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Natural hazards are processes that serve as triggers for natural disasters. Natural hazards can be classified into six categories. Geophysical or geological hazards relate to movement in solid earth. Their examples include earthquakes and volcanic activity. Hydrological hazards relate to the movement of water and include floods, landslides, and wav...
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... urban areas, the structural measures to mitigate the effect of pluvial or surface flooding caused by rainfall independent of an overflowing water body consist of storm water drainage system, comprising catch pits, manholes, storm sewers, culverts, detention ponds, and pumping stations [105]. Figure 10 details some of the measures that can be adopted to mitigate effects of flood hazard for new and existing developments. (iii) Meteorological hazards Meteorological hazards are caused by tropical storms termed as cyclones, hurricanes, or typhoons in different parts of the world. ...
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... zone management Utilization of stabilized sand dunes, coastal mangrove forests, man-made breakwaters, and sea walls are important defense mechanisms against storm surge, as depicted in Figure 11. These mitigation measures may not fully protect coastal structures from flooding but help in reducing coastal erosion. ...
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... It should be noted that meaningful suggestions on the management field will stand in need of additional considerations, mainly due to the fact that the implementation of new actions will be limited by a number of outside factors, mainly economic, social and environmental. However, the results show promise, and it is also possible for researchers to adopt the developed strategies in fields researching different natural disasters, such as earthquakes, floods or droughts Chaudhary and Piracha (2021). However, at their current state, all strategies focus on calculating the point of loss and could benefit from potential future expansions that tradeoff landscape management approaches like initial ignition attacks and fuel treatment. ...
Forest fires are a persistent global problem, causing devastating consequences such as loss of human lives, harm to the environment, and substantial economic losses. To mitigate these impacts, the accurate prediction and early detection of forest fires is critical. In response to this challenge and living in the digital era of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and smart economies, there has been a growing interest in utilising AI mechanisms for forest fire management. This study provides an in-depth examination of the use of AI algorithms in the fight against forest fires. In particular, our paper starts with an overview of the forest fire problem, followed by a comprehensive review of various systems and approaches. This review includes a thorough analysis of the various works that have evaluated the factors that influence fire occurrence and severity, as well as those that focus on fire prediction and detection systems. The paper also explores the use of AI in adapting and restoring after the occurrence of forest fires. The paper concludes with an evaluation of the potential impact of AI on forest fire management and suggestions for future research directions, taking full advantage of novel technologies, such as 5G communications, Software Defined Networking (SDN), digital twins, federated learning and blockchain. Finally, the paper draws lessons and insights on the potential and limitations of AI in forest fire management, highlighting the need for further research and development in this field to maximise its impact and benefits.
... Understanding the distribution of COVID-19 cases and identifying high-risk areas is crucial for targeting vaccination efforts effectively. The main origins of this concept can be traced back to various disciplines such as geography, environmental science, health sciences, administrative science, and disaster studies [37]. It draws heavily from risk assessment, management theories, and research on natural hazards and their impact on human populations. ...
This study evaluates the propagation impact of three risk categories (hazard and exposure, socio-economic vulnerability, and lack of coping capacity) and their associated factors on vaccination uptake policy decisions in Pakistan. This study proposed Bayesian influence diagrams using expert elicitation and data-driven approaches. The Bayesian network (BN) approach uses the best policy algorithm to determine the expected utility of decisions. The study found that the government’s firm vaccine uptake decisions had a positive effect in Pakistan. The findings on hazard and exposure-related factors show that people living in rural areas were more susceptible to COVID-19 than people living in urban areas. Among socio-economic vulnerability factors, household characteristics were affected due to household economic situations, fear of using health facilities due to the spread of COVID-19, lack of public transportation services, food insecurity, a temporary halt in education, and weak governance, which affected the vaccination uptake decision. The factors linked with coping capacity show that the government’s financial assistance and development of digital platforms raised digital health literacy and increased vaccine uptake decision utility. The proposed methodology and results of this study can be used to develop contingency planning for any future potential pandemic situations.
... It is endowed with abundant natural resources yet is highly prone to seismic activities. The nation's varied island composition and complex geological structures frequently subject it to earthquakes, resulting in significant challenges for its people and their built environments (Apu & Das, 2021;Chaudhary & Piracha, 2021;Lopez-Saavedra & Marti, 2023). The regularity of these seismic events highlights the critical need for enhanced understanding and accurate prediction, pivotal for efficient disaster management and reduction strategies (Du, Wang, Xie, & Dong, 2023;Elliott, 2020;Freddi et al., 2021). ...
This study presents a comprehensive comparison of three machine learning algorithms for anomaly detection within seismic data, focusing on the unique geographical and geological context of Indonesia, a region prone to frequent seismic events. Local Outlier Factor (LOF), Isolation Forest, and One-Class SVM were assessed using a meticulously curated dataset from the Indonesian Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysical Agency, standardized to ensure consistent feature scale. Our analysis encompassed both statistical metrics and visualizations to evaluate the performance of each algorithm. The One-Class SVM emerged as the most effective method, achieving the highest silhouette score, indicative of its superior cluster formation and clear distinction between inliers and outliers. The Isolation Forest also demonstrated strong performance with a favorable silhouette score and Davies-Bouldin index, suggesting effective anomaly isolation capabilities. In contrast, the LOF algorithm showed less precision, as indicated by lower silhouette scores and a higher Davies-Bouldin index, suggesting potential challenges in distinguishing between normal and anomalous seismic patterns. Statistical validation using the Kruskal-Wallis H-test confirmed significant differences in the anomaly score distributions of the three algorithms, with a p-value of 0.0. Visualizations through PCA and t-SNE reinforced the quantitative findings, displaying a clear demarcation of anomalies by the One-Class SVM and Isolation Forest, unlike the LOF.The findings underscore the importance of selecting appropriate anomaly detection methods for seismic data analysis, highlighting the robustness of One-Class SVM and Isolation Forest for such applications. The implications of this research are profound for seismic risk management, providing insights that enhance the accuracy and reliability of earthquake prediction systems, which is vital for regions with high seismic activity such as Indonesia.
... A disaster is a sudden event caused by natural, non-natural, and social factors, thus impacting the community and the surrounding environment. In general, the causal factors for disasters are caused by several trigger components, threats or hazards, and vulnerabilities that work together systematically to cause risk to the community [1,2]. Disaster risk can be reduced through systematic efforts to analyze and reduce the causal factors of disasters, one of which is understanding disaster risk reduction. ...
... Europe has experienced a rising frequency and severity of natural disasters, including wildfires, floods, droughts and extreme weather conditions, together with damaging earthquakes in neighbouring countries such as Turkey and Morocco (Chaudhary & Piracha, 2021;Diaconu & Grecu, 2023). These events disrupt agriculture, damage infrastructure and consequently strain food systems. ...
This article explores the impact of the ‘Quadruple Whammy’ consisting of Brexit, COVID‐19, Conflicts (Russia‐Ukraine and Israel‐Palestine) and Natural disasters on the food supply chain in Europe. This research adopted a two‐phase methodology comprised of the e‐Delphi technique followed by the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses) approach within the context of these four identified challenges. The objective of this article is to analyse the challenges faced by the European food supply chain due to these four factors. The article examines the impact of political isolationism such as Brexit on trade, cost and border controls, while also discussing the effects of COVID‐19 on labour, supply chains and the rise of e‐commerce. In addition, the article examines the impact of conflicts on food access and availability and the role of international aid and assistance. The effects of natural disasters, such as the Turkish and Moroccan earthquakes, floods in Spain and Portugal and the Moroccan drought, on food security are also analysed. The article offers several strategies for taming the quadruple whammy, such as investing in local food production and supply chains, diversifying supply chains and trade partnerships and strengthening food safety regulations and standards. The importance of building resilience and preparedness in the face of these challenges is emphasised and the article concludes with final thoughts and recommendations.
... The cause-and-effect relationship between disasters and physical, social, and economic developments is documented in the literature. For instance, recent research outcomes have established a strong connection between physical development in human settlements and the occurrence of disasters (Wahab and Falola, 2017;Padli, et al., 2018;Živković, 2019;Zerbo et al., 2020;Agbola and Falola, 2021;Chaudhary and Piracha, 2021;Jerome, 2021;Wahab and Falola, 2022). The root cause of the negative effects that are associated with the development and fire disaster risk interlink has been attributed to a lack of compliance with relevant safety regulations and or inadequate enforcement of codes, standards, and legislations that are meant to guide physical developments (Fashina et al., 2020). ...
Risk-based land use planning is regarded as a controlling tool for reducing environmental disasters in urban settlements. However, unsustainable land use practices allow building and infrastructural developments in fire disaster-risk areas. Losses to urban fires are largely dependent on building and land use characteristics across settlements. This paper examines the underlying characteristics that increase fire risks in urban buildings by analyzing the relationship between land use patterns, types of building use, and fire disaster risk in the metropolitan area of Ibadan, Nigeria. Data were collected through a field survey using a structured questionnaire supplemented by focus group discussion. A multistage sampling procedure was used to select 88 neighborhoods and 1,803 building occupants were selected using systematic random sampling. Findings indicate incompatible land use developments in many areas of the city. The study revealed that one out of five buildings were not accessible to fire-fighting vehicles owing to inadequate road widths (43.7%) and potholes (39.8%). One out of seven buildings (14.1%) had no water supply. About 10% of the buildings had emergency doors on permanent lock. About half of the building occupants relied on power supply sources that increased risks of fire occurrence (52%) and 49.4% used unsustainable waste disposal methods that threatened fire safety. The paper concluded that land use attributes, such as accessibility, compatibility of uses, water supply sources, sources of electricity supply and solid waste disposal method, and building characteristics, such as burglar proofs, nature of entrance/exit, type of lighting fuel are factors that are relevant in fire disaster risk analysis.
... This requires building codes and guidelines locally. Moreover, such calamities can be caused by excessive moisture, providing optimal circumstances for the proliferation of molds in structures [84,85]. Individuals with respiratory conditions and compromised immune systems are the most susceptible in this situation. ...
An environmentally conscious architectural design of a railway station can have a substantial influence on government spending. Nevertheless, an extensive collection of guidelines for using sustainable design principles in the construction of a railway station can provide several advantages. The goal is to review design visions for railway stations in Thailand, as reflected in student theses and government proposals, from 1983 to 2022 for sustainable design aspects in tropical climates. We perform an analysis of architectural design aspects including service areas, shape, entrances, roofing, style, and development in order to uncover design trends and possible areas that may be enhanced. Station designs are mostly characterized by curved and gable roofs, with 3D curved buildings being the next most common feature. High speed rail (HSR) stations stress local cultural elements in their major entrances while also improving passenger flow. Public buildings frequently employ curved or gabled porticos to achieve a majestic look. Although university theses place a high importance on conceptual design and functionality, it is essential to also consider cost-effectiveness. Key design considerations for future railway stations are transparency, connection, efficient mobility, and cost-time efficiency. The research uncovers deficiencies in user-centered design for thermal comfort and inclusiveness (design-for-all) in Thailand's tropical environment. Addressing these aspects is critical for future sustainable railway station design evaluations.
... Example of the International Classification of Natural HazardsNote.Chaudhary-Piracha (2021). ...
Aim: The aim of this article is to examine the terminology behind natural disasters and to group them together to give readers an insight into the world of natural hazards. The author also aims to describe the quantitative changes that have occurred in recent years.Methodology: The definitions are based on the presentation of concepts used by key authorities. Categorisation and trend analysis is based on international discourse, databases and reports from relevant bodies and organisations.Findings: The security environment is changing dramatically. One reason for this is that there is a clear increase in a number of categories of natural events (disasters). As regards definitions, there is no uniform concept, but disasters are exceptional events with significant material damage.Value: Through the author’s analytical and evaluative work, the reader will gain insight into the world of natural disasters, a broad knowledge of the relevant literature, and valuable insights into global vulnerability and changing trends.
... Forrás. Chaudhary-Piracha (2021). Az 1. számú ábra a természeti veszélyek nemzetközi osztályozására mutat példát. ...
Aim: The aim of this article is to examine the terminology behind natural disasters and to group them together to give readers an insight into the world of natural hazards. The author also aims to describe the quantitative changes that have occurred in recent years.Methodology: The definitions are based on the presentation of concepts used by key authorities. Categorisation and trend analysis is based on international discourse, databases and reports from relevant bodies and organisations.Findings: The security environment is changing dramatically. One reason for this is that there is a clear increase in a number of categories of natural events (disasters). As regards definitions, there is no uniform concept, but disasters are exceptional events with significant material damage.Value: Through the author’s analytical and evaluative work, the reader will gain insight into the world of natural disasters, a broad knowledge of the relevant literature, and valuable insights into global vulnerability and changing trends.
... Urbanization and population growth have caused socioeconomic-demographic factors to lead to an increase in casualties [5]. According to Chaudhary and Piracha [6] Between 1900 and 2020, millions of human lives were lost as a result of natural disasters, and over 206 million people were injured, made homeless, or unemployed. For instance, There were over 17,000 fatalities and 44,000 injuries caused by the 1999 earthquake in Turkey [7]. ...
