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Socks, which are a necessary item of clothing, need to be comfortable, affordable, and retain their quality throughout their life. Dimensional stability is one of the basic requirements of socks. The purpose of this study is to investigate the contributing factors, that is, elastane percentage, main yarn material, and process type on dimensional st...
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Citations
... Many scientific studies have analyzed the performance of socks made of a high cotton content plated or blended with various synthetic fibers. They mostly refer to the comfort properties of the socks, e.g., comfort pressure [11][12][13], sock-skin friction [10,13], physiological and sensory parameters [13,14], thermal properties [15][16][17], moisture management, and air permeability [18][19][20], and/or to the usage properties of the socks, e.g., abrasion resistance, pilling performance [9,20,21], and dimensional stability [4,[22][23][24]. ...
Most casual socks are produced from cotton and are usually combined with synthetic fibers. The suitability of viscose and lyocell fibers for knitting socks needs to be investigated further. Therefore, three series of plain socks were produced, composed in the largest content from single-spun viscose or lyocell yarns fully plated with texturized polyamide 6.6 multifilament yarn. The quality of three types of main yarns manufactured by ring, open-end rotor, and air-jet spinning processes and two types of polyamide plating yarns used in the production of socks were assessed together with the structural, usage, and comfort quality of the socks before and after simulating household laundering. In comparison with cotton socks produced from ring-spun yarns under the same conditions, the results showed that viscose and lyocell socks have better moisture absorption and breathability, comparable dimensional stability, and lower abrasion resistance; lyocell socks have lower thermal resistance; and viscose socks are less prone to surface pilling after wet pretreatment.
... Color fastness and dimensional stability are one of the basic requirements for socks. Leg and sole parts can undergo major shrinkage after washing, which affects the usability of socks due to size-mismatching problems [15,16]. ...
Socks, being a necessary item of clothing, must be comfortable and maintain their quality throughout their life. Therefore, it is very important to select the yarns for their production. Usually, casual socks are made from a high percentage of cotton to ensure softness and comfort, and blended with polyamide to improve fit, durability and shrink resistance. The objective of this study is to compare five groups of black colored cotton calf-length men's socks produced under the same conditions in full plating with different textured polyamide 6.6 multifilament yarns, designated as: 22 dtex f7 × 2, 33 dtex f10 × 2, 44 dtex f13 × 2, 78 dtex f23 × 2, 110 dtex f34 × 2. The influence of the linear density of the polyamide plating yarn on the usage properties of the socks was evaluated by testing abrasion resistance and propensity to surface pilling with the Martindale abrasion and pilling tester, dimensional stability and color fastness to washing, perspiration and rubbing, as well as on comfort-related properties by testing moisture absorption, air permeability and thermal resistance with the Thermal foot manikin system. In addition, the basic physical properties of the socks, consisting of density parameters, mass and thickness were measured, all according to the standardized test methods. The results show that increasing the linear density of polyamide 6.6 yarns (i.e., increasing the amount of polyamide in the socks) has the following effects: increase in mass, thickness and structural change of sock plain knits, increase in abrasion resistance and change in dimensional stability of socks, decrease in moisture absorption, air permeability and thermal comfort of socks. From the obtained results, it can be concluded that when selecting the plating yarn for the production of cotton socks, it is necessary to take into account their linear density and structure, as well as the intended purpose of the socks, their specified comfort and the expected usage quality.
... Many scientific papers have analyzed the improvement of the properties of socks using different types of fibers, e.g., cotton, wool, acrylic or their blends, and either blended or not with polyester, polyamide and/or elastane [1,5,[10][11][12][13][14][15]. Few authors include viscose and bamboo, soybean, flax [16][17][18][19] and even reclaimed the cotton fibers [20,21] in the analysis of the sock knits. ...
... Dimensional stability is one of the basic requirements for socks [11]. The leg and sole parts can undergo major shrinkage after washing, which affects the usability of the socks due to size mismatching problems [5,10]. ...
... The leg and sole parts can undergo major shrinkage after washing, which affects the usability of the socks due to size mismatching problems [5,10]. However, most published work has been concerned with the dimensional stability of knitted fabrics rather than socks [11]. The dimensional properties of single jersey knitted fabrics are mainly influenced by the constituent fibers, yarn properties, knitting machine variables, processing and finishing [40]. ...
Socks, being a necessary item of clothing, must be comfortable and maintain their quality throughout their life. Since the applicability of modal fibers and microfibers, as well as yarns produced using unconventional processes, in sock knitting has been insufficiently researched, this paper evaluated three groups of medium sized socks knitted in a plain single jersey pattern produced with the highest percentage of ring, rotor and air-jet spun modal or micro modal yarns of the same linear density in full plating with different textured polyamide 6.6 yarns compared to conventional cotton socks. The sock quality was evaluated through an investigation of the physical properties, wear resistance and dimensional stability, as well as the water vapor absorption, air permeability and thermal resistance using the thermal foot model before and after five repeated washing and drying cycles, according to the proposed methodology. The results showed that the fiber fineness, the structure of the differently spun yarns and the sock plain knits, the polyamide content and the implementation of the pretreatment of the socks had an influence on the obtained results. The socks made from modal and micro modal yarns differed in their properties. Compared to cotton socks, they have better comfort properties, a generally better pilling resistance and, after pretreatment, a comparable abrasion resistance.
... When the cotton fibers are met with the heat and friction that happens in the washer, the fibers lose their tension, and the cotton will shrink (Collins, 2009). Basra et al. (2020) studied the effects of washing on socks and concluded that synthetic fibers or combination of natural and synthetic fibers comprised negligible shrinkage as compared to natural fibers. The shrinkage leads consequently to a reduction of the pore sizes (gaps in between yarns) which increase the probability of aerosols coming in contact with fibers. ...
Reusability of masks is a rising environmental concern. Community face masks present a more eco-friendly option as they can be washed and reused several times. The potential reuse of single use medical face masks is also of interest. In this work, the impact of 20 wash cycles (at 60 °C with detergent and air-drying) on the particle filtration efficiency (particle size range 0.1-6. 5μm) and breathability of masks was studied. With regards to the performance of new masks, the medical mask had breathability of 31 Pa.cm ⁻² whilst it ranged from 9 to 59 Pa.cm ⁻² for the community face masks. Additionally, for 3μm particles, the filtration efficiency was 99% for the medical mask and ranged from 28%–89% for the community face masks. Mixed fabric masks were able to maintain their performance up to 20 washing cycles. The washed 100% cotton masks were less breathable but with higher filtration efficiency because of shrinkage of the fabric. The washed medical face mask was able to maintain its breathability and filtration efficiency for sizes ≥ 3μm, however the filtration efficiency was significantly reduced for the submicron particles. This was because the presence of detergent caused the loss of electrostatic charges and led to a decrease of the particle collection by the electrostatic forces. All things considered, both the medical face mask and community face masks can be reused several times, with performances in terms of breathability and filtration efficiency (for particle sizes ≥ 3μm) that remain globally little changed after washing.
... When the cotton fibers are met with the heat and friction that happens in the washer, the fibers lose their tension, and the cotton will shrink (Collins, 2009). Basra et al. (2020) studied the effects of washing on socks and concluded that synthetic fibers or combination of natural and synthetic fibers comprised negligible shrinkage as compared to natural fibers. The shrinkage leads consequently to a reduction of the pore sizes (gaps in between yarns) which increase the probability of aerosols coming in contact with fibers. ...
The influence of the number of wash cycles, the wash temperature and the use of detergent was evaluated on the performance of one medical face masks (MFM) and ten community face masks (CFM). The performance of the new and washed masks was characterized from the bacterial filtration efficiency (BFE) and the differential pressure (DP). The tests on the new masks showed that the MFM had always better BFE than CFMs. Although two of the CFMs showed a BFE value exceeding 95%, only one can be classified as type I MFM based on both BFE and DP requirements. The influence of the washing parameters was investigated on the MFM and these two CMFs with excellent BFE properties. The parameters had no effect on the BFE of CFMs whilst the MFM exhibited a loss in efficiency when washed with detergent as a result of the loss of electrostatic charges on the meltblown layer. The DP of masks were not impacted by the washing. The results clearly show that even though a compromise has to be made between the BFE and breathability, it seems possible to manufacture CFMs with performances similar to a type I MFM, without being able to achieve type II requirements.
... Fabrics made from hydrophobic fi bers shrink less or do not shrink during the washing process. The results from studies have shown that with the increasing of the elastane or polyester percentage, the fabric shrinkage is decreasing [9,10]. ...
The aim of this research was to study the effect of fabric structure parameters on dimensional stability of a woven 100% cotton fabric after five cycles of domestic washing. Ten cotton fabrics with different structure parameters (yarn density, linear yarn density, cover factor, weave pattern) were exposed to five cycles of a domestic washing process and dried hung in line position. The dimensional changes of fabrics were measured after each washing and drying cycle and then expressed as a percentage of the initial dimensions. The experimental results have shown that shrinkage occurs in all ten fabrics, and it is higher in warp than in weft direction. Statistical analysis was used to identify the relationships between fabric shrinkage and fabric structure parameters. The results have shown that fabric shrinkage is in linear correlation with the cover factor and the weave factor.
... Treating textile fibres and yarns with hybrid organic-inorganic precursors can open possibilities to improve and complement functional and protective properties. 2 As shown in experiments and field research, after such treatments as hydrothermal processing and bleaching, as well as functionalization sock products tend to change their dimensional stability leading to changes in dimensional and comfort properties, that must be considered when designing a new product and its technology. 3 Thread pre-treatment before knitting/weaving is important as part of the anticipated integration of the wearable electronic components -sensors, electro conductive threads, capacitors into the modified textile products, such as socks, T-shirts, sweaters. 4 In most cases it is appropriate to insert a functional coating on the finished product during the final finishing process. ...
This study examines properties of the cotton/polyamide plain plated commercial socks (CO 81%/PA 19%) and pure polyamide fabric subjected to the multifunctional treatment by a sol-gel coating technique where tetraethyl-orthosilicate (TEOS) and zinc acetate dihydrate (ZAD) were used as precursors. Commercially available sock is produced on a single cylinder sock knitting machine which results in two surfaces (cotton and polyamide), with dissimilar characteristics thus leading to necessity of their separate studies. Experimental part examines surface structural clarification and compound identification using infrared spectroscopy. To assess the impact of modification such properties as air permeability must be tested and analysed. Pilot tests of antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis mscL 1141 and Staphylococcus aureus mscL 334 where carried out. Due to the modification consolidation treatment temperature below the destruction of material and the chemical compounds vibrational modes overlap, but in regions 1170–1650 cm ⁻¹ and 3200–3395 cm ⁻¹ show the presence of bounds corresponding to sol-gel coating presence on the surface.
