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The field of nanosatellites is constantly evolving and growing at a very fast speed. This creates a growing demand for more advanced and reliable EDAC systems that are capable of protecting all memory aspects of satellites. The Hamming code was identified as a suitable EDAC scheme for the prevention of single event effects on-board a nanosatellite...
Citations
... The architecture is examined and implemented on several FPGA Devices. The authors of [45] demonstrated error detection and correction on-board nanosatellites using Hamming codes. To provide single-error correction and double-error detection, Hamming (16,11,4) 2 was created using VHDL. ...
... Hillier et al. [15] discussed the Hamming code, which was discovered as a suitable EDAC scheme for nanosatellites, is tested in Matlab and VHDL for single event effects prevention. The most successful variant, Hamming [16,11,4]2, ensures single-error correction and double-error detection, and is optimized for FPGA implementation. ...
... This code can be used in the situation when the channel is not so bad or we can say that when channel is in moderate state (M state ). (8,4) Hamming code [5,6] is used for four-bit (burst) error detection and correction by comparing received parity bits P N with transmitted parity bits P N . This particular code can be used when channel is highly erroneous or in other word, when the channel is in bad state (B state ). ...
... Apply bit inverse technique on 5th position to get the correct code word. This particular code has been a topic of interest for many researchers in the field of data communications [7][8][9], signal processing [10], VLSI [11]. ...
... If received NACK > 2, then it applies (8, 4) Hamming code [5,6] algorithm and retransmits the same packet. (8,4) Hamming code has the ability to detect and correct burst error [5]. RESTART signal is used if none of the techniques work and restart the process again from the beginning. ...
The time-varying wireless channel is characterized by varying bit or packet error rates. Reliable data transmission and error rectification are the two principal features in computer networks which are challenging issues in wireless communication especially in dynamic wireless channels. This requires careful selection of error detection and correction techniques based on the channel conditions. Simple coding scheme like ARQ can be used when the channel is error-free and this can give good throughput as well as better efficiency. However, the same code may not be as good when the channel is highly erroneous like that of time-varying wireless channels. In high bit error rate channels, correction of error at the receiver is better option than the retransmission process as the battery life of wireless communication devices is limited and wireless resources like spectrum is also limited. Thus, a novel idea of error constrained data transmission technique has been proposed by the authors. In the proposed protocol, different codes are adopted based on channel conditions and channel conditions are ascertained by the feedback messages received at the transmitter. An idea is proposed to adaptively switch to the different simple coding schemes using SR ARQ scheme, (7, 4) Hamming code, (8, 4) Hamming code scheme based on the messages that the transmitter side received in response. The (7, 4) Hamming code algorithm is used for single-bit error correction and double-bit error detection at the receiver side. The (8, 4) Hamming code with a bit reverse scheme has the ability to correct the single, double, triple, and four-bit error at the receiver based on the feedback message received at the sender side. Simulation results and analytical comparison of the existing error control protocols show that the proposed protocol gives higher throughput and better reliability than the retransmission schemes (ARQ) and the standalone scheme where only FEC is applied for all channel conditions.
... Codes are used for a variety of purposes, including data compression, cryptography, error correction, and, more recently, network coding. Various scientifc disciplines, such as information theory, electrical engineering, mathematics, and computer science deal with codes in order to design efcient and reliable data transmission methods [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. ...
Rank distance codes are known to be applicable in various applications such as distributed data storage, cryptography, space time coding, and mainly in network coding. Rank distance codes defined over finite fields have attracted considerable attention in recent years. However, in some scenarios where codes over finite fields are not sufficient, it is demonstrated that codes defined over the real number field are preferred. In this paper, we proposed a new class of rank distance codes over the real number field R . The real array rank distance (RARD) codes we constructed here can be used for all the applications mentioned above whenever the code alphabet is the real field R . From the class of RARD codes, we extract a subclass of equidistant constant rank codes which is applicable in network coding. Also, we determined an upper bound for the dimension of RARD codes leading the way to obtain some optimal RARD codes. Moreover, we established examples of some RARD codes and optimal RARD codes.
... The Chen et al. in [26] described their study on error detection and correction system (EDAC) schemes for memory in space applications using cascaded "Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem and cyclic redundancy check" codes and scrubbing approach. In [27], Hillier et al. presented error detection and correction on-board nanosatellites using Hamming codes. Hamming (16,11,4) 2 was developed using the very high-speed integrated circuit (VHSIC) hardware description language (VHDL) to guarantee single-error correction and double error detection. ...
Nowadays, Satellite remote sensing and especially earth observation satellites require improvement when implementing an algorithm using reconfigurable hardware in terms of efficiency, performance, and security level. Furthermore, the transmission of the computed data from the earth observation satellite to the ground station is subject to potential attacks, and data can be corrupted during transmission. The land surface Temperature algorithm is an essential factor that can be extracted from the earth observation satellite. In this paper, we proposed a secure land surface temperature implementation by combining the advanced encryption algorithm and Hamming code implemented on radiation-tolerant Virtex-4QV field programmable gate array (FPGA). The iterative looping technique was used to implement the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm with the aim of achieving high throughput and high security levels. The results showed that the proposed hardware implementation consumes 3319 Slices and 2 BRAMs while achieving higher throughput of 1854.82 Mbps. Moreover, we have evaluated the efficiency of the suggested cryptosystem by exploiting security measurement analysis such as Histogram, correlation coefficient, entropy, number of pixels change rate (NPCR), and unified averaged changed intensity (UACI). The proposed cryptosystem results prove the efficiency in terms of hardware consumed and high-security level. This implementation may be utilized, proposed, and even configurable for any earth observation satellites, including nano-and pico-CubeSats since we employed radiation-tolerant FPGA.
... From earth's surface, EO satellites apply smart image sensors to observe and obtain information on the earth's surface and utilizes infrared for beneath observation. By observing the earth from space, EO satellites provide essential information on weather monitoring, urban monitoring, natural disasters, agricultural growth monitoring and environmental monitoring etc [10]. ...
... Hiler et all. [10] proposed a parity check matrix and a calculated syndrome of error detection and correction onboard nanosatellites. The scheme can selfdetect and self-correct any single event effects error that occurs during transmission [10]. ...
... [10] proposed a parity check matrix and a calculated syndrome of error detection and correction onboard nanosatellites. The scheme can selfdetect and self-correct any single event effects error that occurs during transmission [10]. Cryptographic protection is used to secure transmissions from being hacked. ...
The nanosatellite is constantly evolving and growing significantly over the world. It establishes a huge demand for more advanced and reliable error detection and correction systems that are capable of fast and huge data transmission with fewer errors. A comparative approach has been identified as a suitable scheme for the prevention of single and multiple events that affecting onboard nanosatellites in low earth orbit. In this paper, we have proposed a comparative approach of error detection and correction based on three different systems of EDAC algorithms which are Hamming codes, cyclic redundancy check and Reed-Solomon code. We have also designed the system with three different parts as encoding part, error counting part, and decoding part, respectively. It has developed in such a way that during data transferring from satellite to ground station, it could analyze six camera images simultaneously with the help of FPGA and EDAC methods. To increase the efficiency, we have introduced the advanced turbo mechanism EDAC for different bandwidths of satellite communication and performance analysis with the AWGN channel and Rayleigh channel. EDAC methods codes are tested in MATLAB and shown in graphical plots. This technique is simple and achieves high reliability and accuracy, compared to other similar methods.
... Previous literature has researched and reported multiple avenues of protection against soft errors. These include Hamming code (Yan et al., 2020) and the revised version, single-error correction and double-error detection (Hillier & Balyan, 2019). The Hamming code may even be modified to produce a detection and correction system capable of mitigating against multiple bit upsets at low complexity and high speed. ...
Downscaling threatens the designers invested in integrity and error mitigation against soft errors. This study formulated the probability of soft error changing the logic state of a Differential Logic with an Inverter Latch (DIL). Using Cadence Virtuoso, current pulses were injected into various nodes in stages until a logic flip was instigated. The voltage and temperature parameters were increased to observe the current level changes over time. The critical charge from each stage was obtained, and a method to formulate the probability of each instance was developed. The voltage produced a higher effect of the change to the critical charge of any instance as compared to temperature. The findings revealed that the N-channel metal-oxide semiconductor (NMOS) drain is more vulnerable to temperature and voltage variation than P-channel metal-oxide semiconductor (PMOS).
... It utilizes infrared for underneath observation. By watching the ground from space, EO satellites give fundamental data on climate observation, urban and rural development, natural disasters, natural monitoring, etc. [2]. During data transmission usually we miss valuable data due to interference. ...
... Hiler et al. [2] proposed a parity check matrix and a calculated syndrome of EDAC onboard nanosatellites. The scheme can self-detect and self-correct any single event effect errors during transmission. ...
Nanosatellites are persistently progressing and creating global communication and data transmission. It builds up a colossal request for more progressed and dependable frameworks to transmit faster and more reliable information. A syntactic machine learning approach has been distinguished as a good plot for anticipating single-bit and multiple-bit errors that influence onboard nanosatellites. In this paper, we have proposed an analytical approach to error detection and correction for onboard nanosatellites. We have planned the framework separately with three distinct parts: encoding, error checking, and decoding. It has created an amid information exchange from satellite to the ground station. It has analyzed six camera pictures simultaneously with the assistance of field programmable gate array and EDAC strategies. We have presented the progressed turbo mechanics EDAC for unprecedented transfer speeds of satellite communication and execution & examination with the AWGN and Rayleigh channels to extend the proficiency. EDAC strategies codes have been implemented in MATLAB. This method is straightforward and accomplishes unwavering quality and exactness compared to comparable strategies.
... Because the main of the job is done indoors and requires less effort, fewer individuals will do more. Workers consider these locations to be safer than others [22,23]. The buildings absorb energy during their whole life cycle. ...
With the gradual development in industrialization, the advent of computer and information technology has evolved in the field of engineering and construction industry. BIM technology has become a valuable part of prefabricated concrete engineering with the advancement of modern technology based on 3D modeling simulation. In order to realize the industrialization and automation of prefabricated concrete structures, this paper analyzes the characteristics of fabricated concrete structure and BIM, combining the two techniques. This work applies BIM to fabricated concrete design and chooses finite element analysis and calculation software ETABS to analyze the structure model. The results show that the mass participation ratio of the model studied in this paper reaches more than 90%, the interlayer displacement angle is less than 1/550, and the modal and shell internal force analysis results meet the requirements. In this paper, modal analysis, shell internal force analysis under live load and structural dynamic analysis under response spectrum load conditions were carried out on the ETABS model converted from the Revit model and the model directly established by ETABS. The ETABS model converted from the Revit model by the data interface plug-in can be used for structural analysis.
... In the middle soil (1.0-5.0 m) near the depth of 4.5 m, the shear strain decreases greatly compared with the shallow soil, and the hysteretic curve at the top of the slope has an obvious symmetrical hysteretic circle, while the hysteretic curve at the slope shoulder still has a certain slip under the influence of the slope, and the symmetry of the hysteretic circle is not obvious [28]; In the deep soil near the depth of 10.5 m (>5.0 m), the shear strain at the top of the slope is further reduced and the hysteretic circle is fuller, indicating that it has good energy dissipation properties and is conducive to the seismic resistance of the structure. However, the shear strain at the slope shoulder at this depth does not decrease, but increases to a certain extent, indicating that the inclined interface of soft and soil layers will aggravate the dynamic response of the overlying soil layer on the slope and weaken its ability of seismic energy consumption [29][30][31][32][33][34]. ...
To study the influence of the nonlinear connection of pile and soil on the dynamic response characteristics of the pile foundation, this article proposes to study the dynamic response of the bridge pile foundation to the slope by combining the centrifugal shaking table test and OPENSEES open source finite element program. This article introduces the pressure-dependent multiyield surface model based on confining pressure. Through the inverse calculation of the similarity ratio of the centrifuge model test, the OPENSEES two-dimensional nonlinear finite element model of the pile group in the slope section can be established. The centrifuge shaking table test is to input the preset seismic wave horizontally at the bottom of the model box. The form of seismic wave is El Centro wave verification of two-dimensional finite element model of the pile group in slope section under earthquake. The reliability of the model is verified by comparing the test and calculated values of dynamic response (residual horizontal displacement and final bending moment) of the pile body under five different peak acceleration seismic wave loading conditions. In the dynamic response experiment of slope pile foundation, in the embedded part below the bedrock surface, the residual horizontal displacement of each pile body is zero. Constrained by the cap beam and tie beam, the displacement of the free section of the pile group at these two positions is basically the same. Through comprehensive analysis, the displacement of P1 and P2 piles is basically the same. The calculated value of the final bending moment of P1 and P2 piles shows the same change trend as the test value, and the test value is slightly larger than the calculated value. The relative errors of the maximum final bending moment of P1 pile under each loading condition are 7.4, 7.8, 12.6, 3.9, and 9.6%, respectively, and the relative errors of P2 pile are 4.6, 3.6, 12.5, 13.6, and 11.5%, respectively. The analysis relative error is caused by the elastic element used in the calculation of the pile body, which is different from the mechanical behavior of the simulated pile body material in the test. Dynamic response of slope site according to the existing centrifuge test results can be seen that the deformation at the slope shoulder of slope site is the most obvious under the earthquake. The inclined interface of soft and hard rock and soil layer will aggravate the dynamic response of the overburden layer on the slope, weakening its ability of seismic energy consumption.
