genera caused infections: Aspergillus, Alternaria, Fusarium, Acremonium, and Curvularia ("Other"; see Fig 5). ...
... [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23] Within the phylum Zygomycota, the following 5 genera/classes caused infections: Absidia, Mucorales, Rhizopus, Rhizomucor ("Other"), and Cunninghamella ("Other"; see Fig 5). [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23] Within the phylum Ascomycota, the following 5 genera caused infections: Aspergillus, Alternaria, Fusarium, Acremonium, and Curvularia ("Other"; see Fig 5). [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23] In patients with hematological malignancy and primary cutaneous mold infection, outcomes were determined on whether or not the infection was localized vs disseminated. ...
Background: Opportunistic fungal infections caused by Aspergillus and Candida followed by infections with
Fusarium, Rhizopus, Mucor, and Alternaria species are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in patients
with hematological malignancies. Cutaneous mucormycosis infections are rare, and the incidence, outcomes,
and factors associated with survival in the setting of hematological malignancies are not clear.
Methods: A literature search was conducted for all cases of primary cutaneous mold infections in patients with
hematological malignancy, of which 50 cases were found. Our case of a patient with a hematological malignancy
who sustained a cat bite that in turn caused a primary cutaneous mold infection is also included.
Results: In the 51 cases identified, 66.7% were neutropenic upon presentation, and 54.9% were male with an
average age of 32 years. Aspergillus species (33.3%) was the most cited followed by Rhizopus species (19.6%).
Overall mortality rate was 29.4% and was observed more frequently in patients with neutropenia (60.0%) and
without surgical intervention (73.3%). Survival rate was higher (35.3%) for cases utilizing both antifungal
and surgical intervention. The antifungal agent with the highest survival rate was amphotericin B and its
formulations (58.8%).
Conclusions: Neutropenia within hematological malignancies demonstrate a risk for developing severe cutaneous
fungal infections, of which primary cutaneous mucormycosis can carry significant mortality. Combination
antifungal therapy and surgical debridement appears to be associated with higher survival outcomes and warrants
further investigation.
... For the majority of the Cylindrocarpon infections, that concerned rural patients and/or being in contact with plant [2,3] or immunocompromised people; voriconazole and/or amphotericin B were used for the treatment, which was effective [10][11][12]. However these molecules are often unavailable in our country and are difficult to obtain. Moreover terbinafine remains among the available molecules, one of the most effective, which motivated this treatment after consulting between the dermatologist and the biologist even if this molecule had not shown in vitro activity on Cylindrocarpon spp. ...
A 33 year old woman presented with both feet, humid and white Tinea pedis at the second, third and fourth inter-toes areas associated with a beginning onycholysis of the nails lasting for 18 months. KOH mount of the samples was positive for fungal hyphae. The fungus was isolated on Sabouraud-chlorampphenicol agar and identified as Cylindrocarpon lichenicola. The patient was treated with an association of terbinafine tablet and terbinafine cream and presented clinical cure after three months. © 2016 The Authors. International Society for Humanand Animal Mycology Published by Elsevier B.V.
... Cylindrocarpon is a cosmopolitan soil fungus, which rarely causes human disease. 1 It has infrequently been reported as causing keratitis,mycetoma,osteomyelitis 2 and peritonitis in chronic peritoneal ambulatory dialysis patients 3 and disseminated infection in leukemic neutropenic hosts. 1,4 This report describes a case of invasive infection caused by Cylindrocarpon lichenicola, localized in the right foot of an otherwise immunocompetent traveler. ...
... Cylindrocarpon is a cosmopolitan soil fungus, which rarely causes human disease. 1 It has infrequently been reported as causing keratitis,mycetoma,osteomyelitis 2 and peritonitis in chronic peritoneal ambulatory dialysis patients 3 and disseminated infection in leukemic neutropenic hosts. 1,4 This report describes a case of invasive infection caused by Cylindrocarpon lichenicola, localized in the right foot of an otherwise immunocompetent traveler. ...
... have been reported that appear to be closely related morphologically and taxonomically to Cylindrocarpon, which is the organism identified at the UTMB. 1 Regarding treatment of patients with extensive and or invasive fungal lesions, the recommended approach is to remove as much of the infected tissue as possible. 2 In a previous report of disseminated infection caused by C. lichenicola, Iwen et al. 1 recommended extensive debridement of the infected area after starting antifungal therapy. ...
Cylindrocarpon is a cosmopolitan soil fungus, which rarely causes human disease. It has infrequently been reported as causing keratitis, mycetoma, osteomyelitis and peritonitis in chronic peritoneal ambulatory dialysis patients and disseminated infection in leukemic neutropenic hosts. This report describes a case of invasive infection caused by Cylindrocarpon lichenicola, localized in the right foot of an otherwise immunocompetent traveler.
