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Clinical symptoms derived from Zn deficiency in young children, adolescent and adult, and elder people
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This review aims to discuss the management approaches of zinc (Zn) fertilization and breeding efforts for quality maize production in provisioning a healthy human diet. Biofortification of Zn to a high-yielding maize variety with increased Zn content in maize grain is of great importance to the health of those feeding on these staples. Literature r...
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... the absorption of Zn from food by the small intestine, Zn is distributed within the cytoplasm, nucleus, and cell membrane via Zn transporters that tightly regulate the cellular and subcellular Zn homeostasis ( Hara et al. 2017;Kambe et al. 2015). The adverse health effects derived from Zn deficiency are summarized in Table 1. When the homeostatic mechanism is disrupted by severe Zn deficiency, a variety of metabolic disorder appear in the body ( Himoto and Masaki 2018;Livingstone 2015). ...Citations
... Agronomic biofortification is a successful, straightforward, quick, and least laborintensive technique to provide the general public with nutrient-rich food to overcome micronutrient and vitamin deficiencies [51]. Agronomic biofortification is increasing nutrient accumulation in edible plant tissue through fertilizers or triggering factors. ...
... Agronomic biofortification is a successful, straightforward, quick, and least labor-intensive technique to provide the general public with nutrient-rich food to overcome micronutrient and vitamin deficiencies [51]. Agronomic biofortification is increasing nutrient accumulation in edible plant tissue through fertilizers or triggering factors. ...
The relationship between zinc mineral nutrition and plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) is pivotal in enhancing agricultural productivity, especially in tropical regions characterized by diverse climatic conditions and soil variability. This review synthesizes and critically evaluates current knowledge regarding the synergistic interaction between zinc mineral nutrition and PGPB in tropical agricultural systems. Zinc is an essential and fundamental micronutrient for various physiological and biochemical processes in plants. Its deficiency affects plant growth and development, decreasing yields and nutritional quality. In tropical regions, where soil zinc availability is often limited or imbalanced, the PGPB, through different mechanisms such as Zn solubilization; siderophore production; and phytohormone synthesis, supports Zn uptake and assimilation, thereby facilitating the adverse effects of zinc deficiency in plants. This review outlines the impacts of Zn–PGPB interactions on plant growth, root architecture, and productivity in tropical agricultural systems. The positive relationship between PGPB and plants facilitates Zn uptake and improves nutrient use efficiency, overall crop performance, and agronomic biofortification. In addition, this review highlights the importance of considering indigenous PGPB strains for specific tropical agroecosystems, acknowledging their adaptability to local conditions and their potential in sustainable agricultural practices. It is concluded that Zn fertilizer and PGPBs have synergistic interactions and can offer promising avenues for sustainable agriculture, addressing nutritional deficiencies, improving crop resilience, and ensuring food security.
... 66 Similarly, Zn serves as a co-factor for ∼300 enzymes and more than 1000 transcription factors, 67 highlighting its involvement in a wide range of physiological functions such as protein synthesis, sugar formation, enzymatic activities, chlorophyll content, photosynthesis rate, seed formation, fertilization, seed production, and development in plants. 68,69 The results of the study revealed that long-term wastewater irrigation could provide basic nutrients, including Zn and Fe, and boost maize productivity. However, there remains a concern regarding HM accumulation in maize, particularly Pb, which exceeded the allowable limit. ...
Agricultural irrigation using wastewater containing heavy metals (HM) might impose risks in bioaccumulation in foods. The current study was performed to assess the status of HM in terms of water-soil–plant systems in Kandahar, Afghanistan, where industrial and domestic wastewater was partially reused for irrigation. Water, soil, and plant samples were collected from wastewater sites in Haji-Arab (HA), Bala-Karz (BKZ), and Mahal-e-Nejat (MN) in comparison with those from a freshwater-irrigated site in Char-Bagh (CB). The HM levels in unfiltered water samples remained lower than the World Health Organization (WHO) and Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) permissible values, but the HM concentrations in soil and crops were higher at the HA, BKZ, and MN (wastewater-irrigated sites) than those at the CB site (freshwater-irrigated site). Lead (Pb) levels were high in soils (43–83 mg/kg) and crops (18–36 mg/kg) and extremely exceeded the safe limits even for those crop samples cultivated in the freshwater-irrigated site. Continuous wastewater irrigation increased the HM concentration in water, soil, and plants, but the Pb pollution was found to be ascribed to the minerals in that area since the underground water was showing high Pb levels. The bioaccumulation of HM in the studied sites was related to the cultivated crops and correlated with the land use in the watershed area. This study is important in understanding the risks associated with HM and exercising prudence when applying various irrigation resources in Afghanistan.
... Zinc is a necessary micronutrient for plant growth because it is involved in a variety of physiological and biochemical processes such as protein synthesis and chlorophyll synthesis. Additionally, it acts as a catalyst for the activation of over 300 enzymes (Li et al. 2022;Dalir et al. 2017;Gupta et al. 2016;Sabir and Sari, 2019;Wang et al. 2012;Shambhavi et al. 2020;Obaid et al. 2022), such as dehydrogenases, transphosphorylases, and RNA and DNA polymerases, etc. (Lacerda et al. 2018). Zinc application promotes pollen viability, which directly decreases the barren ear tip and thus increases the number of kernels and grain yield of the maize plant (Liu et al. 2020a). ...
Soil zinc (Zn) deficiency is one of the factors limiting maize crop productivity. As a fertilizer, Zn is an effective strategy for increasing yield and Zn concentration in maize grains. However, Zn as a heavy metal may accumulate in the soil thus, its environmental impact in agroecosystems requires analysis.
During the 2019 and 2020 growing seasons, a plot experiment was conducted to assess the effects of the optimum Zn doses (0, 5.7, and 11.4 kg ha−1) on maize grain yield and soil eukaryotic alpha/beta diversity.
The application of Zn increased significantly the chlorophyll soil plant analysis development (SPAD) values, 1000-grain weight, kernels per spike, and total grain yield. In the meantime, its effect on soil respiration rate and eukaryotic microorganism diversity was negligible except for a weak variable effect on the community structure of eukaryotic microorganisms due to Zn doses. The continuous maize plantation with the recommended NPK fertilizers for 2 years showed a decrease in the number of observed OTUs and a significant change in the beta diversity of the soil eukaryotic microorganisms in 2020 compared with 2019.
Zn fertilizer is nontoxic to the diverse community of soil eukaryotic microorganisms while being beneficial in promoting maize crop productivity, and the maize growth will change the eukaryote of the newly cultivated land.
... Maize grains are inherently low in Zn concentration which can further hinder nutrient acquisition and yield [5] in Zn-deficient soils. The adequate Zn concentration in maize leaf is ranging from 15-50 mg kg −1 , below this is considered adequate [23]. ...
Biofortification of cereal crops with zinc and diazotrophic bacteria is a sustainable solution to nutrient deficiency and hidden hunger. The inoculation of staple grain crops such as maize is increased with reducing productivity losses while improving nutrition and use efficiency under climatic extremes and weathered soils of tropical savannah. Therefore, objectives of our study were to evaluate the influence of seed inoculation with diazotrophic bacteria (No inoculation–Control, Azospirillum brasilense, Bacillus subtilis, and Pseudomonas fluorescens) together with residual effect of soil Zn (absence and presence) on growth, yield, Zn nutrition, Zn use efficiencies, and intake of maize in 2019 and 2020 cropping seasons. The inoculation of B. subtilis increased hundred grain mass and yield (14.5 and 17%), while P. fluorescens under residual Zn fertilization has improved shoot and grain Zn concentration in shoot (29.5 and 30.5%). and grain (25.5 and 26.2%), while improving Zn accumulation in shoot (33.8 and 35%) and grain (37.2 and 42%) of maize. The estimated Zn intake in maize was also increased with A. brasilense inoculation and residual Zn application. The Zn use efficiencies including Zn use efficiency, agro-physiological, and utilization efficiency was increased with B. subtilis, while applied Zn recovery was increased with A. brasilense inoculations under residual
Zn fertilization. Zinc use efficiency was increased by 93.3 and 397% with inoculation of B. subtilis regardless of Zn application. Therefore, inoculation with B. subtilis and P. fluorescens along residual Zn fertilization is considered the most effective and sustainable strategy for agronomic biofortification of maize under harsh tropical conditions of Brazil.
... In addition to the use of improved Zn-accumulating varieties (genetic biofortification), Zn concentrations in the edible parts of plants can be increased through adding Zn fertilisers (agronomic biofortification). The effects of Zn availability and fertilisation on maize grain Zn concentrations however, are not consistent and depending on soil characteristics and quantities of other nutrients applied Obaid et al., 2022). The third objective of this thesis was to assess the effect of Zn availability, in combination with availability of NPK, on maize yield (quantity) and grain Zn concentrations (nutritional quality). ...
... The advantage of the combination of organic or mineral fertilizers in the form of Zn, NPK, or litter lies in the provision of P or Zn residues for the following maize harvest. The mixture of multiple Zn fertilization applications (spreading + leaf or banding + leaf) is more successful than a sole approach to improve the concentration of Zn in grain and further parts of maize(Obaid et al., 2022). http://annalsofrscb.ro4.1.2. ...
Approximately, 3 billion people are suffering from micronutrient deficiency worldwide. The deficiencies of micronutrients in maize crops ensure irregular diets are common among a large population. Biofortification, the mean of rearing nutrients into food crops, administers the sustainability and deep-rooted strategy to distribute micronutrients to agrarian populations in growing countries. The biofortification strategy of maize crops has focused on three ambiguous micronutrients such as vitamin A, Iron, and especially zinc to increase nutrition level. The concentration of nutrients in maize crops can be increased by using genetic manipulation, conventional breeding, and agronomic biofortification. Biofortification is being resulted to produce nutrients at a large-scale and enhance yields, concentrations, and nutrition levels of targeted nutrients in maize crops. To accelerate the development of biofortification techniques is essential to enhance the availability of staple crops to overcome the malnutrition in a population. This review highlights the advancements to enhance maize crop nutrition and analyses the challenges faced in malnutrition.
Zinc (Zn) is an essential micronutrient that participates in several plant metabolisms. Soil application of Zn is an effective strategy to increase the productivity and Zn concentration in maize grains, but the effect of Zn fertilizers on the nutrients uptake and biofortification still needs more studies. In this study, a greenhouse plot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of the optimum Zn fertilizer doses (0, 5.7, and 11.4 kg ha −1) on the nutrients uptake and Zn biofortification of maize crops. Zn applications were found to increase significantly the transpiration rate; photosynthesis rate, Zn, and P concentration in the maize shoot at the VT (Tasseling) stage as well as the grain Zn and maize grain yield. P, Mg, and phytic acid (PA) concentration in grains was also increased with a Zn application of 11.4 kg ha −1. The PA/Zn molar ratio in grains decreased due to the Zn application doses as compared with the control treatment, but there was no significant difference between Zn 5.7 and 11.4 kg ha −1 doses, while Zn 5.7 kg ha −1 achieved a higher PA/Fe molar ratio in maize grains compared to other treatments.
The healthy status of human beings is associated with an appropriate nutritional status in Zn, which must firstly be bioavailable. We measured the total Zn amount and its bioaccesibility in raw foods and after cooking by common culinary techniques. These foods were submitted to an in vitro digestion and fermentation with faecal inocula from healthy adults and children to evaluate Zn bioaccesibility in the small and large intestine. Mean total Zn amount provided by foods was 8.080 μg/g. Zn amount released from food in the small intestine was significantly different among several food groups and lower in raw vegetal foods compared to cooked ones (frying, roasting and grilling; p < 0.05); the same behaviour was found in the large intestine for healthy children. Zn bioaccesibility in the large intestine varied statistically according to the subjects' idiosyncrasies, and was higher in healthy children (p < 0.05) probably due to growth demands and different composition of the colonic microbiota. In healthy adults and children, the bioaccesible fractions were 33.0 ± 20.4 % for the small intestine, 16.4 ± 22.0 and 59.6 ± 29.9% for the large one, and the non-bioaccessible ones 50.6 ± 19.9 and 7.4 ± 9.1%, respectively.
Nutrient malnutrition in developing countries can be reduced through the genetic biofortification of bread wheat to increase macro- and micronutrient concentrations. This study aimed to identify genotypes with high yield and quality. A total of 298 bread wheat genotypes were grown in two seasons (2018–2019 and 2019–2020) in rain-fed and irrigated environments and were analyzed for nutrient content and agronomical traits. Analysis of variance revealed significant effects of the environment, genotype, and genotype × environment on grain nutrients and yield under irrigated and rain-fed conditions. Broad sense heritability (H2) was greater than 42% for all traits studied, whereas genetic advance as a percent of the mean (GAM) ranged from low (10.79) in GDD (growing degree days) of days to flowering (GDDF) to high (62.80) in GDD of days grain-filling period (GDDG). Drought stress had the greatest effect on grain yield and thousand-grain weight with a reduction of 51.30 and 36.85%, respectively. A low negative correlation was found between grain yield and grain nutrients in both environments. The range of iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), potassium (K), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), and grain yield (GY) was, respectively, 30.10–84.65, 21.95–50.70, 2.80–10.30, 27.95–75.05, 2585–4335, 2583.30–4469.4, 194.455–488.445, 660.975–1903.600 mg kg−1, and 1.146–9.991 ton ha−1. Yield and quality index (YQI) were able to identify superior genotypes in terms of all nutrients and grain yield. Therefore, the results can be helpful in generating genotypes that have the appropriate level of grain elements and yield, which can lead to the development of genotypes wealthy in nutrients to combat malnutrition.
Phytic acid (PA), an endogenous antinutrient in cereals and legumes, hinders mineral absorption by forming less bioavailable, stable PA-mineral complexes. For individual micronutrients, the PA-to-mineral molar ratio below the critical level ensures better bioavailability and is achieved by adding minerals or removing PA from cereals and pulses. Although several PA reduction and fortification strategies are available, the inability to completely eradicate or degrade PA using available techniques always subdues fortification's impact by hindering fortified micronutrient absorption. The bioavailability of micronutrients could be increased through simultaneous PA degradation and fortification. Following primary PA reduction of the raw material, the fortification step should also incorporate additional essential control stages to further PA inactivation, improving micronutrient absorption. In this review, the chemistry of PA interaction with metal ions, associated controlling parameters, and its impact on PA reduction during fortification is also evaluated, and further suggestions were made for the fortification's success.
