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The introduction of chemical substances in agriculture through fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides, phytohormones is closely linked to both the increase of agricultural production and the problems of the environment. These attacks against the intensification of agriculture by means mainly refer to the following: chemical pesticides lead to the depl...
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... In the EU, organic farming is supported by the Common Agricultural Policy. The role of organic farming is to provide quality food while protecting the environment [11][12][13][14][15] Synthetic pesticides and fertilizers, GMO, antibiotics, synthetic growth hormones, artificial flavors, colors and preservation, sewage sludge and irradiation are not allowed in certified organic production. The EU has launched a new strategy entitled Farm to Fork which aims to increase organic crops production up to 25% by 2030. ...
The development of organic farming as a result of increasing consumer preference for organic food has led to the development and registration of new pest-control products for certified organic production. In this study, the effects of three biocontrol products containing spores and mycelium of Arthrobotrys oligospora—Artis®, Beauveria bassiana—Bora®, and Coniothyrium minitans—Öko-ni® were tested on four basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) cultivars: ‘Aromat de Buzau’, ‘Serafim’, ‘Macedon’ and ‘Cuisoare’. The application of Öko-ni® increased basil yields by 8% relative to Control. The application of Bora® increased chlorophyll content of basil leaves by 2% and the activity of photosynthesis by 66% relative to the Control. Basil essential oil (EO) content was increased by 18% with the application of Artis® and by 34% with the application of Bora® and Öko-ni®, respectively. The content of phenolic compounds analyzed by HPLC varied; caffeic acid concentration was higher in the plants treated with Öko-ni®, hyperoside, isoquercitrin and rutin concentrations were higher in those treated with Artis®, while the quercitrin content was higher in Bora®-treated plants. The two main EO constituents that were identified were linalool and methyl chavicol in ‘Aromat de Buzau’, linalool and eugenol in ‘Serafim’, neral and geranial in ‘Macedon’, also linalool and eugenol in ‘Cuisoare’. The investigated myco-biocontrol products had positive effects on basil fresh biomass and EO content and also influenced the content of phenolic compounds.
An in-depth comprehension of the classifications, characterizations, and bioaccumulative properties of persistent organic pollutants (POPs), which have become global issues due to bioaccumulation, persistency, and toxicity, is addressed. Literary concept on POPs is discussed in detail. The milestones of development of pesticide application, industry, and management are represented. Banned POPs: the dirty dozen and nasty nine, according to the Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants (SC-POPs), have special investigations. Natural and anthropogenic sources of POPs are highlighted. The molecular diagnostic ratio (MDR) to identify polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) sources is highlighted. Many biopesticides assigned by the US Environmental Protection Agency are reported. POPs can be categorized into three common classes: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), pesticides (herbicides, fungicides, and bactericide), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Reproductive problems, immunological and neurological illnesses, cancer, and endocrine disruption are some of the most well-known harmful health outcomes linked to POP toxicity. The primary fate of POPs in the marine environment is through atmospheric deposition at the air-sea interface. A second important route for POPs is when they attach to settling particles in municipal or industrial effluents and are deposited in the bottom sediment. The key processes that control the fate of POPs are air-sea exchange, ocean currents, phase distribution, and degradation.
