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Plant-based fibers such as flax, jute, sisal, hemp, and kenaf have been frequently used in the manufacturing of biocomposites. Natural fibres possess a high strength to weight ratio, non-corrosive nature, high fracture toughness, renewability, and sustainability, which give them unique advantages over other materials. The development of biocomposit...
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... ( Garmendia et al. 2007). Natural fibres can be obtained from plant fibres such as sisal, hemp, bamboo, coir, flax, kenaf, jute, ramie, oil palm, pineapple, banana, cotton, etc., as well as from animal sources, e.g. wool, silk, and chicken feather fibres (Mukhopadhyay and Fangueiro 2009). Natural fibres can be divided into six main categories ( Fig. 1) depending on the part of the plant from which they are extracted, bast or stem fibers (jute, flax, hemp, ramie, roselle, kenaf, etc.), leaf fibers (banana, sisal, manila hemp, agave, abaca, pineapple, etc.), seed fibers (coir, cotton, and kapok), fruit fibres (oil palm, coir), stalk (wheat, rice, rye, etc.), and grass/reed (bamboo, ...
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... Biagiotti et al. 2004). It is possible to produce highly durable consumer products from natural fibres that can be easily recyclable (Corbie 2001). However, natural fibres generally exhibit poor water resistance, low durability, and poor fibre/matrix interfacial bonding that leads to a loss in final properties of the composites and ultimately hinders their industrial usage (Milanese et al. 2011; Puglia et al. 2005b; Romanzini et al. 2012). Fibre/matrix interfacial bonding in polymer composites can be improved by using coupling agents and/or surface modification techniques (Kalia et al. 2009). Abundant amounts of natural fibres are available in nature, and these can be applied as reinforcement or bio-fillers in the manufacturing of polymer composites (Yang et al. 2006). In the past few years, demand for natural fibres has shown a dramatic increase for making new types of environmentally – friendly composites (Cheung et al. 2009). Natural fibres have been used by people throughout historical times, but in recent years natural fibres application in polymer composites has increased due to their availability as renewable materials and increased concerns about the environment (Majeed et al. 2013). Polymer composites are those materials that can be developed by combination of either natural fibers/synthetic resin or natural fibers/bio-resin (Chandramohan and Marimuthu 2011). The properties of polymer composites can be altered by the constituent components and filler which significantly different from those of the individual constituents (Ramakrishna et al. 2001). Biocomposites can be fabricated by combining biofibres such as oil palm, kenaf, industrial hemp, flax, jute, henequen, pineapple leaf fibre, sisal, wood, and various grasses with polymer matrices from either non-renewable (petroleum based) or renewable resources (Jawaid and Khalil 2011). Biocomposites can be employed in bioengineering or biomedical applications (Cheung et al. 2009) or alternatively as composites that contain at least one natural fibre/plant fibre component. Presently fibre-reinforced polymer composites are extensively used multiphase materials in orthopedics, and most of the today’s upper and lower limb prostheses ar e made from composites with an underlying polymer matrix (Chandramohan and Marimuthu 2011). The primary reason for the development of biocomposites from natural fibre is flexibility of type/distribution of the reinforcing phases in the composites and the possibility to obtain biocomposites having a wide range of mechanical and biological properties (Ramakrishna et al. 2001). Biobased materials such as natural fibers, biopolymers, and biocomposites integrate the principles of sustainability, industrial ecology, eco-efficiency, and green chemistry. They may be engineered into the development of the next generation of materials, products, and processes (Barthelat 2007; Zainudin and Sapuan 2009). Biodegradable and bio-based products based on annually renewable agricultural and biomass feedstock can form the basis for a portfolio of sustainable, eco-efficient products that can compete and capture markets currently dominated by products based exclusively on petroleum feedstock (Mohanty et al. 2002). Most of the living tissues such as bone, cartilage, and skin are essentially composites (Meyers et al. 2008). Natural fibres are those that are not synthetic or manmade (Garmendia et al. 2007). Natural fibres can be obtained from plant fibres such as sisal, hemp, bamboo, coir, flax, kenaf, jute, ramie, oil palm, pineapple, banana, cotton, etc ., as well as from animal sources, e.g. wool, silk, and chicken feather fibres (Mukhopadhyay and Fangueiro 2009). Natural fibres can be divided into six main categories (Fig. 1) depending on the part of the plant from which they are extracted, bast or stem fibers (jute, flax, hemp, ...
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... A biomaterial must possess a few key characteristics to be utilized by human tissue, either separately or in a mixture over lengthy periods, without being rejected. Owing to their high biocompatibility and ability to interact with living tissues and organs, biocomposites can substitute for or assist as an outline, permitting the regrowth of devastated or deteriorated tissues or organs, thereby enhancing the individual's standard of living [37]. Degradable bio composites must exhibit compatibility as well as rates of degradation that are comparable to the rate at which the tissues they are replacing regenerate, nontoxic, and improve the interaction between cells and development [38]. ...
Currently, the use of natural fibers as reinforcements in composites offers several advantages, such as a decline in materials derived from non-renewable resources and a reduction in the effects on the environment. These substances have been effectively utilized in the fields of tissue engineering, wound care, drug delivery, and nanotechnology as hydrogels, scaffolding, matrices, and implantation. In terms of implants and other medical technology, biomaterials significantly contribute to the revolutionizing of human existence. Fundamentally, these materials must be extremely biocompatible and unaffected by physiological conditions in humans. Nevertheless, biodegradability is also a drawback of natural materials, as they cannot be as long-lasting as conventional artificial substances and are more prone to wear and tear because of their close contact with human tissue. Because the efficacy of a medical device depends on its suitability and capacity to perform the desired operation, selecting the appropriate material is crucial when developing a medical device. Therefore, by emphasizing modern advances in natural materials and applications, this study aims to emphasize both the fundamental characteristics of natural fibers and recent developments in the biomedical field. Finally, the impact of these implant materials on improving human life is also discussed.
... Bio-polymers are natural plant derived products such as starch, rubber, poly-lactic acid etc. whereas natural fibers are hemp, ramie, sisal, bagasse, banana, jute, flax, aloe vera, bamboo etc. The natural fibers have different composition of pectin, lignin, hemicellulose, cellulose according to different part of plant as presented in literature studies given by various authors [6][7][8][9]. ...
In recent years, natural fiber composites have arisen as a possible replacement for the conventional polymer composites; as environmental concerns arise. Natural fibers gain popularity due to their magnificent properties such as percentage elongation, tensile strength bio-compatibility and impact strength. The expansion of natural fiber used in the medical industry is a notable strategy for creating products that are affordable, bio-degradable, and durable. In the present chapter, treated and raw banana fibers are reinforced with poly-lactic acid (PLA) to fabricate fully bio-compatible polymers through the injection moulding process. The banana fibers are treated with a 5% (w/v) alkaline solution for its surface modification. The influence of fiber treatment and its different concentrations (10%, 20%, and 30%) on the mechanical characteristics of bio-composites are investigated. The study concludes that the mechanical properties of banana fiber reinforced bio-polymers are enhanced as fiber concentration increases. However, after alkaline treatment, the bio-polymers exhibited a decrease in impact strength and an increase in tensile strength. Furthermore, the findings indicate that banana fiber reinforced bio-polymers have the potential to be used in a wide range of applications which include bio-medical and furnishing.
... As a result, the healing time is shortened and the chance of implant rejection is decreased while also increasing implant stability. The patient experience and quality of life are improved by these biocomposites during orthopedic procedures [59,60]. ...
Biocomposites, innovative materials derived from a synergy of biopolymers and reinforcing agents, have emerged as promising contenders in the realm of medical applications. This mini-review delves into the multifaceted applications of biocomposites within the medical field, shedding light on their sources, unique characteristics, and diverse utility. The foundation of biocomposites lies in their composition, typically encompassing natural polymers such as collagen, chitosan, or alginate, interwoven with reinforcing elements like cellulose, nanofibers, or hydroxyapatite. This amalgamation imparts biocomposites with a remarkable blend of biocompatibility, mechanical strength, and tailorable properties, making them suitable candidates for an array of medical applications. Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine are at the forefront of biocomposite utilization, as these materials facilitate the development of scaffolds that mimic the extracellular matrix, fostering cell growth and tissue regeneration. Additionally, biocomposites play a pivotal role in crafting implantable medical devices, where their biodegradability and compatibility with bodily fluids enhance their longevity and performance. The versatile nature of biocomposites extends to drug delivery systems, offering controlled release mechanisms for pharmaceuticals. Cardiovascular interventions benefit from biocomposites due to their hemocompatibility and potential for manufacturing stents and grafts. Despite the promise of biocomposites, clinical challenges persist, including the need for standardized testing and regulatory approval. Despite this, there is a lot of promise for the future because of continuous research into improving the characteristics of biocomposite materials and broadening the range of their uses. By utilizing their distinctive combination of biocompatibility and mechanical strength, this mini-review highlights the revolutionary effects of biocomposites in the medical industry.
... Silk fibroin composites with polyurethane, alginates, chitosan, hydroxyapatite, etc., proved to be a good candidate for osteointegration [36]. Nanofibre composites were suitable for scaffolding for tissue engineering, vascular grafts, cardiac devices, urinary catheters, and blood bags [37,38]. Natural fibre composites also have applications in the aerospace industry. ...
Due to their superior thermo-mechanical properties and excellent functional performance, polymer composites have been frequently utilized in several fields. In response to the global demand for reducing carbon footprints and replacing petroleum-derived raw materials, designing eco-friendly & sustainable composite materials from natural resources has received great attention in composite manufacturing. In the process of innovative methods & materials development, natural fibres have emerged as promising alternatives to synthetic fibres. Synthesis of polymer composites that have been made up of bio-based polymer matrix and natural fibre-reinforcement is the current research interest to extinguish the usage of petroleum-derived raw materials and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This article reviews the contributions of natural fibre-reinforced vegetable oil-derived polyurethane composites and highlights the effect of the chemical treatment of fibre on composite properties. This review concludes that the properties of natural fibre-reinforced vegetable oil-derived polyurethane composites are comparable to synthetic fibre-reinforced composites.
... Biocomposites are composites that contain at least one natural support [100]. Plant/natural fibers are reinforcing materials in a matrix responsible for binding and protecting the fibers [101]. The desired properties of the composite will directly depend on the type and percentage of the matrix, natural fibers used, manufacturing method, and fiber orientation. ...
... Flax, jute, hemp, sisal, bamboo and kenaf are widely used in biocomposites [101]. Spinifex littorals fibers (SLF) have some applications as a reinforcement material to replace glass fibers [125]. ...
... Current natural fiber-reinforced polymer composites are extensively studied to determine the feasibility of their application in orthopedics [159]. Natural fibers, such as those of sisal, flax, jute, or banana, can be potentially used to treat bone fracturing when properly combined with a specific polymer that can enhance the overall mechanical properties of the composite [101]. Chandramohan and Marimuthu found that the orientation or placement of the natural fibers determines whether the composite is isotropic or highly anisotropic [160]. ...
Plant fibers possess high strength, high fracture toughness and elasticity, and have proven useful because of their diversity, versatility, renewability, and sustainability. For biomedical applications , these natural fibers have been used as reinforcement for biocomposites to infer these hybrid biomaterials mechanical characteristics, such as stiffness, strength, and durability. The reinforced hybrid composites have been tested in structural and semi-structural biodevices for potential applications in orthopedics, prosthesis, tissue engineering, and wound dressings. This review introduces plant fibers, their properties and factors impacting them, in addition to their applications. Then, it discusses different methodologies used to prepare hybrid composites based on these widespread, renewable fibers and the unique properties that the obtained biomaterials possess. It also examines several examples of hybrid composites and their biomedical applications. Finally, the findings are summed up and some thoughts for future developments are provided. Overall, the focus of the present review lies in analyzing the design, requirements, and performance, and future developments of hybrid composites based on plant fibers.
... Moreover, these fibers have been frequently used in the fabrication of biocomposites, being endowed with high strength to weight ratio, non-corrosive nature, high toughness, renewability, and sustainability. These biocomposites are already being used for biomedical applications, such as drug/gene delivery, tissue engineering, orthopedics, and cosmetic orthodontics, because they have the potential to regenerate traumatized or degenerated tissue or even entire organs [218]. ...
The potential of nanoparticles as effective drug delivery systems combined with the versatility of fibers has led to the development of new and improved strategies to help in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Nanoparticles have extraordinary characteristics that are helpful in several applications, including wound dressings, microbial balance approaches, tissue regeneration, and cancer treatment. Owing to their large surface area, tailor-ability, and persistent diameter, fibers are also used for wound dressings, tissue engineering, controlled drug delivery, and protective clothing. The combination of nanoparticles with fibers has the power to generate delivery systems that have enhanced performance over the individual architectures. This review aims at illustrating the main possibilities and trends of fibers functionalized with nanoparticles, focusing on inorganic and organic nanoparticles and polymer-based fibers. Emphasis on the recent progress in the fabrication procedures of several types of nanoparticles and in the description of the most used polymers to produce fibers has been undertaken, along with the bioactivity of such alliances in several biomedical applications. To finish, future perspectives of nanoparticles incorporated within polymer-based fibers for clinical use are presented and discussed, thus showcasing relevant paths to follow for enhanced success in the field.
... Mechanical properties of NFRPCs are one of the most important characteristics for their use in engineering and biomedical fields, and it is essential for composite materials to provide adequate mechanical behaviour (tensile, flexural, impact and hardness) based on their desired applications [77,78]. The mechanical properties of NFRPCs depend on various parameters, such as fibre alignment, fibre length, fibre orientation, volume fraction of fibres, aspect ratio of fibres and fibre-matrix adhesion [79][80][81][82][83]. Studies investigating mechanical performance of NFRPCs have focused on two major aspects: (i) influences of various treatments of fibres (physical, chemical and biological), fibre content, fabrication process and external coupling agents on mechanical properties; and (ii) incorporating experimental data and well-established models to predict mechanical behaviour [84][85][86][87][88][89][90][91][92][93]. ...
Extensive studies have been conducted on utilising natural fibres as reinforcement in composite production. All-polymer composites have attracted much attention because of their high strength, enhanced interfacial bonding and recyclability. Silks, as a group of natural animal fibres, possess superior properties, including biocompatibility, tunability and biodegradability. However, few review articles are found on all-silk composites, and they often lack comments on the tailoring of properties through controlling the volume fraction of the matrix. To better understand the fundamental basis of the formation of silk-based composites, this review will discuss the structure and properties of silk-based composites with a focus on employing the time–temperature superposition principle to reveal the corresponding kinetic requirements of the formation process. Additionally, a variety of applications derived from silk-based composites will be explored. The benefits and constraints of each application will be presented and discussed. This review paper will provide a useful overview of research on silk-based biomaterials.
... (Lin and Dufresne 2014;Jorfi and Foster 2015). In the biomedical field, one of the key features of the material is to be biocompatible with zero immunological rejection (Čolić et al. 2020Tomić et al. 2016Tomić et al. , 2018Namvar et al. 2014;Pickering et al. 2016;Cheung et al. 2009;Jia et al. 2013). In the case of wound healing, the material should be porous so that it enables the transportation of drugs as well as antibiotics into the wound which helps in preventing further infection as well as provide a barrier to other microbes (Andresen et al. 2007). ...
Infectious diseases and antimicrobial resistance have become one of the extreme health threats of this century. Overuse of antibiotics leads to pollution. To overcome this threat, the current strategy is to develop a substitute for these antibiotics that are extracted from natural sources. In this study, nanocellulose (NC) was isolated from an agricultural waste (wheat straw) and then oxidized with the help of sodium periodate to obtain dialdehyde nanocellulose (DA-NC). Then, chitosan (Ch) and DA-NC are both crosslinked with each other in different weight ratios, to obtain NC/Ch composite hydrogels. The resulted hydrogel is also characterized to confirm its structure, morphology and composition. The hydrogel was also tested for antimicrobial activities against bacteria, algae as well as fungal species to check its applicability for biomedical applications. The six microbes used for the ananlysis are Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger and Fusarium solani. The antimicrobial assessment of the hydrogel is evaluated via inhibition zone and optical density analysis. The resulted nanocellulose/chitosan (NC/Ch) hydrogel shows the uniform distribution of nanocellulose in the composite and the synergistic effect of their properties. Hydrogel serves excellent antimicrobial results which makes it a promising candidate for various biomedical applications.
... Comparison of mechanical properties for synthetic and natural reinforcing fiber[89,91,[117][118][119][120]. ....................................................................................................................... 18 Figure 2.1: Classification of bio-composite [37, 39] .................................................................. 8 Figure 2.2: Biocomposite made for automobile interior part: (A) powerRibs reinforcing automotive interior parts in Volvo Cars ...
... Lignocellulosic fibres have been used to reinforce various matrices, including bitumen. These fibres include bamboo [56][57][58][59][60], flax [61][62][63][64][65][66][67], sugar palm [68][69][70][71], wood [72][73][74][75], sisal [76][77][78][79][80][81], banana [82][83][84][85][86][87], coir [88][89][90][91][92], jute [93][94][95][96][97], abaca [98][99][100][101][102], oil palm [103][104][105][106][107], kenaf [108][109][110][111][112][113], and rice husk [114][115][116][117][118][119]. Additionally, natural fibres offer several advantages compared to glass, as shown in Table 3. ...
Currently, oil palm fibre (OPF) is considered oil palm biomass, which is highly potential for road construction applications. The utilization of natural based by-products could promote sustainability in the construction and pavement technology, and it aids in the reduction of the raw material cost for this sector. Recently, various research findings have discovered that the OPF has extraordinary properties, which could act as an asphalt binder in stone mastic asphalt (SMA) preparation. For instance, the fibre from oil palm empty fruit bunches, palm kernel shell, frond, mesocarp fibre, and oil palm trunk is exploited in developing asphalt pavement applications after further processing to produce highly efficient bio-products. Thus, this paper provides a brief overview of the potential of natural fibre, especially oil palm empty fruit bunch, as a pavement material in SMA development. The background on the general requirements of pavement manufacturing has been expressed in the early part of the manuscript. Then, the overview of the properties of OPF is elaborated on its potential as a binder material for a sustainable pavement. It was discovered that crude palm oil and its by-products could be used to make sustainable and cost-effective asphalt and concrete.
