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Classification of composite materials. (a) Based on matrix materials and (b) based on reinforcement materials. 4
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Bamboo fibre has gained significant interest as a sustainable reinforcement fibre in natural fibre/polymer composites, which is as a result of specific mechanical properties and being a biodegradable material compared to glass fibres. The article also gives a summary of how to improve the mechanical properties of bamboo fibre reinforced polypropyle...
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... to the high strength, low weight and less maintenance, polymer composites are used for many engineering applications, particularly in the transport sector where these have significant reduc- tion in energy consumption and negative impact to the environment. There are three types of composite mater- ials, namely: polymer-matrix composites, metal-matrix composites and ceramic-matrix composites and they are widely used in numerous engineering applications as shown in Figure 1. Depending on the reinforcement type, composite materials can be classified into particu- late composites, fibre-reinforced composites and struc- tural composites. ...
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... Bamboo fibres are well known for their strength, stiffness, distinctive microfibrillar angle with the fibre axis, and thicker cell wall and are considered as "nature's glass fibre" [9]. For these reasons, bamboo fibre gained significant interest as a sustainable reinforcement fibre in polymer composites [10,11]. As the use of natural fibre as reinforcement has proliferated in the automotive industry due to legislation driving energy-efficient vehicles made of lightweight, biodegradable, and recyclable materials [2,12], bamboo fibre-reinforced composites are considered a promising natural fibre reinforcement for automotive applications [13]. ...
The main objective of this study was to investigate the mechanical and thermal properties of bamboo, as well as interlaminar hybrid composites reinforced with both bamboo and synthetic fibres in an epoxy matrix. Bamboo and glass, aramid, and carbon bidirectional fabrics were used with a bi-component epoxy matrix to fabricate the composite materials using the vacuum bagging process. The synthetic fabrics were placed on the outer layers, while the bamboo fabrics were used as the core of the hybrid composites. The developed composites were characterized and compared in terms of morphological, physical, and mechanical properties. Further, thermogravimetric (TGA) analysis was used to measure and compare the degradation temperature of the composites studied. Finally, a Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis was performed in order to examine the fracture surfaces of the specimens tested. It was found that the fibre hybridization technique significantly improved the general mechanical properties. TGA analysis showed an increase in the thermal stability of the composites obtained by incorporating the synthetic fibres, confirming the effect of hybridization and efficient fibre matrix interfacial adhesion. The results from this work showed that the use of synthetic fibre reinforcements can help to significantly improve the mechanical and thermal properties of bamboo fibre-reinforced composites.
... In MMCs, a metallic matrix and a dispersed ceramic or metal filler exist [2]. Alloys can also be used as matrix composites as alloys have better properties than metals [3]. Composites can also be grouped based on reinforcing material: particulate, structural, and fiber-reinforced composites [4]. ...
... Aluminium alloys AA6061 are the second most widely used structural metals after steels. Aluminium has a very low density (2.7 g/cm 3 ), which is about one-third of steel (7.83 g/cm 3 ) [10]. Because of its lightweight, low cost, fairly high strength, aluminium is the most suitable material for aircraft and automobile applications [11]. ...
... That causes the tensile qualities of the composites to disintegrate. Therefore, in bamboo fiber, ES, and coco shell-reinforced materials, greater wt% particulate loading was restricted [34]. Figure 4 depicts the influence of agricultural particle content on elastic modulus with just an error margin, indicating that increasing overall particle content significantly increases the bending properties of the material. ...
This research delves into the effects of different alkalization treatment approaches on the mechanical characteristics of epoxy matrix composites that are reinforced with natural bamboo fibers and enriched with egg and coconut shell powders as fillers. Various weight ratios of fibers and fillers were investigated, specifically at 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30%. The study assessed mechanical properties such as tensile strength, flexural behavior, microhardness, and impact resilience. Findings indicate that composites with alkali-treated fibers demonstrate superior mechanical performance (49.28 MPa of tensile, 57.33 MPa of flexural 89 HV of hardness, and 1.3 kJ·m⁻² of impact) compared to untreated counterparts. Particularly noteworthy is the significant improvement in fracture toughness observed with the inclusion of 20% hybrid laminates, surpassing the performance of existing biomaterial-based composites. This heightened toughness is attributed to the optimized composition of fibers and enhanced water absorption capabilities. Conversely, the incorporation of 25% and 30% hybrid composites led to a decrease in mechanical strength (38.65 MPa of tensile, 46.7 MPa of flexural, 72 HV of hardness, and 1.19 kJ·m⁻² of impact) due to the formation of additional interfacial contacts, pores, and voids within the polymeric matrix.
... Composite materials are classified by the type of matrix, type of reinforced fiber, and morphology of reinforcement. Among them, short carbon fiber-reinforced polymer composites are gathering attention recently because of their ease of fabrication, economic benefits, and also their superior mechanical properties [1][2][3][4][5][6]. They can fill the mechanical property gap between the continuous-fiber laminates used as primary structures by the aircraft and aerospace industry and the unreinforced polymers used in partial-load-bearing applications [7]. ...
In this research, three kinds of carbon fiber (CF) with lengths of 1, 3, and 25 mm were prepared for processing composite. The effect of submicron glass fiber addition (sGF) on mechanical properties of composites with different CF lengths was investigated and compared throughout static tests (i.e., bending, tensile, and impact), as well as the tension-tension fatigue test. The strengths of composites increased with the increase of CF length. However, there was a significant improvement when the fiber length changed from 1 to 3 mm. The mechanical performance of 3 and 25 mm was almost the same when having an equal volume fraction, except for the impact resistance. Comparing the static strengths when varying the sGF content, an improvement of bending strength was confirmed when sGF was added into 1 mm composite due to toughened matrix. However, when longer fiber was used and fiber concentration was high, mechanical properties of composite were almost dependent on the CF. Therefore, the modification effect of matrix due to sGF addition disappeared. In contrast to the static strengths, the fatigue durability of composites increased proportionally to the content of glass fiber in the matrix, regardless to CF length.
... Classification of composites (a) According to reinforcement materials and (b) based on matrix materials(Ibrahim et al. 2015). ...
The necessity to utilise environmentally friendly resources has emerged due to environmental management. With the demand for the production of plastics and wood materials, pollution has increased. Consequently, the attraction in natural fibre-reinforced polymer composites (NFPCs) is rapidly emerging in the construction industry, mainly to replace synthetic fibre composites. The intensified interest is associated with manufacturing ‘green’ and lightweight panels. This review provides insight into the prospects and challenges related to the processing of wood waste-reinforced polymer composites. Using natural fibres, especially waste as raw material, is desirable for developing value-added products to mitigate environmental pollution. The current materials used for the wood-based composites are reviewed as disadvantages associated with wood plastic composites, such as low interfacial bonding. Efforts such as chemical treatment are outlined to wood fibres to manufacture an environmentally friendly, cost-effective, lightweight, and biodegradable composite with enhanced structural properties was provided. Various waste plastics, plant dust, and coupling agents-based composites investigated for applications, and emerging aspects of wood plastic composite for construction materials applications are outlined.
... The properties of composite materials are a function of the properties of the matrix and the dispersion of the dispersed phase. Composite materials can be classified according to their matrix into three types: Ceramic Matrix, Polymeric Matrix (which included the elastomers) and Metal Matrix [1][2][3] . ...
Abstract The objective of this research was to develop a more sustainable composite and still keep its characteristics. Fibers treated with NaOH at 5% w/w for 2 hours were incorporated into natural rubber in different proportions (0 phr, 24 phr, 36 phr, 48 phr and 60 phr). The mechanical properties of the composites suffered changes, increasing the hardness, young’s modulus and decreasing its tensile strength. All the physical properties were not statistically different. The coloration became less dark in the WF60/CB0 treatment, and the electrical properties presented better resistivity with the increase in the concentration of fibers in the composite. This presents a possibility of using WF for the production of wood-rubber composites for the production of rubber artifacts which do not require high rolling resistance. Based on the results from this research, we recommended the WF24/CB36 mix to produce antistatic floors.
... Bamboo exhibits the characteristics of both solid wood and fibers and affords excellent flexibility in size selection. It grows rapidly without the need for cultivation and has a high biomass density, rendering it a potential candidate material for natural FRPs (Ibrahim et al. 2015;Yu et al. 2014). ...
Bamboo fiber-reinforced polymers have been widely studied as natural fiber composites. This study fabricated a continuous bamboo-textile-reinforced polymer (BTRP) composite by using woven bamboo strips and epoxy through vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding (VA-RTM). The physical properties, including bulk density and equilibrium moisture content, of various BTRP specimens with different textile architectures, stacking sequences, loading axes, and numbers of layers were preliminarily evaluated. The specimens’ flexural properties, including strength, modulus, integral load – deflection relationship, damage parameters, and fractography characteristics, were also examined. As the number of layers increased, the flexural strength decreased but modulus values increased. When the number of layers was constant, the plain-woven BTRP specimens had slightly higher strength and modulus values than did the twill-woven specimens. The BTRP specimens exhibited remarkable mechanical properties and staged failure behaviors unique to laminated materials. Moreover, the stiffness of the specimens was attenuated before reaching the ultimate load, which was attributed to microscopic interphase damage, and the various architectures affected the specimens’ fracture modes. The gradual multistage failure modes of the specimens imply that the fabricated composite is relatively safe for use. According to these results, the fabricated composite incorporates the advantages of VA-RTM and continuous nontwisted bamboo strips, indicating that it has substantial commercial potential.
... Bamboo fiber (BF) is one of the commonly used natural fiber for reinforcing the composites due to its abundance, short growth cycle (only couple of months) and high strength with respect to weight (Ibrahim et al., 2015;Mousavi et al., 2022). Compared to some natural fibers such as coir, sisal and jowar, BF has lower density (608-780 kg/m 3 ) and higher tensile strength (140-800 MPa) and modulus (11-46 GPa) (Ratna Prasad and Mohana Rao, 2011;Lotfi et al., 2021). ...
... Compared to some natural fibers such as coir, sisal and jowar, BF has lower density (608-780 kg/m 3 ) and higher tensile strength (140-800 MPa) and modulus (11-46 GPa) (Ratna Prasad and Mohana Rao, 2011;Lotfi et al., 2021). In the past, several studies were done with the different forms of bamboo (dust, fiber and strips) reinforced composites (Abdul Khalil et al., 2012;Ibrahim et al., 2015;Mousavi et al., 2022). Ratna Prasad and Mohana Rao, 2011 studied the mechanical properties of bamboo, sisal and jowar fiber reinforced polyester composites where they found that for 0.4 volume fraction of fiber content, bamboo fiber reinforced composites had highest tensile strength of 126.2 MPa followed by jowar fiber reinforced composites (124 MPa) and sisal fiber reinforced composites (65.5 MPa) whereas tensile modulus was highest for jowar fiber reinforced composites (2.75 GPa) followed by bamboo fiber composites (2.48 GPa) and sisal fiber composites (1.90 GPa). ...
The Apitong wood species has long been the most popular choice for transportation, such as in trailer decking and shipping container floors. However, Apitong is depleting due to its excessive usage. Bamboo fiber provides as an alternative due to its low density (608–780 kg/m3) and lightweight attributes. This study explores 1) development and properties of bamboo-thermoplastic composites with different fiber content, and 2) application of bamboo composite in trailer decking (a transportation application) as an alternative to Apitong. Extrusion-compression and compression molding was used as processing approaches for the bamboo-thermoplastic composites. The basic panels were tested for flexural loading and nail pull out to evaluate the feasibility as a viable trailer decking material. The flexural strength and modulus of bamboo composite were found to be 17 and 98% higher than Apitong, respectively. The density of the bamboo-thermoplastic was 670 kg/m3 compared to Apitong (737 kg/m3), hence 10% lighter. The nail pull-out strength was comparable between the two. The work progressed to producing prototype trailer decking members via extrusion-compression and compression molding. The bamboo-composite decking was evaluated on a trailer test bed and exhibited excellent surface wear response, minimal internal damage and withstood 400 fatigue cycles with onset of failure only at the supports, which the span did not exhibit damage.
... In a continuous GFRP / CFRP combination, the interface acts as a bridge to transfer the loads from the fiber matrix through a shear flow mechanism [12]. The simplicity of production, economic advantages, and superior mechanical properties has made short glass fiber and carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites very popular [13][14][15][16][17]. This may help to fill the mechanical characteristic gap between continuous fiber laminates used as the primary structures in the aerospace and aerospace industries and the unrestricted polymers used in part-load applications [18]. ...
In this paper, the study concentrates on the flexural and tensile characteristics of the cobalt filler and fiber-reinforced epoxy composites used in the car body parts. Glass fiber (GF) and carbon fiber (CF) filled with the epoxy compound were prepared by hand lay-up varying the percentage of weight (wt. %) of cobalt from (0.4 to 1.0wt. %). GF tensile and flexural strength were available at approximately 96.9 MPa and 120 MPa, respectively, while tensile and flexural strength of the reinforced CF was combined found in 194.82 MPa and 393.34 MPa. A 55.64% increase in flexural and tensile strength of the specimen was obtained compared to pure epoxy which represents a significant improvement. The use of a 0.6 wt. % Cobalt (Co) filler content for the combination of GF and CF epoxy reinforces positive results in the strength test. In addition, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was done to investigate the microstructural characterization, the performance of GF and CF epoxy reinforced composite.
... The increase of environmental awareness and unsustainable consumption of petroleum has led to the active development of polymer composite using environmentally-friendly materials [1]. Natural fiber, or simply known as non-synthetic fiber are derived from natural resources such as animals and plants, and they are considered as the best alternative to synthetic fiber composite [2]. Natural fiber-reinforced polymer composite got a considerable amount of interest in fundamental researches and engineering applications due to several advantages such as their potential for cost reduction, renewable, biodegradability, and non-abrasives to processing equipment. ...
This work was aimed to study the composite of thermoplastic polypropylene (PP) and kenaf core fiber (KCF). More specifically, the effect of different KCF loading on mechanical properties of PP/KCF composite had been investigated. The fabrication of PP/KCF composite with filler loading of 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 wt% was prepared by using co-rotating twin-screw extruder at temperature 180 °C and rotor speed of 70 rpm. The mixing process then proceeded with compression molding at the same temperature to produce sheet composite, before the composite was cut into dumbbell specimens using a hydraulic press. All the samples were subjected to the tensile test to evaluate the mechanical properties of the composite. The results obtained showed that the increase in filler loadings increase tensile strength and modulus of the composite while decrease elongation at break. The highest tensile strength of composite recorded at 20 wt% of KCF loading, and the addition of more KCF after that resulting in a significant drop of tensile strength. To conclude, the mechanical properties of KCF reinforced polypropylene composite were influenced by filler loading.
