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To find the relationship of secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) to gingival diseases in childhood and adolescence by quantitative study of these antibodies in non-stimulated saliva.
The survey included 30 somatically healthy children (mean age 15.37 +/- 1.06 yrs) with clinically healthy gingiva and another 30 children (somatically healthy) (mean age...
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Introduction: Oral health is an essential component of overall health. Oral health maintenance is more complex for the physically challenged
children; the essential problem is lack of cooperation and coordination because of their physical or mental inability. Thus, physically challenged
children are considered as a high‑risk group for having dental...
Objectives
Evaluating oral and dental health status in Egyptian children with cerebral palsy (CP) in relation to gross motor skills and types of CP.
Methods
A Cross-sectional study was conducted at el-Shatby Hospital for Children, Alexandria-Egypt. Oral examination for 62 children with CP between the age ranges 3–12 years was performed and decay m...
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The essence of oral hygiene is to prevent the accumulation of dental plaque on the teeth and other dental appliances in the mouth. Thus preventing the development of oral diseases associated with its accumulation such as dental caries, gingivitis, periodontitis and halitosis (bad breath). The objective of the study was to determine the oral hygiene...
Citations
... However, the relationship between sIgA and health is complex and subject to both confounding and reverse causality. For example, in the case of oral health, low levels Open Access Journal of sIgA are a risk marker for dental caries, decay, and gingivitis [6] but elevated levels for a short period at the onset of infection are an indicator of current oral infection [7][8][9]. It has also previously been proven that low levels of sIgA in saliva may be a sign of illness and/or a sign of stress due to muscle stress or stress on the immune system due to chronic infections [10]. ...
Background and aims: The host immune response is altered by a series of physiological and pathological factors such as age, gender, inflammation, surgery, and medications. This study was conducted to evaluate differences in salivary IgA (S-IgA) levels in individuals who underwent dental implant surgery and compare them to individuals who were not exposed to dental treatments. S-IgA levels were determined at least 3 months after implant installation.
... However, the relationship between sIgA and health is complex and subject to both confounding and reverse causality. For example, in the case of oral health, low levels Open Access Journal of sIgA are a risk marker for dental caries, decay, and gingivitis [6] but elevated levels for a short period at the onset of infection are an indicator of current oral infection [7][8][9]. It has also previously been proven that low levels of sIgA in saliva may be a sign of illness and/or a sign of stress due to muscle stress or stress on the immune system due to chronic infections [10]. ...
Abstract
Background and aims: The host immune response is altered by a series of physiological and pathological factors such as age, gender, inflammation,
surgery, and medications. This study was conducted to evaluate differences in salivary IgA (S-IgA) levels in individuals who underwent dental implant
surgery and compare them to individuals who were not exposed to dental treatments. S-IgA levels were determined at least 3 months after implant
installation.
Methods: A total of 60 healthy individuals were included in the study; 30 participants received implant treatment (Implant Group) and were
compared with 30 participants with no implant treatment as controls (Control Group). 1.5 ml of unstimulated saliva was obtained for all participants.
The quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique was used for the measurement of salivary IgA levels.
Results: The age range of the participants in the implant group was 38-62 years, with a mean age of 47.9 years; 18 (60%) were males and 12 (40%)
were females. The age range of the study's controls was 38-59 years, with a mean age ± SD of 45.2 ± 5.2 years for 18 (60%) males and 12 (40%)
females. The mean number of implants was 2.7 ± 0.83, and the mean period after implant placement was 19.2 ± 8.2 months. A low sIgA level (<
250 μg/mL) was present in 10% of implant patients, but not in any cases in the control group. In contrast, only 6.7% of implant patients had this
amount at a level greater than 351 μg/mL, compared to 53.3% in the control group. The mean ± SD for cases was 302.7 ± 36.8 g/mL versus 370.8
± 59.2 μg/mL for controls, indicating that all normal distribution values were significantly lower in the implant patient group compared to higher
values in healthy controls. Males had higher normal values across the board in both groups (cases and controls). Male dental implant patients'
mean and standard deviation (312.2 ± 38.3 vs. 408.2 ± 42.2 µg/ml) showed a statistically significant decrease. Female dental implant patients' mean
and standard deviation (287.3 30.6 vs. 314.7 ± 27.6 µg/ml) showed a statistically significant decrease. Overall, there was a significant decrease in
the mean ±SD of dental implant patients (302.7 ± 36.8 µg/ml) versus the rising level in the total healthy control group (370.8 ± 36.8 µg/ml). The
observed averages of sIgA for the presence of peri-implant mucositis in the two independent samples (yes, no) differed significantly by 60.7, with a
95% confidence interval of 41.1-80.3, and this finding is very significant (p<0.0001).
Conclusion: Salivary immunoglobulin A level values were significantly lower statistically in implant patients compared to the control group. The
results, however, showed that there is a connection between lower sIgA levels in saliva and the development of pre-implant mucositis, meaning
that low sIgA levels are risk factors for peri-implant mucositis or that peri-implant mucositis causes lower sIgA levels to be produced in mouth saliva.
... Recent studies have shown that SIgA is significantly elevated in mixed saliva of gingivitis patients relative to healthy controls (29). Other evidences have reported that once the epithelial barrier has been penetrated, the underlying connective tissue's defense is primarily an inflammatory response. ...
Objective
This study sought to explore the role of metabolic disturbance in immunoregulation of gingivitis targeting T helper 17 cells (Th17)/regulatory T cell (Treg).
Materials and Methods
A total of 20 gingivitis patients and 19 healthy volunteers were recruited. Quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to evaluate expression patterns of Forkhead box protein P3 (Foxp3), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), retinoid-related orphan receptor-gammat (RORγt) and interleukin 17A (IL-17A) in the peripheral blood lymphocytes of subjects across the two groups. Moreover, the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique was used to detect levels of TGF-β, IL-4, IL-6,TL-10 and L-17A secreted in the plasma as well as the SIgA secreted in saliva. Flow cytometry was used to detect the percentage of CD4⁺CD25⁺ Foxp3⁺Treg cells and the percentage of CD4⁺IL-17A⁺ Th17 cells in whole blood of subjects in both groups. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was employed to analyze the plasma metabolites in the gingivitis patient group. Statistical analysis was applied to determine whether the plasma metabolites and related metabolic pathways significantly differed between gingivitis patients and healthy controls. Ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) was employed to identify the potential relation between the metabolites and the Th17 and Treg related pathway.
Results
The percentages of CD4⁺IL17A⁺Th17 cells and IL-17 significantly increased in the peripheral blood in the gingivitis group. Moreover, the upregulation of IL-17A mRNA and RORγt mRNA were also found in the gingivitis group. However, the percentage of CD4⁺CD25⁺ Foxp3⁺Treg cells and Foxp3 mRNA in the whole blood did not significantly change. However, TGF-β mRNA as well as TGF-β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10 in the periperial blood and SIgA in the saliva were higher in the gingivitis group. Notably, that the ratio of Th17/Treg cells was significantly increased during peripheral circulation. Furthermore, we identified 18 different metabolites which were differentially expressed in plasma between the gingivitis and healthy control groups. Notably, the levels of cholesterol, glycerol 1-octadecanoate, d-glucose, uric acid, cyclohexaneacetic acid, 3-pyridine, tryptophan, and undecane 2,4-dimethyl were significantly up-regulated. whereas the levels of lactic acid, glycine, linoleic acid, monopalmitic acid, glycerol, palmitic acid, pyruvate, 1-(3-methylbutyl)-2,3,4,6-tetramethylbenzene, 1 5-anhydro d-altrol, and boric acid were down-regulated in the gingivitis group, relative to healthy controls. IPA showed that these metabolites are connected to IL17 signaling, TGF-B signaling, and IL10 signaling, which are related closely to Th17 and Treg pathway.
Conclusion
Overall, these results showed that disturbance to glycolysis as well as amino and fatty acid metabolism are associated with Th17/Treg balance in gingivitis. Impaired immunometabolism may influence some periodontally involved systemic diseases, hence it is a promising strategy in targeted development of treatment therapies.
... Scale, an update on the 2013 version, which computes three parameters on a scale: education of head of the family, occupation of head of the family, and family income. 10 According to the scale, five classes of socioeconomic strata exist: upper (score: [26][27][28][29], upper middle (score: [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25], lower middle (score: [11][12][13][14][15], upper lower (score: 5-10), and lower (score: <5). In the present study, we observed an insignificant prevalence of gingival BOP among the socioeconomic classes (P = 0.051). ...
... 27 The increased salivary flow during fruit consumption also provides secretory immunoglobulin A as a first line of defense, and restricts the formation of a biofilm. 28 In the present study, we observed that the consumption of sugary foods twice per day or more was reported more by the younger age group, boys, and the lower strata compared to their counterparts (Table 3). Incidentally, these were also the very groups at increased risk for gingival BOP (Table 6) Yet another experimental gingivitis study on 20 dental students focusing on lower anterior teeth observed more gingival BOP with a high sugar diet. ...
Aims
The aims of the present study were to assess the prevalence and pattern of gingival bleeding on probing (BOP) and to evaluate the effect of oral health behavior and demographic determinants on gingival health in 11‐16‐year‐old school children in Chandigarh, India.
Methods
A cross‐sectional study, using stratified random sampling, was conducted across two age groups, 11‐13 years and 14‐16 years, and two socioeconomic strata: upper and lower. The World Health Organization (WHO) Oral Health Questionnaire for Children was used to record the data, and the WHO Community Periodontal Index (modified) was used to assess gingival BOP.
Results
Among all the 2294 children examined, an estimated 54.2% had gingival BOP. The odds of BOP were also higher in the younger age group (odds ratio [OR]: 1.261, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.068‐1.487, P = 0.006), higher for boys (OR: 1.200, 95% CI: 1.017‐1.416, P = 0.031), and lower in the upper strata (OR: 0.805, 95% CI: 0.682‐0.951, P = 0.011). Gingival BOP was 58.5% in the mandibular and 41.5% in the maxillary arch (P < 0.0001); χ²‐test found tooth cleaning frequency to be a significant contributing factor for gingival BOP (P = 0.014).
Conclusions
An inverse co‐relation of gingival BOP with age, socioeconomic status, and a higher prevalence in boys was observed, necessitating periodic preventive dental education, particularly focusing on the target group. Additionally, early screening and prompt treatment to intercept the disease is advocated.
... (21) The present investigation resulted in significant decrease of SIgA levels among group III p ≤0.001 (periodontal smoking patient compared to group II p ≤0.001 ( periodontal non smoking patients) and group I (control group) p ≤0.001. This was in was constituent with Rashkova (20,(22)(23)(24) Decrease of SIgA could be as result of to the local effect of tobacco on the level of salivary immunoglobulin Furthermore, it could be attributed to the effect of Cigarette smoking on the immunoregulation of B-cell differentiation and its maturation . In addition, to the increased total T-cell numbers with a decrease in the T helper/suppressor cell ratio in heavy (6,(22)(23)(24) Comparing clinical parameters of periodontal disease between the groups of our study showed no significant increase of plague index among periodontal smoking patients compared to periodontal no smokers .This was in agreement with former studies. ...
... This was in was constituent with Rashkova (20,(22)(23)(24) Decrease of SIgA could be as result of to the local effect of tobacco on the level of salivary immunoglobulin Furthermore, it could be attributed to the effect of Cigarette smoking on the immunoregulation of B-cell differentiation and its maturation . In addition, to the increased total T-cell numbers with a decrease in the T helper/suppressor cell ratio in heavy (6,(22)(23)(24) Comparing clinical parameters of periodontal disease between the groups of our study showed no significant increase of plague index among periodontal smoking patients compared to periodontal no smokers .This was in agreement with former studies. (6,25,26) However, it was in contrast with former studies (27) which showed higher plaque levels in smokers in addition to other studies which found less plaque levels in smokers . ...
... However, the relationship between sIgA and health is complex and subject both to confounding and reverse causation. For example, in the case of oral health, lower levels of sIgA have been shown to be a risk marker for dental caries and decay [6] but high levels have been deemed an indicator of current oral infection [7][8][9]. Salivary IgA has previously been shown to be a stress marker in humans. For example, we have previously shown that low levels of sIgA are associated with caregiving stress in older age [10], higher ratings of the stressfulness and disruption caused by negative life events [9,[11][12][13][14][15]. ...
... This latter observation taken together with the previous literature suggest several mechanisms by which low sIgA and high IgA might both relate to mortality; low sIgA might indicate impaired immunity with ageing, which in turn influences both infectious disease risk and cancer risk, whereas high serum IgA may indicate already underlying disease. Nevertheless, it should also be noted that in some instances, abnormally high sIgA levels indicate current acute oral infection [7], and inflammation [8]. ...
Immunoglobulins are essential for combating infectious disease although very high levels can indicate underlying pathology. The present study examined associations between secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) in saliva and mortality rates in the general population. Participants were 639 adults from the eldest cohort of the West of Scotland Twenty-07 Study aged 63 years at the time of saliva sampling in 1995. From unstimulated 2-minute saliva samples, saliva volume and S-IgA concentration were measured, and S-IgA secretion rate determined as their product. Mortality data were tracked for 19 years. Cox proportional hazard models were applied to compute hazard ratios (HR) for all-cause mortality from sIgA secretion rate. Associations were adjusted for gender, assay batch, household occupational group, smoking, medication usage, and self-reported health. There was a negative association between log sIgA secretion rate and all-cause mortality, HR = 0.81, 95%CI = 0.73-0.91, p < .001. Further analysis of specific causes of mortality revealed that the all-cause association was due to an underlying association with cancer mortality and in particular with cancers other than lung cancer. The HR for non-lung cancer was 0.68 (95%CI = 0.54 to 0.85) implying a 32% reduction in mortality risk per standard deviation rise in log sIgA secretion rate. Effects were stronger for men than women. For deaths from respiratory diseases, sIgA secretion had a non-linear relationship with mortality risk whereby only the very lowest levels of secretion were associated with elevated risk. SIgA concentration revealed a similar but weaker pattern of association. In the present study, higher secretion rates of sIgA were associated with a decreased risk of death from cancer, specifically non-lung cancer, as well as from respiratory disease. Thus, it appears that sIgA plays a protective role among older adults, and could serve as a marker of mortality risk, specifically cancer mortality.
... [8] Rashkova et al (2010) explained that the presence of biofilm is an important immunogenic factor for presence of antibodies. [14] Thus, lower plaque scores in healthy subjects may contribute to lower amounts of biofilm formation and therefore, lower S-IgA levels in the Healthy Group (Group I) in comparison to Group II and Group III groups as seen in our study. This may also explain the higher S-IgA level in saliva noted in the only healthy subject with presence of tongue coating. ...
Aims: To investigate the relation of 1) S-IgA levels in saliva with tongue coating 2) S-IgA levels in saliva with oral malodour, in patients with health, gingivitis and chronic periodontitis. Materials and method: 90 systemically healthy subjects aged 18-60 years were included in this study. They were grouped into three groups after clinical examination. Each group comprised of 30 subjects. Group I-Healthy subjects, Group II-Subjects with Gingivitis, Group III – Subjects with severe chronic periodontitis. Modified Gingival Index, Plaque Index and the Russel's Periodontal index were recorded for all subjects. Tongue coating was scored as per the scoring criteria described by Kojima et al, 1985. A simplification of the Organoleptic assessment scale by Rosenberg and McCulloch (1992) was used for grading oral malodour. 2ml of unstimulated saliva was collected from all 90 subjects into sterile ependoff tubes for estimation of secretory IgA levels using ELISA procedure. Results: This S-IgA level shows an inverse relationship with tongue coating and oral malodour as the disease activity progresses from gingivitis to severe chronic periodontitis Conclusions: There was a statistically significant inverse correlation seen between the tongue coating and S-IgA levels in saliva in health, gingivitis and chronic severe periodontitis. 2) A statistically significant inverse relationship was noticed in the oral malodour and S-IgA levels in healthy subjects and patients with gingivitis and chronic severe periodontitis. Thus, S-IgA levels in unhealthy subjects may show potential in limiting periodontal disease activity and may prove to be a significant biomarker of disease alteration.
... Saliva has been championed as the diagnostic fluid of the future because of its non-invasiveness, ease of sampling and multiple sampling opportunities; low risk to healthcare professionals of contracting infectious organisms; and it is an ideal diagnostic medium to collect from the young and elderly [1,6,7,10]. Therefore, it is not surprising that saliva is currently used for the diagnosis of various oral and systemic diseases [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21], including HIV [22]. Saliva as a diagnostic sample shows promise for the diagnosis of other major diseases such as Alzheimer's [23], Type 2 diabetes [24], cardiovascular disease [17], heart failure [12] and breast cancer [25]. ...
Background:
Dysregulation of salivary immunoglobulins has been implicated in illnesses ranging from periodontal disease to HIV aids and malignant cancers. Despite these advances there is a lack of agreement among studies with regard to the salivary immunoglobulin levels in healthy controls.
Methodology:
Resting and mechanically stimulated saliva samples and matching serum samples were collected from healthy individuals (n = 33; 40-55 years of age; gender: 23 female, 10 male). A matrix-matched AlphaLISA(®) assay was developed to determine the concentrations of IgG1 and IgG4 in serum and saliva samples.
Conclusion:
Clear relationships were observed in the flow rate and concentration of each immunoglobulin in the two types of saliva. This study affirms the need to establish and standardize collection methods before salivary IgGs are used for diagnostic purposes.
... Decreased IgA levels in saliva are associated with an increased degree of gingival inflammation [24]. The results of our study are aligned with those obtained by Shilpashree, who highlighted a decrease in IgA in cigarette smokers [1]. ...
The aim of this study was to assess the level of salivary immunoglobulins and periodontal status in smokers and non-smokers.
Unstimulated saliva of 30 subjects (mean age 24.2 ± 3.5 years) who were smokers (test group) and of 30 subjects (mean age 25.3 ± 3.8 years) who were non-smokers (control group) was collected and centrifugated; IgA, IgG, and IgM were measured with the colorimetric immunoenzymatic method. Moreover, the following periodontal clinical parameters were recorded for each subject: plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), probing depth (PD), and clinical attachment level (CAL).
A significantly (p< 0.05) lower Ig level was observed in smoking patients (IgA: 20.0 ± 1.2 mg/dl; IgM: 19.5 ± 1.6 mg/dl; IgG: 8.1 ± 1.4 mg/dl) compared to levels in the non-smoking control group (IgA: 234.1 ± 65.2 mg/dl; IgM: 121.0 ± 31.7 mg/dl; IgG: 1049.4 ± 102 mg/dl). In the test group, PI (2.2 ± 0.3), GI (2.4 ±0.5), PD (49.3 ± 9.2%), and CAL (49.3 ± 4.6%) were higher (p< 0.05) than those observed in the control group (PI: 0.8 ± 0.4; GI: 0.7 ± 0.3; PD: 10.6 ± 2.4%; CAL: 3.1 ± 0.8%).
Smoking subjects showed lower levels of salivary IgA, IgG, and IgM and a worse periodontal condition than non-smoking subjects. On the base of our study, as smoking subjects also had lower levels of IgA, IgG, and IgM in their saliva than non-smoking subjects, despite the fact that there is little evidence that the salivary Igs have a protective action against periodontitis and that the whole saliva does not result in whole from the salivary glands, it can be concluded that the deteriorated periodontal health conditions of these patients can be attributed in part to a lowering of the host's defense due to a decrease in the quantity of Igs in salivary fluid.
... Inflammatory and microbiological disease of the oral cavity can also be related to immunoglobulin concentration (20,21,45,46). A relationship was established among immunoglobulin levels, the periodontal disease (gingival index), and the Loe bacterial plaque index (45). ...
... Inflammatory and microbiological disease of the oral cavity can also be related to immunoglobulin concentration (20,21,45,46). A relationship was established among immunoglobulin levels, the periodontal disease (gingival index), and the Loe bacterial plaque index (45). Motor difficulties, limited mouth opening and dependence on a caregiver to perform oral hygiene are factors that favor the onset of periodontal disease, particularly gingivitis and the presence of calculi (47). ...
Background
Salivary immunoglobulin A ( SI g A ) together with innate defenses such as α‐amylase, provides the ‘first line of defense’ against pathogens present at mucosal surfaces. This study aimed to evaluate salivary α‐amylase and immunoglobulin A ( IgA ) in whole saliva of spastic cerebral palsy ( CP ) individuals.
Methods
Whole saliva was collected from 22 CP and 24 sibling volunteers with no neurological damage control groups ( CG ) (aged 7–14 years). The salivary flow rate, total protein and SI g A concentrations, and α‐amylase activity were determined.
Results
The CP group presented higher salivary flow rate (35%) and lower total protein concentration (18%) compared with the CG ( P ≤ 0.05). CPG had higher absolute (68%, μg SIgA /ml) and relative (55%, μg SIgA /mg prot and 108%, μg SIgA /min) concentrations of IgA compared with the CG ( P ≤ 0.05). CPG had lower relative α‐amylase activity (15% mg malt/mg prot and 33%, mg malt/min) compared with the CG ( P ≤ 0.05).
Conclusion
This study concluded that CP individuals presented alterations in the profile of salivary proteins involved in the defense system of the oral cavity.
