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Cladogram using the Linear discriminant analysis Effect size (LEfSe) method indicating the phylogenetic distribution Cladogram using the linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) method indicating the phylogenetic distribution of microbiota associated with liquefied and nonliquefied soil samples A cladogram for differentially distributed taxa (p < 0.05, LDA > 3) between 16S rDNA regions in liquefied soil samples (green, n = 3) and nonliquefied soil samples (red, n = 12). The brightness of each dot is proportional to its effect size, and the nodes of taxa which were not significantly differentially represented were colored yellow.
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Earthquakes occur thousands of times every day around the world. They are naturally destructive seismic events and often result in soil liquefaction Soil microbiota plays a vital role in soil environments and may serve as an effective indicator to assess soil liquefaction after earthquakes. This study aimed to detect the microbial community abundan...
Citations
... Following the 1999 Marmara earthquake in Turkey, Keven Another microbial threat from earthquakes is the contamination of water sources with bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites due to damage to water distribution systems and sanitation units or direct earthquake-induced soil liquefaction and tsunamis. 36,37 These contaminations can lead to various waterborne diseases and respiratory infections. Moreover, this risk is particularly high for survivors pulled from the debris, those involved in rescue operations, and people living in tent cities, making it an issue that requires careful attention. ...
Earthquakes are catastrophic natural disasters that cause extensive damage to infrastructure and disrupt the lives of millions worldwide. Beyond the immediate physical and psychological damage caused by earthquakes, these events can significantly impact respiratory health. The inhalation of dust, smoke, particulates, toxic gases, and asbestos exposure can lead to various respiratory health pathologies. These include respiratory infections, exacerbations of pre-existing respiratory diseases, chest traumas, and pulmonary and venous thromboembolism. Longitudinal studies are necessary to assess the long-term respiratory health effects in affected populations. By addressing these knowledge gaps, future mitigation strategies and preparedness measures can be developed to minimize the respiratory health impacts of earthquakes and improve the well-being of affected communities. Robust building infrastructure and comprehensive earthquake preparedness are emerging as the most important determinants for not only mitigating building collapse but also significantly reducing the potential health impacts that follow. This comprehensive review aims to provide a systematic overview of the lung health impacts of earthquakes. It highlights the need for further research to identify specific pollutants, air contaminants, and environmental factors contributing to respiratory health issues following earthquakes.
... Over the years, extensive research has shown that the devastating effects caused by liquefaction can be reduced to some extent by employing various chemical or mechanical stabilisation techniques (Phear & Harris, 2008;Stuedlein et al., 2016;Muhammed et al., 2018;Zango et al., 2018;Chao et al., 2021;Sun et al., 2021). However, most of these techniques are expensive, energy intensive and can be detrimental to the environment. ...
Microbial or enzyme-induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP/EICP) are relatively new ground improvement technique. In this study, the mechanical behaviour of biotreated (MICP/ EICP) and untreated sands were investigated in light of the critical state soil mechanics framework using a series of direct simple shear (DSS) tests. A wide range of CaCO 3 content (C C ), initial void ratio after consolidation (e 0 ) and effective initial normal stress (σ′ N 0 ) was considered. The biotreated specimens showed improved shear strength and dilative tendency compared to untreated specimens with similar initial states. The ultimate state for the biotreated sand shifted towards a smaller void ratio (e) than e at the critical state of untreated sand at the same σ′ N in e–log σ′ N space. Compared to untreated sand, a significantly larger ultimate state stress ratio was achieved for the biotreated sand, particularly at high C C and low σ′ N 0 . The characteristic features of undrained behaviour, such as instability stress ratio, stress ratio at phase transformation and flow potential showed good relationships with modified initial state parameter, void ratio after biotreatment and C C . Bonding ratio, (τ/σ′ N ) bond was used to quantify the interparticle bonding. The peak value of (τ/σ′ N ) bond for the biotreated sand was significantly larger than zero, particularly at high C C and low σ′ N 0 , while the peak (τ/σ′ N ) bond for the untreated sand was negligible. It is also observed that the mobilisation and degradation of CaCO 3 bonds in biotreated sand during DSS shearing are influenced by both C C and σ′ N 0 .
... Forbs usually have rhizomes or tubers, as well as developed root systems, which might help them to better adapt to the stress environment. Additionally, after earthquake, soil structure (Matsuda et al., 2016), nutrients (Guo et al., 2013), moisture (Oommen et al., 2013), and microbial composition (Chao et al., 2021) are negatively altered. Forbs have a higher nutrient use efficiency than sedges and grasses, which makes it easier to become the dominant species as the earthquake can cause soil erosion (Zhang et al., 2020). ...
Earthquakes occur frequently in fragile alpine grassland areas on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP), but few studies have evaluated the impacts of seismo-fault of earthquake on alpine grassland vegetation diversity. In this study, we conducted a field survey of plant communities of alpine grassland along the fault zone in the 7.4 Maduo earthquake occurred on 22 May 2021. Surrounding grassland habitat far from the seismo-fault of earthquake was selected as the control. Plant community metrics around and far from seismic rupture were studied. The results showed that plant community metrics were negatively affected by seismo-fault of earthquake. Species composition around seismo-fault was being shifted from sedges-dominant into forbs-dominant. In addition, the diversity and aboveground biomass were significantly decreased around seismo-fault compared with the control. Our findings highlighted that earthquakes can cause species loss and plant community shift and finally lead to productivity reduction of alpine grassland. Additionally, forbs may be more competitive than other functional groups after the earthquake.
