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Yellow Vein Mosaic Virus (YVMV) disease of okra is the single major production constraint and causes yield loss to the tune of 50-90% in India. Hence continuous search for new sources of resistance and development of better varieties/hybrids with durable level of resistance should receive attention of breeder. An attempt was made to screen twenty-s...
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... on the determination of divergence, all the twenty six genotypes could meaningfully be grouped into four clusters (Table 2). Cluster I had the maximum of 16 genotypes, Cluster II comprised 2 genotypes, while Cluster III and Cluster IV had 4 genotypes each. ...
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... A systematic evaluation of insect-plant interaction demonstrated the role of several classes of either preformed or induced secondary compounds such as phenolic compounds, cyanogenic glycosides, glucosinolates (Kumar 2017;Hooda et al. 1997;Singh et al. 2018), terpenoids and alkaloids to insect feeding and its oviposition. Some physio-chemical characters that induce resistance against pests of okra have also been determined through correlation studies (Kumbher et al. 1991;Ullah et al. 2012;Seth et al. 2016). ...
A major constraint in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.)) production is damage caused by insect pests, whitefly and jassids, which results in low yield. Identification of resistant varieties is a convenient and eco-friendly way towards sustainable management of insect pests attacking okra. Therefore, population dynamics of the two major pests were recorded in fifteen hybrid varieties of okra during two consecutive years in 2019 and 2020. Plant varietal resistance and vigor were also evaluated in this study. Meanwhile, morphological parameters were also recorded as well as whitefly and jassid-infested and healthy leaves were collected for biochemical analysis. Significant varietal difference in terms of insect infestation were recorded with Kajari NOH-1684, Japani jhar, Singham and Rohini being comparatively resistant varieties. Correlation studies revealed significant negative correlation of whitefly and jassid population with hair density, hair length and total phenols; positive correlation with total protein and total sugar content. The comparative analysis of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activity revealed varieties more susceptible to whitefly and jassid attack resulted in higher enzyme activity in all the growth stages. The genotypes Kajari NOH-1684, Japani jhar, Singham and Rohini exhibit low infestations of whitefly and jassid, suggesting a tolerance based on their antixenotic properties. To enhance tolerance against these sucking pests, it is recommended to introduce the donor parents Kajari NOH-1684, Japani jhar, Singham and Rohini into okra breeding programs.
... Both nymphs and adults of jassids devitalize the plant by direct feeding on the phloem sap and injecting toxic saliva resulting in upward curling o leaves that causes phytotoxemia (Hooda et al., demonstrated the role of several classes of either preformed or induced secondary compounds such as phenolic compounds, cyanogenic glycosides, glucosinolates (Kumar et al., 2017), terpenoids and alkaloids to insect feeding and its oviposition. Some physio-chemical characters that induce resistance against pests of okra have also been determined through correlation studies (Kumbher et al., 1991;Ullah et al., 2012;Seth et al., 2016a). ...
A major constraint in okra production is damage caused by insect pests, whitefly and jassids, which results in low yield. Identification of resistant varieties is a convenient and eco-friendly way towards sustainable management of insect pests attacking okra. Therefore, population dynamics of the two major pests were recorded in fifteen hybrid varieties of okra during two consecutive years in 2019 and 2020. Significant varietal difference in terms of insect infestation were recorded with, Kajari, NOH-1684, Japani jhar, Singham and Rohini being comparatively resistant varieties. Correlation studies revealed significant negative correlation of whitefly and jassid population with hair density, hair length and total phenols; positive correlation with total protein and total sugar content. The comparative analysis of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activity revealed varieties more susceptible to whitefly and jassid attack resulted in higher enzyme activity in all the growth stages. The genotypes Kajari NOH-1684, Japani jhar, Singham and Rohini exhibit low infestations of whitefly and jassid, suggesting a tolerance based on their antixenotic properties. To enhance tolerance against these sucking pests, it is recommended to introduce the donor parents Kajari NOH-1684, Japani jhar, Singham and Rohini into okra breeding programs.
... A systematic evaluation of insect-plant interaction demonstrated the role of several classes of either preformed or induced secondary compounds such as phenolic compounds, cyanogenic glycosides, glucosinolates (Kumar et al., 2017). Some physio-chemical characters that induce resistance against pests of okra have also been determined through correlation studies (Seth et al., 2016). Therefore, alternative methods must be designed, and Host Plant resistance is an ideal prevention against insect damage, involved lower cost of production and are eco-friendly in nature. ...
The study was conducted on twenty selected genotypes of okra to evaluate the role of biophysical and biochemical parameters imparting resistance or susceptibility to jassid [(Amrasca biguttula biguttula) (Ishida)] Leafhopper is a sucking insect pest which causes hopper burn symptom that can reduce productivity of the crop. The biophysical characters viz., trichome density on vein, leaf lamina and midrib of different okra genotypes are associated with infestation of leafhopper ranged as 7 to 15, 7.9 to 15.1 and 6.5 to 12.7, respectively. The highest phenol content (1.57 mg/gm) and lowest percentage of total soluble sugar content (2.36%) was recorded in the genotype, PDKV Pragati while, minimum phenol content (0.87 mg/gm) and highest total soluble sugar content was observed in the genotype, Korchi x Phule (5.21%). The biophysical characters of okra genotypes exhibited significant influence on infestation of leafhoppers. The plant characters viz., trichome density on vein (r =-0.97), leaf lamina (r =-0.93) and midrib (r =-0.98) were negatively correlated with resistance to leafhopper infestation. The biochemical constituent total soluble sugar (0.964) was positively correlated while phenol content (r =-0.83) showed negative correlation with leafhopper population. The okra genotypes, PDKV Pragati, Arka Anamika, Parbhani Kranti and Akola Bahar were found to be resistant, while Korchi x Phule and Vijayalaxmi were categorized as susceptible. Thus, the genotypes which are resistant can be used as a source for breeding of okra against Amrasca biguttula biguttula.
... The success of a breeding programme for the genetic improvement of quantitative characters depends on the degree of genetic variability existing in the germplasm and the extent to which the desirable characters are inherited (Priyanka et al., 2018). The use of coefficients of variation, heritability and genetic advance to know if variability that exists in a crop species is heritable or not is precursor to the understanding of genetic nature of yield and its components on which rewarding selection can be made (Seth et al., 2016). ...
Genetic improvement of okra for yield is significant because of the nutritional, economic and health benefits inherent in it and to overcome the low genetic potential of the existing varieties and environmental factors which are the major constraints to okra yield. Therefore, this study was carried out to understand the genetic nature of yield, its association with yield components on which selection can be made and to determine the effect of different years on genetic gain. The experiment involved the evaluation of twenty okra accessions in the rainy seasons of year 2019 and 2020 in a randomised complete block design. Data were collected on fourteen characters and analysed. Genotype × Year was highly significant for all the analysed characters. High heritability and high genetic advance as percent of mean were recorded for most of the characters in both years indicating that these traits were less influenced by the environment and presence of additive gene action. Genotypic coefficient of variation, heritability and genetic advance were observed to be higher for some traits in 2019 but lower for those traits in 2020. Pod yield had positive correlation with only plant height at 50% flowering, pod length, number of seeds per pods and peduncle length in both years 2019 and 2020 while the remaining were negatively correlated with pod yield in both years except petiole length and number of pods per plant. Therefore, selection based on these traits could be highly rewarding and may not be considered based on different years.
... The images of these two lines are given in Fig 5. Based on above screening top three genotypes which were identified to be highly resistant were included as A. moschatus accession IC 141055 and A. tetraphyllus (IC-90476-1) and A. caillei (SKM). Similar to this study A. caillei and A. manihot were reported to show resistance to YVMV and can be used in future breeding program (Seth et al. 2016). Earlier workers also reported resistance to YVMV in cultivated and wild species of okra, especially in A. tetraphyllus (Prabu and Warade 2009, Badiger and Yadav 2019, Puneeth et al. 2022). ...
Okra yellow vein mosaic (OYVMD) and enation leaf curl diseases (OELCuD) are the most important biotic diseases which cause yield and quality loss in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench). Therefore, development of viral resistance varieties and lines become important breeding objective worldwide. Wild relatives are the natural source for disease and pest resistance. Hence an experiment was conducted at research farm of ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi during rainy (kharif) season 2020 and for screening of 24 wild genotypes to identify the resistance source for OYVMD and OELCuD diseases of okra. PDI (Percent disease incidence) for OYVMD varied from 3.12–93.72, while PDI for OELCuD ranged from 0.00–83.29. The area under disease progress curve for both the diseases indicated that the rate of disease incidence was in increasing trend with the growth of the crop. Based on the natural epiphytotic screening A. moschatus (IC 141055), A. tetraphyllus (IC 90476-1) and A. caillei (Sikkim) were 3 top most genotypes from different species which showed very less incidence of OYVMD and no incidence of OELCuD. These genotypes were grouped in highly resistant category for both the diseases; other genotypes grouped in this category were A. moschatus (EC 360900), A. tetraphyllus (IC 90515 and IC 470735). These genotypes can be used further for interspecific breeding programme and resistant variety development in okra.
... The geographical distance was found to have no relationship with genetic diversity, indicating that forces other than the geographic origin, such as exchange of genetic stock, mutation caused by chance or mutation caused by natural or artificial selection, were responsible for the evolution of genetic diversity. Similar finding was reported by Seth et al. (2016). Because of this, rather than geographic diversity, the selection of genotypes for hybridization should be based on genetic divergence. ...
... From the present investigation, it was observed that quadrant I had high yielding genotypes and YVMV resistant while quadrant IV had the highest number of primary branches, number of fruit per plant, and earliness, which would be utilized in the future breeding programme for creating desirable novel segregants genotypes. A similar finding was revealed by Seth et al. (2016) and Alake, (2020). So, this study helps in identifying the variables that contribute to the variability and selecting suitable genotypes for YVMV disease resistance breeding. ...
Yellow vein mosaic virus (YVMV) is the most destructive viral disease of okra, has become a limiting factor in the successful cultivation and production of okra in India, resulting in yield losses ranging from 17.09 to 96.49 per cent. As a result, it is critical that breeders continue to develop superior varieties or hybrids with long-lasting resistance to overcome this major devastating disease. In this context present investigation was carried with 74 elite okra lines to discover potential parents for a resistance breeding programme. On the basis of D 2 values the 74 genotypes were divided into seven groups. Cluster I constituted the highest number of genotypes followed by cluster II, III, IV, V, VI and VII. The traits per cent disease index of YVMV contributed maximum towards divergence followed by total phenolic content, peroxidase activity, fruit yield per plant, number of primary branches and number of fruit per plant. PCA showed four principal components with Eigen values more than one viz., 3.87, 3.21, 1.89 and 1.64 and accounted 81.56 per cent of the total genetic variation. Principal component analysis revealed that PC1 captured potential traits viz., total phenolic content, peroxidase activity, polyphenol oxidase, number of fruits per plant, number of primary branches per plant and fruit yield per plant, which could be used in future breeding programmes for high yield and YVMV resistance. The present study it was revealed that, eleven accessions viz., AE-65, AE-66, AE-CBE-921, Pusa Bhendi-5, SB-2, IC112449, AE-CBE-94, AE-CBE-943, AE-CBE-934, AE-CBE-92 and AE-CBE-93 appeared to be very promising lines for future use in resistant breeding programmes.
... The geographical distance was found to have no relationship with genetic diversity, indicating that forces other than the geographic origin, such as exchange of genetic stock, mutation caused by chance or mutation caused by natural or artificial selection, were responsible for the evolution of genetic diversity. Similar finding was reported by Seth et al. (2016). Because of this, rather than geographic diversity, the selection of genotypes for hybridization should be based on genetic divergence. ...
... From the present investigation, it was observed that quadrant I had high yielding genotypes and YVMV resistant while quadrant IV had the highest number of primary branches, number of fruit per plant, and earliness, which would be utilized in the future breeding programme for creating desirable novel segregants genotypes. A similar finding was revealed by Seth et al. (2016) and Alake, (2020). So, this study helps in identifying the variables that contribute to the variability and selecting suitable genotypes for YVMV disease resistance breeding. ...
Yellow vein mosaic virus (YVMV) is the most destructive viral disease of okra,has become a limiting factor in the successful cultivation and production ofokra in India, resulting in yield losses ranging from 17.09 to 96.49 per cent.As a result, it is critical that breeders continue to develop superior varietiesor hybrids with long-lasting resistance to overcome this major devastatingdisease. In this context present investigation was carried with 74 elite okralines to discover potential parents for a resistance breeding programme.On the basis of D2 values the 74 genotypes were divided into seven groups.Cluster I constituted the highest number of genotypes followed by clusterII, III, IV, V, VI and VII. The traits per cent disease index of YVMV contributedmaximum towards divergence followed by total phenolic content, peroxidaseactivity, fruit yield per plant, number of primary branches and number offruit per plant. PCA showed four principal components with Eigen valuesmore than one viz., 3.87, 3.21, 1.89 and 1.64 and accounted 81.56 percent of the total genetic variation. Principal component analysis revealedthat PC1 captured potential traits viz., total phenolic content, peroxidaseactivity, polyphenol oxidase, number of fruits per plant, number of primarybranches per plant and fruit yield per plant, which could be used in futurebreeding programmes for high yield and YVMV resistance. The present studyit was revealed that, eleven accessions viz., AE-65, AE-66, AE-CBE-921,Pusa Bhendi-5, SB-2, IC112449, AE-CBE-94, AE-CBE-943, AE-CBE-934,AE-CBE-92 and AE-CBE-93 appeared to be very promising lines for futureuse in resistant breeding programmes.
... Characters like plant-height, internodal length, days to flowering, fruit-shape, length and diameter, number of fruits per plant,weight of the fruit, yield, plantheight and vitamin C content show high heritability (Bali et al. 2004;Seth et al. 2016b;Singh et al. 2006. Yield is influenced directly or indirectly by fruit-weight and fruit-length suggesting they are the most useful parameter/character for selection in breeding for yield improvement (Duzyaman and Vural 2003). ...
... Characters like plant-height, internodal length, days to flowering, fruit-shape, length and diameter, number of fruits per plant,weight of the fruit, yield, plantheight and vitamin C content show high heritability (Bali et al. 2004;Seth et al. 2016b;Singh et al. 2006Singh et al. , 2007. Yield is influenced directly or indirectly by fruit-weight and fruit-length suggesting they are the most useful parameter/character for selection in breeding for yield improvement (Duzyaman and Vural 2003). ...
In okra, we follow the breeding methodologies of autogamous plants. This includes crossing or controlled hybridization of parents selected based on their better-combining abilities. This is followed by the pedigree selection of the segregating population for the traits of interest like biotic and abiotic stress tolerance and yield. The major breeding objectives are nearly the same across all the okra-growing countries: high yield, tolerance to various pests and diseases, better organoleptic qualities, appealing color and size of the harvestable fruits. Hand pollination is the most commonly used method of hybrid seed production in okra and improving yield and ensuring its sustainability under adverse conditions through resistant hybrids is the major objective of heterosis breeding. Sufficient genetic diversity has been reported among the parents and crosses for selection to be effective for okra hybrid production. Although both additive and dominant gene actions were found regulating the phenotypic expression of various characters, dominant gene action is considered more important. Through intensive research efforts, a large number of varieties and hybrids have been released around the world. Some of these varieties have already made a significant impact in revolutionizing the production of okra worldwide. This chapter summarizes the current status of okra crop production and its future improvement strategies.
... Despite its enormous benefits, okra rarely reaches its maximum yield potential due to several constraints. Okra is being neglected because of the non-availability of high yielding, improved and locally adapted cultivars, the incident attack of yellow vein mosaic virus, and shoot and fruit borer (Arora et al., 2008;Reddy et al., 2012;Seth et al., 2016). Local okra cultivars that are well known and cultivated for years are okra Hijau and okra Merah (Hayati et al., 2020). ...
Okra (Abelmoschus esculenthus) is a vegetable plant consumed in immature and tender texture fruits. Crosses of local okra with introduced varieties are carried out to improve the character of the local cultivars. This study aimed to assess the variability of agronomic characters, both quantitative and qualitative characters of various families of the F2 populations and select superior families that can be used to produce new cultivars. The F2 population was derived from inbreeding and selection of the crosses between local okra cultivars with B291 and Ve022 as introduced cultivars. The study used an experimental method with an individual observation. Qualitative characters were described based on the descriptor by IBPGR, while quantitative characters were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results showed variation in each F2 family in plant height, the number of flowers per plant and the number of fruits per plant, except for SOMB291-16. FOHVE022-8, FOHB291-15, FOHVE022-17, SOMB291-23 and SOMB291-24 families could be selected due to the extended picking time were in line with the increase of fruit quality. A broad variability of quantitative characters was found for all characters, indicating a high opportunity to obtain valuable traits and desirable segregants in F2 populations. Variations in qualitative characters were found in stem color, leaf shape, fruit color and fruit shape. The selection of plants with specific characters could be maintained with inbreeding or self-pollinated desirable segregants.
