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Cladosporium subuliforme isolate wz-1 on PDA medium and its infection on the adult of D. citri. A The fungal colonies on PDA (Petri dishes with 90 × 15 mm); B The back of fungal colonies on PDA; C Trifurcate conidiophore with ramoconidia and conidia; D Subulate conidiophore, scale bars = 10 µm; E D. citri adult 7 days post infection (dpi) by C. subuliforme with 1 × 10 8 spores/ml; F D. citri adult 15 dpi by C. subuliforme with 1 × 10 8 spores/ml
Source publication
Background
Citrus fruits are economically and nutritionally important but have been severely affected by Huanglongbing disease (HLB), its natural spread is mainly by the Asian Citrus Psyllid , Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae). Chemicals are often used to control this pest, but this is not sustainable. Meanwhile, there are few environ...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... was isolated through subculturing. Cultured on PDA medium for seven days, the wz-1 colony reached 24-30 mm in diameter. In the front side, the colony was grayish olive, flocculent, fluffy, without exudate but with a narrow white margin that was regular or slightly undulating; aerial mycelia abundant, sparse, fluffy; spores abundant in the center (Fig. 1A). In the back side, the colony was dark olive gray, deep into the agar, with grooves and folds in the center, and with the white margin (Fig. 1B). Hyphae sparingly branched, 1−4 µm wide, septate; conidiophores branched, branches straight; ramoconidia (conidiogenous cells) cylindrical, chain like; conidia numerous, catenate, extended ...
Context 2
... was grayish olive, flocculent, fluffy, without exudate but with a narrow white margin that was regular or slightly undulating; aerial mycelia abundant, sparse, fluffy; spores abundant in the center (Fig. 1A). In the back side, the colony was dark olive gray, deep into the agar, with grooves and folds in the center, and with the white margin (Fig. 1B). Hyphae sparingly branched, 1−4 µm wide, septate; conidiophores branched, branches straight; ramoconidia (conidiogenous cells) cylindrical, chain like; conidia numerous, catenate, extended from the terminal part of intercalary or apical ramoconidia; small terminal conidia limoniform ( Fig. 1C and D). To fulfill Koch's postulates, adult ...
Context 3
... and folds in the center, and with the white margin (Fig. 1B). Hyphae sparingly branched, 1−4 µm wide, septate; conidiophores branched, branches straight; ramoconidia (conidiogenous cells) cylindrical, chain like; conidia numerous, catenate, extended from the terminal part of intercalary or apical ramoconidia; small terminal conidia limoniform ( Fig. 1C and D). To fulfill Koch's postulates, adult D. citri were sprayinfected with a spore suspension. Compared to the control group, in which the insects dispersed on the leaves, the spore-treated insects began to disperse on the bottom of the apparatus. The treated insects began to die after 72 h, and the dead insects were transferred to wet ...
Context 4
... the insects dispersed on the leaves, the spore-treated insects began to disperse on the bottom of the apparatus. The treated insects began to die after 72 h, and the dead insects were transferred to wet filter paper for incubation. After four days, bright green mycelia appeared on the legs, mouthparts, and intersegmental areas of the insects (Fig. 1E). By the fifth day, the entire body was covered with light green mycelia. Over time, the mycelia gradually turned brown (Fig. 1F), which resembled the hue observed on the field cadavers. Thus, these results suggest that the mold layer on the original cadaver is produced by a fungus that can kill adult D. citri under laboratory ...
Context 5
... insects began to die after 72 h, and the dead insects were transferred to wet filter paper for incubation. After four days, bright green mycelia appeared on the legs, mouthparts, and intersegmental areas of the insects (Fig. 1E). By the fifth day, the entire body was covered with light green mycelia. Over time, the mycelia gradually turned brown (Fig. 1F), which resembled the hue observed on the field cadavers. Thus, these results suggest that the mold layer on the original cadaver is produced by a fungus that can kill adult D. citri under laboratory ...
Citations
The range of interactions between Cladosporium, a ubiquitous fungal genus, and insects, a class including about 60% of the animal species, is extremely diverse. The broad case history of antagonism and mutualism connecting Cladosporium and insects is reviewed in this paper based on the examination of the available literature. Certain strains establish direct interactions with pests or beneficial insects or indirectly influence them through their endophytic development in plants. Entomopathogenicity is often connected to the production of toxic secondary metabolites, although there is a case where these compounds have been reported to favor pollinator attraction, suggesting an important role in angiosperm reproduction. Other relationships include mycophagy, which, on the other hand, may reflect an ecological advantage for these extremely adaptable fungi using insects as carriers for spreading in the environment. Several Cladosporium species colonize insect structures, such as galleries of ambrosia beetles, leaf rolls of attelabid weevils and galls formed by cecidomyid midges, playing a still uncertain symbiotic role. Finally, the occurrence of Cladosporium in the gut of several insect species has intriguing implications for pest management, also considering that some strains have proven to be able to degrade insecticides. These interactions especially deserve further investigation to understand the impact of these fungi on pest control measures and strategies to preserve beneficial insects.
