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The IEEE 802.11s draft standard defines a mesh network in which frame delivery is done by forwarding the frame through nodes, called Mesh Points (MPs). To make this possible, it specifies two routing protocols: HWMP and RA-OLSR. Both protocols suffer from scalability issues caused by the use of broadcast messages for discovery and update of routes....
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Citations
... Instead, the location and placement of each mesh STA, AP collocated with a STA, and mesh portal is carefully planned, applying network planning [48] or genetic algorithms (GA) [39]. Nevertheless, grid shape has been widely used by researchers to evaluate the scalability of IEEE 802.11s mechanisms [13,[49][50][51][52] as it provides a simple and controlled environment, allowing a fair comparison of reproducible results. ...
The IEEE 802.11s standard specifies a mesh technology to be supported by IEEE 802.11 devices. Among the limitations caused by this heritage, we focus on the low scalability of the current IEEE 802.11s standard mechanisms. As a main contribution to the related research field, this article presents the DHT-based Cluster Routing Protocol (DCRP). DCRP addresses IEEE 802.11s’ scalability issues by exploiting both Distributed Hash Tables and Clustering schemes, which have proved to be effective in scaling wireless (e.g., MANETs) and wired (e.g., P2P) networking systems. DCRP was implemented and compared with the HWMP through simulation for different scalability parameters and performance metrics. Simulation results indicate that the proposed scheme improves performance in terms of packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay, throughput, and overhead.
... For instance, clustering can perform frame aggregation in its cluster and decrease the control overhead and the number of frames to send. Another example is to combine clustering and DHTs, as presented in [38,39]. The combination of clustering and multi-radio and multi-channel strategies may allow to schedule neighbor clusters to operate in distinct channels and radio, mitigating the impact of simultaneous communications in neighbors clusters. ...
... Pinheiro et al. [38,39] introduce the DHT-based Cluster Routing Protocol, shortly DCRP. The DCRP uses DHTs and clustering techniques to minimize the broadcast storm, consequently reducing the path discovery and selection, and forwarding overhead on the network. ...
... Although simulation results show a better performance in comparison with the HWMP, the introduced overhead is doubtful (even that [40] No RANN F ı ı Best metric Piggybacking OTR [41] No RANN F ı ı Airtime Piggybacking - [42] No RANN F ı ı Airtime Protocol tuning - [43] Not specified. F ı ı Distance Greedy geographical DCRP [38,39] RA-OLSR is used. ...
Scalability and topological stability are two of the most challenging issues in current wireless mesh networks (WMNs) deployments. In the literature, both the scalability and the topological stability of WMNs are described as likely to suffer from poor performance due to the ad hoc nature of the underlying IEEE 802.11 mechanisms. The main contribution of this article is a comprehensive review of the main topological stability and scalability-related issues in IEEE 802.11s-based networks. Moreover, the most relevant proposed solutions are surveyed, where both the drawbacks and the merits of each proposal are highlighted. At the end of the article, some open research challenges are presented and discussed. It is expected that this work may serve as motivation for more and deeper research on these issues to allow the design of future more stable and scalable IEEE 802.11s mesh networks deployments. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
... requirements. Within this context, several recent research efforts targeted RT communication support and resource reservation techniques over multi-hop networks [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. ...
With the widespread deployment of wireless mesh networks (WMNs) in industrial environments, real-time (RT) communication may benefit from the multi-hop relaying infrastructure provided by WMNs. However, RT communication must be able to coexist with non-RT traffic sources that will interfere with RT communication. Within this context, this paper assesses the impact of interferences caused by non-RT traffic sources upon RT traffic in IEEE 802.11s mesh networks. Through an extensive set of simulations, we assess the impact of external traffic sources upon a set of RT message streams in different communication scenarios. According to the simulation results, we infer that RT traffic in 802.11s networks may be highly affected by external interferences, and therefore, such interferences must be taken into account when setting-up 802.11s networks. By varying the network load imposed by external interferences, we provide some useful hints about utilization thresholds above which the network can no longer reliably support RT traffic. We also present insights about the setting-up of some network parameters in order to optimize the RT communication performance.
... However, the issues with LEACH are the use of single-hop routing where each node can transmit directly to the CH and since the decision to be the cluster head is probabilistic, there is a good chance that a node with very low energy gets selected as a cl uster head which may run out of energy within shortest time frame. There are lots of rich literatures on cluster based congestion control algorithms CBCC [37], DCRP [27], CRP [31], EWCA [28], QoS-aware Node Clustering and Tax-based Subcarrier Allocation [11], ACP [13]. These algorithms exploit the advantages of clustering as highlighted by [36] which include among others scalability, reduction in communication overheads for both single and multi-hop, transmission of aggregated data for reducing number of nodes taking part in transmission and reduction in useful energy consumption. ...
... The main goal of the DTH-based cluster routing protocol (DCRP) [27] was to achieve high scalability in topologies where the mobility of the mesh point is low or even zero, in which case, a s calable network will tolerate fault and reduce congestion conditions. The protocol proposed path selection using distributed hash tables and RA-OLSR. ...
Packet loss in Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) is due to
congestion and probably due to high bit error rate caused by
interference, link and node failures. Presently, congestion
control and routing protocols in WMNs are not seen to have
tamed this recurrent problem of congestion being experience
most times in the wireless network. Routing techniques may
lead to a congestive scenario and the congestion control
should detect and probably avoid such situations. The way in
which the congestion is handled may results in longer delay
and more packet loss and a very significant overhead may also
be incurred. Hence, this study takes a closer look at existing
solutions with the application of clustering techniques to solve
routing and congestion control problems because it offers
scalability and reduced overheads. The study further exposes
the weakness and added advantages of some of these cluster
based solutions which can assist researchers to come up with
broader approach to tackle the inherent problems of congestions and load balancing in an ad hoc network like WMNs. The paper conclude with a planned future research to device an appropriate level of tradeoff between computational overheads of cluster-based routing and high network throughput, low latency and delay while solving congestion problems.
This study is focused on the design and development of efficient congestion avoidance and routing algorithm framework in Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs). The framework will employ the use of clustering algorithm to booster the routing protocol with particular attention being paid to the aggregated data packets at the intermediate nodes toward the gateway in wireless mesh network. The design uses the enhanced weighted clustering algorithm as base algorithm because of the advantages identified in this protocol from previous research. Efforts are made to integrate congestion avoidance, load balancing routing and the clustering algorithm with the greater hope of achieving low routing overheads, end to end delay while throughout and data delivery ratio expected to witness high increase.
This paper assesses the interference caused by uncontrolled traffic sources upon real-time traffic in IEEE 802.11s mesh networks. It was considered a mesh network transmitting real-time traffic and an external interference was injected in order to evaluate its impact over the real-time communication. A set of experiments were performed in ns-3 and different scenarios were evaluated, where the end-to-end delay, message loss and deadline miss ratios were chosen as performance metrics. It can be inferred that the real-time traffic in 802.11s is highly affected by external interferences, and therefore that must be taken into account when setting-up such type of networks.
