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![Classes of failure in rock slope (Adapted from [44]).](profile/Gafar-Oniyide-3/publication/361184226/figure/fig1/AS:1165008268460038@1654771024223/Classes-of-failure-in-rock-slope-Adapted-from-44.png)
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![Figure 4. Classes of failure in rock slope (Adapted from [44]).](profile/Gafar-Oniyide-3/publication/361184226/figure/fig1/AS:1165008268460038@1654771024223/Classes-of-failure-in-rock-slope-Adapted-from-44_Q320.jpg)
![Figure 11. Effects of water pressure in a crack (Adapted from [80]).](profile/Gafar-Oniyide-3/publication/361184226/figure/fig4/AS:1165008268468233@1654771024561/Effects-of-water-pressure-in-a-crack-Adapted-from-80_Q320.jpg)
![Figure 14. Image of Gamsberg mine landslide (Adapted from [109]).](profile/Gafar-Oniyide-3/publication/361184226/figure/fig5/AS:1165008268464148@1654771024672/Image-of-Gamsberg-mine-landslide-Adapted-from-109_Q320.jpg)
The primary aim of every twenty-first century mining operation is to extract as much ore as possible in a safe and economical manner. Failure in mine excavation occurs when the shear stress acting on the rock is greater than the shear strength of the rock mass. The stability of rock slopes in open-pit mine and quarry operations is extremely importa...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... study by Eberhardt et al. [16] suggested that in the absence of any triggering event, degradation in the strength of the rock mass may result in progressive failure, but subject to a time-dependent mechanism. Wyllie and Mah [43] categorize the mode of failure in rock slope into four classes as shown in Figure 4. These include plane failure, wedge failure, rotational and toppling failure. ...
Context 2
... study by Eberhardt et al [16] suggested that in the absence of any triggering event, degradation in the strength of the rock mass may result in progressive failure, but subject to a time-dependent mechanism. Wyllie and Mah [43] categorize the mode of failure in rock slope into four classes as shown in Figure 4. These include plane failure, wedge failure, rotational and toppling failure. ...
Context 3
... type of failure is common in slopes that have convex designs where the direction is parallel to the strike of the weak planes. Planar failure can be limited to benches or areas of the pit with adverse geometry or the structures Figure 4. Classes of failure in rock slope (Adapted from [44]). ...
Citations
... Bednarczyk (2017) has stated that open pit mines in Poland have a slope safety factor between 0.75 to 1.65 and 1.12 to 1.60 for dump areas. Another study in America shows that the slope of an open pit mine tends to be stable when the safety factor is greater than 1.2 (Kolapo et al., 2022). ...
This research aims to identify the geological and lithological structures of mine land, determine the slope stability of the land, and determine the sustainability of landslide management in Kutai Kartanegara Regency, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. This present research was conducted in Samboja and Sebulu sub-districts, Kutai Kartanegara Regency, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Data collection concerning the geological structure, lithology, and sustainability of coal mine landslides was carried out. Rock data, such as its physical and mechanical properties, were taken from complete coring drilled and then analyzed in a geomechanics laboratory. This procedure was carried out in three locations, with the first and second samples collected in the Kampungbaru Formation representing the youngest formation. In addition, the third taken in the Pulubalang Formation represents the oldest coal-bearing formation. The data relating to the avalanche condition were collected through surveys, interviews, and filling out questionnaires using a purposive sampling method. The respondents were 13 mining engineering heads from various mine sites in Kutai Kartanegara Regency, three mining environmental experts, and four academics. The results showed that of the 50-joint data, those with potential positions for landslides were located at N333°E/61° and N110°E/74°. The most dominant lithology in the study area was claystone, followed successively by sandstone, siltstone, and shale, with a specific gravity between 2.55 and 2.66. The dominant claystone indicated a relatively prone area. Meanwhile, the strength of the mechanical properties of the rock (direct shear) cohesion ranged from 17.80 and 174.53 kPa, with shear angles ranging from 10.88° to 42.01°. Based on the design of the slope stability in the three locations, this study demonstrated the maximum slope angle ranging from 29° to 37°, a height of 50.17 to 70.16 meters, a single slope height of 10 meters with an angle ranged from 32° to 44°, and a factor of safety (FOS) ranging from 1.326 to 1.452 with stable conditions. Multi-dimensional scaling (MDS) simulation results of the sustainability status comprised of a total of 49 attributes derived from five dimensions, namely ecological, economic, social, law, institutional and technological, demonstrated a score fell of 50.01. Furthermore, to increase the sustainability score, this study identified some sensitive factors as follows: condition of the slope of the mine slope, MSME business of residents, role of NGOs in mine landslides, concern of pit supervisory personnel for mine landslides, and mastery of mine landslide technology. Hence, the projection sustainability score increased to 82.00, which was achieved in the good category.
Introduction
Artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) is the extraction of ore with minimal to no mechanization by individuals or group of people who do not have advanced technical knowledge. Though ASM has gained considerable acceptance, one reason for its unsustainable is because of slope collapses that occur affecting the health and safety of miners and surrounding community. In rock mechanics, slope stability analysis and design has received significant attention in large scale mining to mitigate the risk of slope collapse but minimal implementation in artisanal and small-scale mining. This paper reports back the implementation of slope analysis and design through field observations to demonstrate the process of estimating rock mass rating (RMR) and finding suitable slope angles using Bieniawski (1976) RMR and Heins and Terbrugge stability charts respectively. Further analysis through laboratory strength tests and using numerical modelling software to assess the slope stability of the current and proposed slope design was conducted.
Results
The slope design used in the ASM operation is unsuitable and the slope analysis using estimation charts required further analysis. Rock strength results were then used in OPTUM G2 to attempt to imitate reality. Suggested mining methods were proposed and mapped in OPTUM G2 where the limit equilibrium analysis showed that the gravity multiplier had increased by 10.04 for the upper limit and 2.79 for the lower limit and the strength reduction factor increased by 1.5.
Significance
It is essential to continuously refine critical issues and help establish desirable conditions for ASM operations because it has a high potential to contribute towards sustainable development. Implementing cost-effective slope stability analysis systems for sustainable mining and promote achieving Sustainable Development Goal 1,3,8 and 9.
Conclusion
The estimation process can be used with the guidance of a rock engineering practitioner during the design process of the mine after exposing the rock mass during the exploration stage. However, there may be other factors that can hinder the collection of data and modelling during the design phase as slope stability analysis systems were designed for large-scale mines.
