Table 1 - uploaded by Arief Budiman
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In pyrolysis, tar is undesired byproduct because it causes operational problems such as the contamination in the inner wall of a reactor, blockages in pipes, corrosion and formation of tar aerosols and carcinogenic. Therefore, it is necessary to take steps for removing or decomposing tar into fuel gas (bio-syngas) and other compounds that are more...
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Context 1
... of raw material tar of this work is shown in Table 1. Raw materials were grouped based on the acid groups, hydrocarbons, ketones, compounds oxygenate and tar. ...
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... secondary tar compounds consist of phenol, benzene, alkyl benzene and toluene. In this experiment, the phenol compound was most found in raw tar, approximately 34% (see Table 1). The yield of phenol with different temperatures during the experiment of tar decomposition was shown in Fig. 5. ...
Citations
... Based on these results, running the extraction process for 30 minutes is recommended to maximize yield. distillate processed into biodiesel [9], gas production from bagasse [10], bio-oil production from wood, fruit and vegetable waste [11], biodiesel from kesambi seeds [12]. Recently, several researchers have investigated the production of third-generation biodiesel from microalgal lipids [7]. ...
... PO-EFB can be converted into oil through pyrolysis technology [7]. Pyrolysis oil cannot replace transportation fuel because it contains acid and high oxygenated compounds [8,9]. Among the technologies to reduce oxygenated compounds in pyrolysis oil is hydrodeoxygenation [10]. ...
Pyrolysis oil has been produced and upgraded through the co-pyrolysis of treated palm oil empty fruit bunch (PO-EFB) and plastic waste of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) using calcium oxide (CaO) as a catalyst. The treated PO-EFBs were mixed with the LDPE plastics with PO-EFB weight ratios of 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, and 25:75. The mixtures were put into the co-pyrolysis reactor and heat-treated at 400–550 °C with nitrogen gas flowing for 45 min. The CaO catalysts used were varied in the range of 1–5%. The chemical compositions, density, acidity, viscosity, and calorific value were probed using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC–MS), pycnometer, digital pH-meter, Ostwald viscometer, and bomb calorimeter, respectively. The results showed that the addition of LDPE plastics increased the yield and the quality of pyrolysis oil. Meanwhile, the increase in co-pyrolysis temperature decreased the yield of pyrolysis oil but increased the quality of pyrolysis oil. The best result was shown by the process using PO-EFB/LDPE ratio of 25:75 and 3% CaO catalyst at a temperature of 450 °C with compositions of 71.36% hydrocarbons and 28.64% alcohol. The resulting pyrolysis oil had a heating value of 43.5 MJ/kg, the density of 0.817 g/mL, a viscosity of 2.82 cSt, and a pH of 4.6.
... Another potential catalyst material is iron oxide, as it is abundantly available in Indonesia. Several researchers have observed its ability as a catalyst and concluded that iron oxide has a positive effect [18,19]. ...
The purpose of bed material in the pyrolysis process is to reduce the need for heat energy. In this study, three kinds of sands were observed as bed material, namely iron oxide, zeolite, and ZSM-5 in the slow fixed bed pyrolysis of sunan candlenut oilcake (SCO). To evaluate the activation energy, pyrolytic kinetics were carried out using the iso-conversional method with the KAS, OFW, and Friedman models. They involved calculating the data from the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) test at heating rates of 5, 10, 20 and 40 K/min. Furthermore, the results showed that SCO had a high volatile content of 82.80%, alongside a calorific value of 26.93 MJ/kg. The calculation results showed that the activation energy of SCO was 169.140 kJ/mol which decreased 1.45% in the KAS model, and 1.92% in the OFW model with the addition of ZSM-5 bed material. Therefore, the use of ZSM-5 bed material in the pyrolysis process reduces the activation energy.
... This process is feasible to be developed to produce biodiesel from microalgae with a positive energy balance. [5], distilat asam lemak kelapa yang diolah menjadi biodiesel [6], produksi gas dari ampas tebu [7], produksi bio-oil dari limbah kayu, buah-buahan dan sayuran [8], bio-oil dari ampas mikroalga [9], biodiesel dari biji bukan bahan pangan seperti biji jarak dan biji pepaya [10] dan produksi energi dengan pengolahan termal atau biologis limbah organik [11]. Baru-baru ini, beberapa peneliti sedang menyelidiki produksi biodiesel generasi ketiga dari lipid mikroalga [4]. ...
... Non-edible vegetable oil or waste of biomass are preferred to serve as energy resources to avoid this problem (Suganya et al., 2016). Some researchers had investigated some fuels from nonedible and waste renewable resources, for instance: (i) biooil from palm empty fruit branch (EFB) (Sunarno et al., 2018), wood (Chukwuneke et al., 2019), vegetables and fruit waste (Wicakso et al., 2018), frying oils wastes (Soulayman and Ola, 2019) microalgae (Cheng et al., 2019), microalgae residue (Jamilatun et al., 2019); (ii) biodiesel from palm fatty acid distillate (Sawitri et al., * Corresponding Author: abudiman@ugm.ac.id 2016), jatropha (Kusumaningtyas et al., 2016), papaya seed (Anwar et al., 2019); (iii) syngas from sugarcane bagasse (Daniyanto et al., 2016). ...
Previous studies of biodiesel production from microalgae have concluded that microalgal biodiesel is not profitable at an industrial scale due to its excessive energy consumption for lipid extraction. Hydrodynamic cavitation lipid extraction is one of the extraction methods which has lower energy consumption. Thismethod enables a fast extraction rate and low energy consumption for cell disruption. In order to achieve optimum process conditions, several influential parameters, which are cavitation generator geometry and driving pressure, need to be scrutinized. The experimental result showed that the maximum yield was obtained at 5 bar driving pressure. The lowest specific extraction energy was obtained at 4.167 bar driving pressure while using one side concave cavitation generator geometry with the ratio of the reduced cross-sectional area of 0.39. The value of the energy extraction requirement 17.79 kJoule/g lipids is less than the biodiesel heating value, and the value of the volumetric mass transfer coefficient is almost 20 times fold greater than the conventional extraction method, therefore this method is promising to be further developed.
... Growth in the world's population and the automobile industry spurs an increase in fuel consumption every year [1,2]. The world's energy resources are still dominated by fossil fuels such as petroleum, gas and coal [3,4]. The use of fossil fuels continuously will cause problems such as the depletion of fossil fuel reserves, rising fuel prices, global warming and other environmental problems [5,6]. ...
Alternative fuel is needed in order to anticipate the petroleum depletion and environmental issues. The most abundant and inexpensive raw material for producing renewable fuel is biomass. One of the biomass that is potentially used as raw material for fuel production is empty fruit bunch (EFB) waste of the palm oil industry. EFB can be converted into bio-oil by pyrolysis process, but this product can not be used directly as a transportation fuel, as it needs to undergo a process of an upgrade to bio-oil. Co-pyrolysis is a biomass pyrolysis process with solid material that has a high hydrogen index at atmospheric pressure. One of the materials that have a higher hydrogen index than biomass is polymer, such as solid tire waste. The objectives of this research are to study the effects of EFB treatment, the mass ratio of solid tire waste to EFB, and temperature of co-pyrolysis to the yield and composition of the product. EFB that had been treated was mixed with the tire waste, with a weight ratio of (100:0; 75:25; 50:50; 25:75 and 0:100) between EFB and tire waste. The mixed raw material was put into the co-pyrolysis reactor and heated at 400-600 o C, the nitrogen gas was used as a carrier and flowed at a flow rate of 400 mL/min for 45 minutes. The results showed that the treatment of EFB as the raw material of pyrolysis could increase the yield of bio-oil and improve the quality of bio-oil. With the addition of 75% tire waste in the co-pyrolysis raw material, the composition of hydrocarbons in bio-oil became 59.55% with a bio-oil heating value of 33.1 MJ/kg.
Bioetanol merupakan bahan bakar alternatif pengganti premium yang renewable dan ramah lingkungan. Salah satu bahan baku potensial untuk produksi bioetanol adalah sampah rumah tangga. Studi ini adalah untuk mempelajari potensi sampah rumah tangga Kota Banjarmasin sebagai bahan baku alternatif pembuatan bioetanol. Penelitian diawali dengan melakukan klasifikasi sampah rumah tangga menjadi 5 fraksi berdasarkan kandungan holoselulosanya di 5 kecamatan Kota Bnajarmasin. Klasifikasi sampah ini menggunakan metode sampling yang mengacu pada SNI 19-3964-1995. Yield etanol dihitung secara teoritis dari masing-masing fraksinya. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa sampah rumah tangga Kota Banjarmasin terdiri dari 54,76% sampah organik dan 45,24% sampah anorganik. Sampah fraksi 5 menyumbang jumlah sampah yang paling besar yaitu 34,48%. Potensi produksi etanol teoritis dari sampah rumah tangga di Kota Banjarmasin sebesar 199,40 kL/tahun.Kata kunci: sampah, rumah tangga, bioetanol
