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Clamp connections used to define three subgenera of Clavaria (fide Petersen 1978). Line traces from digital photos (20003) of the base of the basidium (b) taken from dried fruit bodies rehydrated in 5% KOH. A) Clavaria subgen. Holocoryne (C. redoleo-alli, DJM1079), B) Clavaria subgen. Syncoryne (C. vermicularis, DJM1262), C) Clavaria subgen. Clavulinopsis (C. sulcata, PDD78241).
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Fungi that produce clavarioid fruit bodies have evolved independently many times in the Basidiomycota. The evolutionary significance of this morphology is difficult to interpret because the phylogenetic positions of many clavarioid fungi are still unknown. In this study we examined the phylogenetic diversity of the Clavariaceae sensu lato among Hom...
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... Now, the order includes mycorrhizal species, such as Coltricia species (Tedersoo et al., 2007), and species of diverse morphological characters. Various basidiome types are found across the order, such as clavarioid, effused-reflexed, resupinate, stipitate stereoid, and stipitate lamellate basidiomes (Dentinger & McLaughlin, 2006;Larsson et al., 2006). Collectively, 69 Hymenochaetales genera have been reported up to date (Wang et al., 2023;Zhou et al., 2023), with species numbers growing rapidly since the last estimate of 600 in 2008 (Kirk et al., 2008). ...
Hymenochaetales Oberw. is an order classified in Basidiomycota of Fungi , and species in this order display notable diversity. They exhibit various fruiting body shapes, including clavarioid, effused-reflexed, and resupinate basidiomes. Few mycorrhizal species have been reported in Hymenochaetales , but wood-decaying species dominate the order. Hymenochaetaceae Imazeki & Toki and Schizoporaceae Jülich are the most species-rich families within Hymenochaetales , and most species in the Republic of Korea belong to these two families. As such, current taxonomic classification and nomenclature are not reflected upon species in the remaining Hymenochaetales families. For this study, a multifaceted morphological and multigenetic marker-based phylogenetic investigation was conducted to, firstly, comprehensively identify understudied Hymenochaetales specimens in Korea and, secondly, reflect the updates on the species classification. Five genetic markers were assessed for the phylogenetic analysis: nuclear small subunit ribosomal DNA (nSSU), internal transcribed spacer (ITS), nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA (nLSU), RNA polymerase II subunit 2 gene ( RPB2 ), and translation elongation factor 1 gene ( TEF1 ). The results from phylogenetic analysis supported 18 species classified under eight families (excluding Hymenochaetaceae and Schizoporaceae ) in Korea. Species formerly placed in Rickenellaceae and Trichaptum sensu lato have been systematically revised based on recent taxonomic reconstructions. In addition, our findings revealed one new species, Rickenella umbelliformis , and identified five formerly nationally unreported species classified under five understudied families. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of Hymenochaetales diversity and highlight the need for continued research.
... Clavaria fusiformis (now Clavulinopsis) was apparently near to the /tricholomopsis clade and sister to the /hemimycena clade in Moncalvo et al. (2002). Clavaria, Clavulinopsis, Mucronella and Ramariopsis were found to be monophyletic by Larsson et al. (2004) and Dentinger & McLaughlin (2006). Matheny et al. (2006) demonstrated that the gilled pileatestipitate genus Camarophyllopsis belongs in the Clavariaceae, and not inside the Hygrophoraceae as suggested by Hesler & Smith (1963), Arnolds (1974aArnolds ( , b, 1986, Kühner 1980, Singer (1986, Kovalenko (1989), Young (1999Young ( , 2005, and Boertmann (2002). ...
... Ampulloclitocybe clavipes (Merlini et al. 2000), and C. virgineus (Farrell et al. 1977), have been successfully cultured on agar media -a trait shared, for example, with saprotrophic species of the related suborder Phyllotopsidineae (see below) such as Aphroditeola (Redhead 2013), Phyllotopsis nidulans (Jayasinghe & Parkinson 2008), Sarcomyxa serotina (Kim et al. 2012), Tricholomopsis rutilans (Murphy & Mitchell 2001), and Macrotyphula spp. (Dentinger & McLaughlin 2006). Some species of Cuphophyllus have a biotrophic mode of nutrition, but the nature of the fungus-plant association is largely unknown (Griffith et al. 2002, Seitzman et al. 2011, Halbwachs et al. 2018. ...
... Saprotrophic, usually lignicolous. Macrotyphula, Phyllotopsis and Pleurocybella were first found to be closely related by Dentinger & McLaughlin (2006), and later Olariaga et al. (2020) established the new family Phyllotopsidaceae for this monophyletic group. Wang et al. (2023b) added a new monospecific genus, Conoloma, which differs from the allied Tricholomopsis mainly by its pileus with a mucronate umbo, a fibrillose annuliform zone on the stipe apex, and smaller cheilocystidia. ...
The phylogenetic position of several clitocyboid/pleurotoid/tricholomatoid genera previously considered incertae sedis is here resolved using an updated 6-gene dataset of Agaricales including newly sequenced lineages and more complete data from those already analyzed before. Results allowed to infer new phylogenetic relationships, and propose taxonomic novelties to accommodate them, including up to ten new families and a new suborder. Giacomia (for which a new species from China is here described) forms a monophyletic clade with Melanoleuca (Melanoleucaceae) nested inside suborder Pluteineae, together with the families Pluteaceae, Amanitaceae (including Leucocortinarius), Limnoperdaceae and Volvariellaceae. The recently described family Asproinocybaceae is shown to be a later synonym of Lyophyllaceae (which includes also Omphaliaster and Trichocybe) within suborder Tricholomatineae. The families Biannulariaceae, Callistosporiaceae, Clitocybaceae, Fayodiaceae, Macrocystidiaceae (which includes Pseudoclitopilus), Entolomataceae, Pseudoclitocybaceae (which includes Aspropaxillus), Omphalinaceae (Infundibulicybe and Omphalina) and the new families Paralepistaceae and Pseudoomphalinaceae belong also to Tricholomatineae. The delimitation of the suborder Pleurotineae (= Schizophyllineae) is discussed and revised, accepting five distinct families within it, viz. Pleurotaceae, Cyphellopsidaceae, Fistulinaceae, Resupinataceae and Schizophyllaceae. The recently proposed suborder Phyllotopsidineae (= Sarcomyxineae) is found to encompass the families Aphroditeolaceae, Pterulaceae, Phyllotopsidaceae, Radulomycetaceae, Sarcomyxaceae (which includes Tectella), and Stephanosporaceae, all of them unrelated to Pleurotaceae (suborder Pleurotineae) or Typhulaceae (suborder Typhulineae). The new family Xeromphalinaceae, encompassing the genera Xeromphalina and Heimiomyces, is proposed within Marasmiineae. The suborder Hygrophorineae is here reorganized into the families Hygrophoraceae, Cantharellulaceae, Cuphophyllaceae, Hygrocybaceae and Lichenomphaliaceae, to homogenize the taxonomic rank of the main clades inside all suborders of Agaricales. Finally, the genus Hygrophorocybe is shown to represent a distinct clade inside Cuphophyllaceae, and the new combination H. carolinensis is proposed.
... however, Alloclavaria differs morphologically from these genera in having club-like basidiomata with an amphigenous hymenium. Alloclavaria purpurea is distinguished by the following characters: purple or purplish lilac, club-like basidiomata, hollow, fragile flesh, absence of a distinct stem, a fusoid apex, and presence of thin-walled hymenial cystidia (Corner 1950;Dentinger & McLaughlin 2006). as described in previous studies, specimens of Alloclavaria have been found frequently among mosses and exclusively near coniferous trees (Corner 1950;Dentinger & McLaughlin 2006). ...
... Alloclavaria purpurea is distinguished by the following characters: purple or purplish lilac, club-like basidiomata, hollow, fragile flesh, absence of a distinct stem, a fusoid apex, and presence of thin-walled hymenial cystidia (Corner 1950;Dentinger & McLaughlin 2006). as described in previous studies, specimens of Alloclavaria have been found frequently among mosses and exclusively near coniferous trees (Corner 1950;Dentinger & McLaughlin 2006). In the field, the characters of unbranched, fasciculate, purple basidiomata can be used to distinguish A. purpurea from all other club-like fungi. ...
... In the field, basidiomata of A. orientalis and A. purpurea seem similar in appearance because both species are purple. Based on the results of previous studies (Corner 1950;Dentinger & McLaughlin 2006), A. orientalis differs from A. purpurea in micromorphology in having shorter basidiospores ((6.0-)6.5-8.0(-8.5) × 4.0-5.0(-5.5) ...
A newly discovered fungal species associated with conifers in China, Alloclavaria orientalis, is formally described and illustrated. A molecular phylogenetic analysis of concatenated internal transcribed spacer and nuclear ribosomal RNA large subunit sequences supported the monophyly of A. orientalis as a distinct lineage within the Alloclavaria clade.
... Following Corner's reclassifications, the major changes in Pterulaceae have resulted from molecular phylogenetic analyses. Actiniceps was shown within Agaricales to be distantly related to Pterulaceae and Parapterulicium was removed to Russulales (Dentinger and McLaughlin 2006;Leal-Dutra et al. 2018). Four resupinate genera were transferred to Pterulaceae: Aphanobasidium, Coronicium, Merulicium, and Radulomyces (Larsson 2007;Larsson et al. 2004) and, finally, the new poroid genus Radulotubus was proposed in the family (Zhao et al. 2016) (Fig. 2). ...
Pterulaceae was formally proposed to group six coralloid and dimitic genera: Actiniceps (=Dimorphocystis), Allantula, Deflexula, Parapterulicium, Pterula, and Pterulicium. Recent molecular studies have shown that some of the characters currently used in Pterulaceae do not distinguish the genera. Actiniceps and Parapterulicium have been removed, and a few other resupinate genera were added to the family. However, none of these studies intended to investigate the relationship between Pterulaceae genera. In this study, we generated 278 sequences from both newly collected and fungarium samples. Phylogenetic analyses supported with morphological data allowed a reclassification of Pterulaceae where we propose the introduction of Myrmecopterula gen. nov. and Radulomycetaceae fam. nov., the reintroduction of Phaeopterula, the synonymisation of Deflexula in Pterulicium, and 53 new combinations. Pterula is rendered polyphyletic requiring a reclassification; thus, it is split into Pterula, Myrmecopterula gen. nov., Pterulicium and Phaeopterula. Deflexula is recovered as paraphyletic alongside several Pterula species and Pterulicium, and is sunk into the latter genus. Phaeopterula is reintroduced to accommodate species with darker basidiomes. The neotropical Myrmecopterula gen. nov. forms a distinct clade adjacent to Pterula, and most members of this clade are associated with active or inactive attine ant nests. The resupinate genera Coronicium and Merulicium are recovered in a strongly supported clade close to Pterulicium. The other resupinate genera previously included in Pterulaceae, and which form basidiomes lacking cystidia and with monomitic hyphal structure (Radulomyces, Radulotubus and Aphanobasidium), are reclassified into Radulomycetaceae fam. nov. Allantula is still an enigmatic piece in this puzzle known only from the type specimen that requires molecular investigation. A key for the genera of Pterulaceae and Radulomycetaceae fam. nov. is also provided here.
... Compared with other species of Agaricales, Clavariaceae species have few morphological characteristics for taxonomy, which made it difficult to classify or identify species or subspecies from the family Clavariaceae accurately. The introduction of molecular markers, including LSU nrDNA, RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (rpb2), nuclear ribosomal 28S, and internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) has promoted the revision of taxonomic concept and phylogeny of Clavariaceae species (Birkebak et al. 2016;Dentinger and McLaughlin 2006;Kautmanova et al. 2012a;Olariaga et al. 2015). ...
In the present study, the complete mitogenome of Clavaria fumosa, was sequenced, assembled, and compared. The complete mitogenome of C. fumosa is 256,807 bp in length and is the largest mitogenomes among all Basidiomycota mitogenomes reported. Comparative mitogenomic analysis indicated that the C. fumosa mitogenome contained the most introns and intronic ORFs among all fungal mitogenomes. Large intergenic regions, intronic regions, accumulation of repeat sequences and plasmid-derived genes together promoted the size expansion of the C. fumosa mitogenome. In addition, the rps3 gene was found subjected to positive selection between some Agaricales species. We found frequent intron gain/loss events in Agaricales mitogenomes, and four novel intron classes were detected in the C. fumosa mitogenome. Large-scale gene rearrangements were found occurred in Agaricales species and the C. fumosa mitogenome had a unique gene arrangement which differed from other Agaricales species. Phylogenetic analysis for 76 Basidiomycetes based on combined mitochondrial gene sets indicated that mitochondrial genes could be used as effective molecular markers for reconstructing evolution of Basidiomycota. The study served as the first report on the mitogenomes of the family Clavariaceae, which will promote the understanding of the genetics, evolution and taxonomy of C. fumosa and related species.
... Clavaria in its modern sense is restricted to white-spored species, many simple, some branched. It is not clearly distinguished from two related genera, Clavulinopsis and Ramariopsis (Dentinger and McLaughlin, 2006). ...
Total 108 Indian clavarioid fungi belonging to 17 genera were compiled from literature. These fungi are distributed in 13 states of India. Genus Ramaria represent the largest number of species (39) followed by Clavaria (13), Clavulinopsis (12), Clavulina (11) and Typhula (10). Genera like Aphelaria, Artomyces, Deflexula, Gloeocantharellus, Multiclavula and Scytinopogon are least diverse and represented by only one species. Clavarioid fungi were recorded from 131 places of 13 states in India and the maximum diversity of these fungi was shown by the state Uttarakhand (57) followed by Himachal Pradesh (25) and West Bengal (10). Three clavarioid fungi namely, Phaeoclavulina flaccida, Ramariopsis kunzei and R. subtilis were described from Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra. Earlier these fungi were reported from Uttarakhand and Chhattisgarh
... Molecular studies dealing with Ramariopsis species have primarily been devoted to relations between ramarioid and clavarioid genera (Dentinger & McLaughlin 2006). However, the phylogenetic relations within these groups are still insufficiently known. ...
The new species Ramariopsis robusta Matouš & Holec is described based on collections from
the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The species is highly supported in a phylogenetic tree based on the
28S rDNA gene. Morphologically, it is distinguished by its robust and densely branched white to
cream basidiomata often growing in fascicles, with wide, often flattened branches, and distinctly ornamented
spores with up to 1.5 μm high spines. The most similar species R. kunzei differs by subtler,
more sparsely branched basidiomata, lower spore ornamentation, smaller Q value and shorter
basidia. The species is described in detail and figures showing its macro- and microcharacters are
provided including SEM photographs of spores. Differences with the similar taxa R. kunzei (including
its varieties), R. atlantica, R. bispora, R. tenuiramosa, R. biformis, R. rufipes and Clavaria
lentofragilis are outlined. Ramariopsis atlantica is newly documented from Panama.
... Typhula phacorrhiza is the type species of Typhula (Persoon) Fries (1818: 296), suggesting this clade may represent the Typhulaceae. This clade has been recovered in a number of studies (Dentinger et al. 2006, Lawrey et al. 2009, Matheny et al. 2006). The affiliation of Tricholomopsis to the Typhulaceae and the hygrophoroid clade informed our choice of comparative sequenced species and outgroup for the phylogenetic analysis. ...
The status of the genus Tricholomopsis (Agaricales) in New Zealand is reviewed. T. rutilans is a species described from the northern hemisphere and recorded from plantations of exotic Pinus radiata in New Zealand. Historical collections identified as T. rutilans were subjected to morphological and phylogenetic analysis. The results show that most of these collections refer to T. ornaticeps, originally described from New Zealand native forests. The presence in New Zealand of T. rutilans was not confirmed. Collections of Tricholomopsis from native forests and bush also include a newly described species, T. scabra, which is characterised by a distinctly scabrous pileus. The new species is phylogenetically and morphologically distinct but related to T. ornaticeps. T. ornaticeps and T. scabra are currently known only from New Zealand and the former has extended its habitat to include exotic conifer plantations.
... Molecular phylogenies have revolutionized the morphological classification of fungi. They have demonstrated the impressive flexibility in the overall habit of fungi and the existence of many convergences shared by different fungal groups (Pine et al. 1997; Dentinger & McLaughlin 2006). When taking family Russulaceae for example, the name Elasmomycetaceae as a separate family for gasteroid Russulales has been abandoned and so were all of the genera adopted for various secotioid-gasteroid or pleurotoid members of this family in the same way such morph-genera have been abandoned in other ectomycorrhizal groups (Peintner et al. 2001). ...
Abstract – The authors assembled for the first time a sequence dataset representative of all
29 presently described North American Cantharellus species, including not only all six newly
described North American species presented in this special issue, but very importantly, also
newly obtained partial ITS and LSU sequence data from the type specimens of C. camphoratus
and C. septentrionalis, two species that supposedly had never been recollected in the United
States since their original description. As such, they hope to put the record straight for future
research on Cantharellus in North America and to allow for a more precise identification and
appreciation of newly collected, sequenced specimens.
... Given this ambiguity, we have placed the new species here into Rectipilus, to which it clearly belongs on morpho-anatomical grounds. These taxa form a group derived within mycenoid agarics, offering an interesting case to understand the evolution of fruit body simplification, which is a theme rampant in the Agaricomycetes (e.g., Dentinger & McLaughlin 2006). ...
A new cyphelloid mushroom from Great Britain, Rectipilus afibulatus Lucas & Dentinger, is described as new, using morphology and molecular phylogenetic analysis. Based on phylogenetic analysis of the ITS barcode region, the new taxon is related to other cyphelloid taxa that form a clade nested within mycenoid agarics, likely representing an evolutionary simplification in fruit body morphology from an agaricoid ancestor. © 2015, The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
