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Clinical case from routine practice at the Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre (PMCC), where the use of PSMA PET/CT had dramatically changed therapeutic interventions. The patient presented with a PSA of 45 and a left Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System (PIRADS) 5 lesion on MRI, with the biopsy confirming left GGG2 disease. The MRI and CT scans also showed a suspicious sclerotic lesion in the left iliac crest, which was concerning for bony metastases (A,B). The red arrow highlights the bony lesion in the left iliac crest. The bone appeared to show no apparent disease. Conversely, the PSMA PET/CT showed high PSMA avidity, with a maximum SUV (SUVMax) of 21.9 in the left prostate lesion and no avidity within the previously identified bone lesion (C,D). The patient proceeded to have a radical prostatectomy (RP) for localised high-risk PCa (E). At 3 years after the curative treatment, the patient’s PSA remained undetectable.

Clinical case from routine practice at the Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre (PMCC), where the use of PSMA PET/CT had dramatically changed therapeutic interventions. The patient presented with a PSA of 45 and a left Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System (PIRADS) 5 lesion on MRI, with the biopsy confirming left GGG2 disease. The MRI and CT scans also showed a suspicious sclerotic lesion in the left iliac crest, which was concerning for bony metastases (A,B). The red arrow highlights the bony lesion in the left iliac crest. The bone appeared to show no apparent disease. Conversely, the PSMA PET/CT showed high PSMA avidity, with a maximum SUV (SUVMax) of 21.9 in the left prostate lesion and no avidity within the previously identified bone lesion (C,D). The patient proceeded to have a radical prostatectomy (RP) for localised high-risk PCa (E). At 3 years after the curative treatment, the patient’s PSA remained undetectable.

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Simple Summary The review explores the critical role of prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) PET/CT imaging in diagnosing, staging, and treating prostate cancer. PSMA PET/CT offers superior diagnostic capabilities for identifying prostate cancer’s spread, with potential as a prognostic indicator for the disease’s recurrence and survival. It hi...

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... PSMA, a transmembrane glycoprotein (11), was initially identified on prostate cells in 1987 (12) and cloned and characterized in 1993 (13). It was further noted to be preferentially expressed on malignant versus benign prostate cells, prompting researchers to develop it as a target for molecular imaging and theranostic applications (14). The expression of PSMA in tumors is, however, absent in 15-20% of men diagnosed with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), but the precise mechanisms behind this phenomenon are still unclear (15). ...
... As a prime example of cutting-edge RPTs, consider their remarkable efficacy in treating advanced prostate cancer (PCa), notably metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPCa) using therapies such as Lu-177-PSMA [15]. This targeted approach, utilizing Lu-177-PSMA, capitalizes on the overexpression of prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) receptors on prostate cancer cells [16]. PSMA serves as a critical biomarker for disease progression, playing a pivotal role in guiding treatment decisions and monitoring response to therapy. ...