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![Cladogram of the phylogenetic relationship of Fusarium sp. INECOL_BM-04 and Fusarium sp. INECOL_BM-06 with members of the three clades of FSSC. Phylogeny constructed through Bayesian inference using a combined data set of four gene markers' (tef1, ITS, LSU and the secondlargest subunit of RNA polymerase II (rpb2)) sequences. The representative species of clades I, II and III are those proposed by [53]. Numerical designations referring to the informal nomenclature](profile/Nohemi-Carreras-Villasenor/publication/358909889/figure/fig1/AS:1128504376733699@1646067818782/Cladogram-of-the-phylogenetic-relationship-of-Fusarium-sp-INECOL-BM-04-and-Fusarium-sp.png)
Cladogram of the phylogenetic relationship of Fusarium sp. INECOL_BM-04 and Fusarium sp. INECOL_BM-06 with members of the three clades of FSSC. Phylogeny constructed through Bayesian inference using a combined data set of four gene markers' (tef1, ITS, LSU and the secondlargest subunit of RNA polymerase II (rpb2)) sequences. The representative species of clades I, II and III are those proposed by [53]. Numerical designations referring to the informal nomenclature
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Ambrosia beetles are insect vectors of important plant diseases and have been considered as a threat to forest ecosystems, agriculture, and the timber industry. Several factors have been suggested as promoters of the pathogenic behavior of ambrosia beetles; one of them is the nature of the fungal mutualist and its ability to establish an infectious...
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... improve and establish their phylogenetic relationship with other species from FSSC, a multilocus sequence analysis based on the tef 1, ITS, LSU and rpb2 sequences was performed. The Bayesian inferred phylogeny included 3127 bp characters from these four loci and from a total of 73 strains belonging to the three clearly distinguishable subclades from FSSC ( Figure 1). The multilocus sequence typing revealed that both INECOL isolates belong to clade 3 but not to AFC, which is made up of F. ambrosium AF-1, F. euwallaceae AF-2, F. oligoseptatum AF-4, F. tuaranense AF-5, F. obliqueseptatum AF-7 and F. kuroshium AF-12. ...
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... improve and establish their phylogenetic relationship with other species from FSSC, a multilocus sequence analysis based on the tef1, ITS, LSU and rpb2 sequences was performed. The Bayesian inferred phylogeny included 3127 bp characters from these four loci and from a total of 73 strains belonging to the three clearly distinguishable subclades from FSSC (Figure 1). The multilocus sequence typing revealed that both INECOL isolates belong to clade 3 but not to AFC, which is made up of F. ambrosium AF-1, F. euwallaceae AF-2, F. oligoseptatum AF-4, F. tuaranense AF-5, F. obliqueseptatum AF-7 and F. kuroshium AF-12. ...
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... affected 3.67% (±0.65) and Fusarium sp. INECOL_BM-06 damaged 3.35% (±0.70) of the leaf surface ( Figure S1). On the other hand, the stems seem to be resistant to Fusarium spp., since no differences were detected in comparison with control stems after 21 dpi (Figure 4). ...
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... affected 3.67% (±0.65) and Fusarium sp. INECOL_BM-06 damaged 3.35% (±0.70) of the leaf surface ( Figure S1). On the other hand, the stems seem to be resistant to Fusarium spp., since no differences were detected in comparison with control stems after 21 dpi (Figure 4). ...
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... was approximately four times more than that damage caused by Fusarium sp. INECOL_BM-06 ( Figure S1). In C. sinensis, no significant differences were observed in the expansion of tissue damage ( Figure S1), but the intensity of symptoms differed; the leaves inoculated with Fusarium sp. ...
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... ( Figure S1). In C. sinensis, no significant differences were observed in the expansion of tissue damage ( Figure S1), but the intensity of symptoms differed; the leaves inoculated with Fusarium sp. INECOL_BM-04 show a bigger necrosed area than those inoculated with ...
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... was approximately four times more than that damage caused by Fusarium sp. INECOL_BM-06 ( Figure S1). In C. sinensis, no significant differences were observed in the expansion of tissue damage ( Figure S1), but the intensity of symptoms differed; the leaves inoculated with Fusarium sp. ...
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... ( Figure S1). In C. sinensis, no significant differences were observed in the expansion of tissue damage ( Figure S1), but the intensity of symptoms differed; the leaves inoculated with Fusarium sp. INECOL_BM-04 show a bigger necrosed area than those inoculated with Fusarium sp. ...
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... and ±2.46 for Fusarium sp. INECOL-BM-06) ( Figure S1) and the main symptom was necrosis in the inoculation zone and beyond ( Figure 5C). In contrast, for P. nigra, a statistically significant difference between the pathogenicity of both isolates was noticed, as Fusarium sp. ...
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... triggered 19.04% (±5.85) tissue damage in comparison with the 7.30% (±2.13) tissue damage provoked by Fusarium sp. INECOL_BM-04 ( Figure S1). The necrosis area was accompanied by an accentuated chlorosis in the P. nigra leaves infected with Fusarium sp. ...
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Introduction: Ambrosia beetles maintain strict associations with specific lineages of fungi. However, anthropogenic introductions of ambrosia beetles into new ecosystems can result in the lateral transfer of their symbionts to other ambrosia beetles. The ability of a Florida endemic ambrosia beetle, Xyleborus bispinatus, to feed and establish persi...
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... The ambrosia beetle Xylosandrus morigerus is an ecological generalist (Andersen et al., 2012), with expanding invasiveness (Gugliuzzo et al., 2021) damaging both agriculture and/or forestry areas. Recently, we reported the characterization of two phytopathogenic fungi isolated from X. morigerus, both closely related and belonging to Fusarium solani species complex (FSSC) but not to the Ambrosia Fusarium Clade (AFC), i.e., these fungi are symbiotic but maybe not strict nutritional mutualists (Bateman et al., 2016;Carreras-Villaseñor et al., 2022). Studies in Fusarium spp. as symbionts of ambrosia beetles are focused on its isolation and identification, phylogenetic analyzes, symbiotic interaction, and biological and chemical control (Eskalen et al., 2012;Freeman et al., 2013;O'Donnell et al., 2015;Carrillo et al., 2016Carrillo et al., , 2020Short et al., 2017;Guevara-Avendaño et al., 2018Kehelpannala et al., 2018;Mayorquin et al., 2018;Na et al., 2018;Grosman et al., 2019;Huang et al., 2020;Lynn et al., 2020;Takashina et al., 2020;Carreras-Villaseñor et al., 2022). ...
... Recently, we reported the characterization of two phytopathogenic fungi isolated from X. morigerus, both closely related and belonging to Fusarium solani species complex (FSSC) but not to the Ambrosia Fusarium Clade (AFC), i.e., these fungi are symbiotic but maybe not strict nutritional mutualists (Bateman et al., 2016;Carreras-Villaseñor et al., 2022). Studies in Fusarium spp. as symbionts of ambrosia beetles are focused on its isolation and identification, phylogenetic analyzes, symbiotic interaction, and biological and chemical control (Eskalen et al., 2012;Freeman et al., 2013;O'Donnell et al., 2015;Carrillo et al., 2016Carrillo et al., , 2020Short et al., 2017;Guevara-Avendaño et al., 2018Kehelpannala et al., 2018;Mayorquin et al., 2018;Na et al., 2018;Grosman et al., 2019;Huang et al., 2020;Lynn et al., 2020;Takashina et al., 2020;Carreras-Villaseñor et al., 2022). However, there are scarce molecular analyzes related to genomics, transcriptomics, metabolomics, among others (Sánchez-Rangel et al., 2018;Sakai et al., 2020;Gutiérrez-Sánchez et al., 2021;Pérez-Torres et al., 2021;Ibarra-Laclette et al., 2022) that can give clues of the biological processes that are required for the infection of the plant host. ...
... Since Fusarium sp. was reported as a potential phytopathogen vectored by X. morigerus (Carreras-Villaseñor et al., 2022), we investigated the role of FspTF in pathogenicity against the foliar disk of Populus nigra (Figure 4), Coffea arabica, Citrus sinensis, and Citrus latifolia (Supplementary Figure S4). The lesion in the plant tissue by the WT strain was characterized by the increasing necrosis and chlorosis area from the inoculation site along the time course tested. ...
In this Research Topic, the editors aimed to offer a selection of six articles that address different strategies for a broad overview of modern and innovative plant protection.
... Despite the species diversity from ambrosia beetles in Mexico, to date, few studies have been conducted studying the microbial community of exotic and native ambrosia beetle species from Mexico. Except for X. morigerus (Carreras-Villaseñor et al. 2022) for the other four species used in this study, there is a lack of information about their ecology and diversity of microbial symbionts and non-symbionts associated with them. A recent study in species of genus Monarthrum (M. ...
... Microbial communities from species belonging to the genera Xylosandrus (Hulcr et al. 2012;Kostovcik et al. 2015;Bateman et al. 2016), Euwallacea (Freeman et al. 2013;Lynch et al. 2016;Ibarra-Laclette et al. 2017;Jiang et al. 2021); Corthylus (Mayers et al. 2018); and Monarthrum (Funk 1965;Ángel-Restrepo, et al. 2022) have been well characterized with molecular markers and culture-dependent and cultureindependent approaches. Although two isolates belonging to the Fusarium solani species complex from X. morigerus have been characterized by molecular analysis (Carreras-Villaseñor et al. 2022), there is no published information about the bacterial and fungal communities of M. dimidiatum, D. capucinus, C. consimilis, or E. discretus. Fungal symbionts have been studied in < 5% of ambrosia beetle species, and there remain > 3000 ambrosia beetle species in which the fungi have never been investigated (Hulcr and The present beta-diversity analysis of the bacterial and fungal communities from five ambrosia beetle species has shown a clustering mainly by host species, thereby demonstrating that the species of beetle host is an important factor determining the composition and structure of the bacterial and fungal communities. ...
The ambrosia beetles are farming insects that feed mainly on their cultivated fungi, which in some occasions are pathogens from forest and fruit trees. We used a culture-independent approach based on 16S and 18S rRNA gene metabarcoding analysis to investigate the diversity and composition of the bacterial and fungal communities associated with five ambrosia beetle species: four species native to America (Monarthrum dimidiatum, Dryocoetoides capucinus, Euwallacea discretus, Corthylus consimilis) and an introduced species (Xylosandrus morigerus). For the bacterial community, the beetle species hosted a broad diversity with 1,579 amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) and 66 genera, while for the fungal community they hosted 288 ASVs and 39 genera. Some microbial groups dominated the community within a host species or a body part (Wolbachia in the head-thorax of E. discretus; Ambrosiella in the head-thorax and abdomen of X. morigerus). The taxonomic composition and structure of the microbial communities appeared to differ between beetle species; this was supported by beta-diversity analysis, which indicated that bacterial and fungal communities were clustered mainly by host species. This study characterizes for the first time the microbial communities associated with unexplored ambrosia beetle species, as well as the factors that affect the composition and taxonomic diversity per se, contributing to the knowledge of the ambrosia beetle system.
... isolates belonging to the Fusarium solani species complex and vectored by X. morigerus. These strains displayed different pathogenicity abilities in different agroecosystems [73]. All these ex-amples represent a definitive confirmation that ambrosia beetles could be vectors for other phytopathological issues. ...
The main pathogens affecting the carob (Ceratonia siliqua) tree in the Mediterranean basin are described in this overview. The most widespread diseases periodically occurring in carob orchards are powdery mildew (Pseudoidium ceratoniae) and cercospora leaf spot (Pseudocercospora ceratoniae). The causal agents of “black leaf spots” (e.g., Pestalotiopsis, Phyllosticta and Septoria spp.) are responsible for symptoms similar to those previously mentioned for foliar diseases, but are reported in carob orchards at a negligible frequency. Likewise, canker and branch diebacks caused by fungal species belonging to Botryosphaeriaceae are almost never recorded. Among the rots of wood tissues that may compromise old carob specimens, “brown cubical rot” caused by Laetiporus sulphureus is the most widespread and recurrent issue; this pathogen is also well-known for producing edible fruit bodies that are appreciated for pharmaceutical and industrial purposes. On the other hand, “white rots” caused by Fomes and Ganoderma species are less common and reported for the first time in this review. Gall-like protuberances on twigs of uncertain aetiology or tumors on branches associated with Rhizobium radiobacter are described, although these symptoms are seldom detected, as they are also observed for necrotic leaf spots caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. ciccaronei. A worldwide list of pathogens not yet recorded but at high risk of potential introduction in Italian carob-producing areas is also provided. Finally, concerns related to new phytopathogenic fungi vectored by the invasive Xylosandrus compactus ambrosia beetle are addressed. All the described pathogens could become limiting factors for carob production in the near future, because they could be favored by high-density orchards, the increasing global network of trade exchanges, and the high frequency at which extreme events related to climate change occur globally. Thus, symptoms and signs, causal agents, epidemiology, and, whenever applicable, recommendations for disease prevention and management are provided in this review.
... isolates and belonging to the Fusarium solani species complex and vectored by X. morigerus. These strains have displayed different pathogenicity abilities versus different agroecosystems [71]. This is a confirmation that Ambrosia beetles could represent the vectors for other phytopathological issues. ...
Main pathogens affecting carob (Ceratonia siliqua) tree in the Mediterranean basin are described in this overview. The most widespread diseases periodically occurring on carob orchards are powdery mildew (Pseudoidium ceratoniae) and cercospora leaf spot (Pseudocercospora ceratoniae). The causal agents of so-called “black leaf spots” (e.g. Pestaliotiopsis, Phyllosticta and Septoria spp.) are responsible for similar symptoms to above mentioned foliar diseases but are reported on carob orchards with a negligible frequency. Likewise, canker and branch diebacks caused by fungal species belonging to Botryosphaeriaceae are almost never recorded. Among wood diseases that may compromise old or previously damaged carob specimens, “brown cubical heart rot” caused by Laetiporus sulphureus is the most widespread and recurrent issue; this pathogen is also well-known for edible fruit bodies that are also appreciated for pharmaceutical and industrial purposes. On the other hand, “white decays” caused by Fomes and Ganoderma species are less common and reported for the first time in this review. Like-gall protuberances on twigs at uncertain aetiology or tumours on branches associated to Rhyzobium radiobacter are described although these symptoms are seldom detected as it happens also for necrotic leaf spots caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. ciccaronei. A list of worldwide pathogens not yet recorded but at high-risk potential of introduction in Italian carob producing area is also provided. Finally, some concerns are addressed to new phytopathogenic fungi vectored by invasive Xylosandrus compactus ambrosia beetle. Comprehensively, all described pathogens could potentially in near future become limiting factors for carob production, because they could be favoured by high-density orchards, increasing global network of trade exchanges and high frequency through which extreme events of climate changes globally occur. Thus, symptoms and signs, causal agents, epidemiology and whenever applicable recommendations for disease prevention and management are provided in this review.
... This fungus can survive in a wide range of environmental conditions. However, one of the less common routes for fungal transmission include insects acting as vectors for plant pathogens, and recent studies have shown that beetles can be effectual vectors for the Fusarium solani species [149]. The amount and distribution of the fungal inoculum in the field and the stage of plant growth at which the Fusarium disease occurs determine the extent of yield reduction [150]. ...
Fusarium pathogens are ubiquitous and mainly associated with diseases in plants. They are the subject of great economic concern in agriculture due to crop losses to contamination of cereal grains with mycotoxins. Fusarium species are also considered agents of human and animal mycotic infections, having a wide-ranging spectrum of clinical manifestations in immunocompromised patients. Fusarium phytopathogens infect a wide variety of plants and cause symptoms ranging from stunted growth, fruit or seed decay, yellowing, and wilting of the leaves and cankers to root or stem decay. The identification of these fungi is difficult due to their pleomorphic tendency and the presence of both homothallic and heterothallic strains in the same species, and so is identifying them at species level because of variation among isolates. However, molecular tools have so far been very powerful in species identification and phylogeny, as the great diversity of the Fusarium genus has compelled scientists to continuously revise previous taxons. Mostly, Fusarium diseases are difficult to control, as fungi easily overcome host resistance to various methods of control. We present an overview of the recent research on Fusarium fungi, its adverse effects, and its impacts on food security. We further elucidate various methods of identifying them to encourage much-needed research on integrated management of this unavoidable food contaminant to achieve sustainable global food security.
... The ambrosia beetle Xylosandrus morigerus is an ecological generalist (Andersen et al., 2012), with expanding invasiveness (Gugliuzzo et al., 2021) damaging both agriculture and/or forestry areas. Recently, we reported the characterization of two phytopathogenic fungi isolated from X. morigerus, both closely related and belonging to Fusarium solani species complex (FSSC) but not to the Ambrosia Fusarium Clade (AFC), i.e., these fungi are symbiotic but maybe not strict nutritional mutualists (Bateman et al., 2016;Carreras-Villaseñor et al., 2022). Studies in Fusarium spp. as symbionts of ambrosia beetles are focused on its isolation and identification, phylogenetic analyzes, symbiotic interaction, and biological and chemical control (Eskalen et al., 2012;Freeman et al., 2013;O'Donnell et al., 2015;Carrillo et al., 2016Carrillo et al., , 2020Short et al., 2017;Guevara-Avendaño et al., 2018Kehelpannala et al., 2018;Mayorquin et al., 2018;Na et al., 2018;Grosman et al., 2019;Huang et al., 2020;Lynn et al., 2020;Takashina et al., 2020;Carreras-Villaseñor et al., 2022). ...
... Recently, we reported the characterization of two phytopathogenic fungi isolated from X. morigerus, both closely related and belonging to Fusarium solani species complex (FSSC) but not to the Ambrosia Fusarium Clade (AFC), i.e., these fungi are symbiotic but maybe not strict nutritional mutualists (Bateman et al., 2016;Carreras-Villaseñor et al., 2022). Studies in Fusarium spp. as symbionts of ambrosia beetles are focused on its isolation and identification, phylogenetic analyzes, symbiotic interaction, and biological and chemical control (Eskalen et al., 2012;Freeman et al., 2013;O'Donnell et al., 2015;Carrillo et al., 2016Carrillo et al., , 2020Short et al., 2017;Guevara-Avendaño et al., 2018Kehelpannala et al., 2018;Mayorquin et al., 2018;Na et al., 2018;Grosman et al., 2019;Huang et al., 2020;Lynn et al., 2020;Takashina et al., 2020;Carreras-Villaseñor et al., 2022). However, there are scarce molecular analyzes related to genomics, transcriptomics, metabolomics, among others (Sánchez-Rangel et al., 2018;Sakai et al., 2020;Gutiérrez-Sánchez et al., 2021;Pérez-Torres et al., 2021;Ibarra-Laclette et al., 2022) that can give clues of the biological processes that are required for the infection of the plant host. ...
... Since Fusarium sp. was reported as a potential phytopathogen vectored by X. morigerus (Carreras-Villaseñor et al., 2022), we investigated the role of FspTF in pathogenicity against the foliar disk of Populus nigra (Figure 4), Coffea arabica, Citrus sinensis, and Citrus latifolia (Supplementary Figure S4). The lesion in the plant tissue by the WT strain was characterized by the increasing necrosis and chlorosis area from the inoculation site along the time course tested. ...
Transcription factors in phytopathogenic fungi are key players due to their gene expression regulation leading to fungal growth and pathogenicity. The KilA-N family encompasses transcription factors unique to fungi, and the Bqt4 subfamily is included in it and is poorly understood in filamentous fungi. In this study, we evaluated the role in growth and pathogenesis of the homologous of Bqt4, FspTF, in Fusarium sp. isolated from the ambrosia beetle Xylosandrus morigerus through the characterization of a CRISPR/Cas9 edited strain in Fsptf. The phenotypic analysis revealed that TF65-6, the edited strain, modified its mycelia growth and conidia production, exhibited affectation in mycelia and culture pigmentation, and in the response to certain stress conditions. In addition, the plant infection process was compromised. Untargeted metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis, clearly showed that FspTF may regulate secondary metabolism, transmembrane transport, virulence, and diverse metabolic pathways such as lipid metabolism, and signal transduction. These data highlight for the first time the biological relevance of an orthologue of Bqt4 in Fusarium sp. associated with an ambrosia beetle.
... Therefore, these two fungal isolates (SDBR-CMU461 and SDBR-CMU462) were identified as F. compactum. The combined tef-1 and rpb2 sequence data set was used for phylogenetic analy the F. solani species complex, following the identification techniques employed in e studies [50,55]. This phylogenetic analysis included 41 taxa and the aligned data se tained 1415 bp including gaps (tef-1: 1-603 and rpb2: 604-1415). ...
... A logenetic tree of the F. solani species complex is shown in Figure 3. Our phylogenet was constructed with the aim of being similar to those in previous phylogenetic s [50,55,56]. The phylogenetic tree successfully assigned the two fungal isolates (S CMU463 and SDBR-CMU464) assessed in this investigation within the same clade paranaense, which consisted of the type species CML 1830. ...
... Fusarium para formed a sister taxon to F. falciforme with high statistical support (97% BS and 1. The combined tef-1 and rpb2 sequence data set was used for phylogenetic analysis of the F. solani species complex, following the identification techniques employed in earlier studies [50,55]. This phylogenetic analysis included 41 taxa and the aligned data set contained 1415 bp including gaps (tef-1: 1-603 and rpb2: 604-1415). ...
Fruit rot caused by phytopathogenic fungi is one of the major diseases affecting watermelons (Citrullus lanatus) around the world, which can result in unmarketable fruits and significant economic losses. Fruit rot was observed on watermelons throughout the postharvest storage periods in Phayao Province, northern Thailand in 2022. For the present study, a total of ten fungal isolates were isolated from the rot lesions of watermelons. All obtained fungal isolates were then characterized in terms of their pathogenicity. The results indicated that only four fungal isolates caused rot disease with similar symptoms during the postharvest storage period. Based on their morphological characteristics, these four fungal isolates were identified as belonging to the genus Fusarium. Using multi-gene phylogenetic analyses with a combination of the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef-1), calmodulin (cam), and RNA polymerase second largest subunit (rpb2) genes, the fungal isolates were subsequently identified as Fusarium compactum and F. paranaense. Taken together, the results of this study indicate that F. compactum and F. paranaense cause fruit rot disease in watermelons. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report F. compactum and F. paranaense as novel pathogens of watermelon fruit rot both in Thailand and elsewhere in the world.
... In the present study, we isolated, identi ed and characterized bacteria from the rhizosphere and phyllosphere of Platanus mexicana and Persea schiedeana trees, natural hosts of ambrosial beetles, and evaluated its biological activities over Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings and antagonic activity against phytopathogenic fungus Fusarium sp., INECOL_BM-06, a phytopathogenic fungus associated to Xylosandrus morigerus ambrosia beetle [34], as well as enzymatic activity properties. Our results show that bacteria, PsH3-014(14D) isolated from P. shiedeana and Hay2-01H(7) from P. mexicana, promote plant growth in Arabidopsis seedlings and antagonistic activity against the phytopathogenic fungus Fusarium sp. ...
... (INECOL) [34]; both organisms were co-cultured in Petri plates of Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) media, three petri plates, per bacterial strain plus three petri plates only with Fusarium sp. as absolute growth control, which we consider "negative control". 10 µL of a conidia suspension (1x10 5 conidia/mL) were placed at the center of the petri dish, and 3 drops with 10 µL of a bacterial liquid culture (OD 600 = 0.1) were placed in 3 out of 4 quadrants (at 2 mm from the border of the petri plate); the 4 rth quadrant received 10 µL of LB liquid media as to serve as diffusible compounds negative reference. ...
... To evaluated the antagonistic activity of bacteria strains isolated from P. schiedeana and P. mexicana against phytopathogenic fungus Fusarium sp., we evaluated the inhibitory radial growth of Fusarium sp. strain INECOL_BM-06 a phytopathogenic fungus [34]. We found that the strains PsH3-014(14D) and Hay2-01H(7) caused a signi cant growth inhibition to Fusarium sp. ...
It is well established that bacteria belonging to microbiota of plants, contribute to the better development of their hosts by different mechanisms, such as, growth promotion, nutrient facilitation, stimulation of plant defenses, antagonizing pathogens or pest, and some of them are also, some microorganisms show enzymatic activities with biotechnological application in the agricultural and industrial sector. In the present study we identified and characterized fourteen bacterial strains isolated from the rhizosphere and phyllosphere of Platanus mexicana and Persea schiedeana trees; the aim of this research was to evaluate bacterial biological activities over plant growth promotion on Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings and antagonistic activity over phytopathogenic fungus Fusarium sp., besides studying their lytic ability when confronted with cellulose, pectin, or chitin as carbon sources. Such strains were classified into Curtobacterium, Plantibacter, Bacillus, Brevibacterium, Carnobacterium, Staphylococcus, Erwinia, Serratia, Exiguobacterium and Yersinia genera. Every single strain revealed at least one of the evaluated characteristics. Yersinia sp. strain PsH3-014(14D) and Bacillus sp. strain Hay2-01H(7) stand out from the other strains due to their capacity to promote plant growth in A. thaliana seedlings as well as antagonist activity against of Fusarium sp.; moreover, PsH3-014(14D) also degrades pectin and chitin, while Hay2-01H(7) degrades cellulose and pectin. In contrast, Carnobacterium gallinarum strain Chi2-3Ri was detrimental for the development of Arabidopsis seedlings but it can degrade cellulose. Erwinia sp. strain Hay2-1H was the only strain capable to degrade all three biopolymers tested (cellulose, pectin, and chitin). Further research could be directed towards the isolation and characterization of key enzymes produced by the referred strains, as well as further exploration of other metabolic capacities.
... One of the less frequent transmission routes include insects acting as vectors for plant pathogens. Recent study have proven that beetles from the species Xylosandrus morigerus can be effective vectors for the Fusarium solani species complex (FSSC), even though the two isolates showed a considerable level of diversity and were reported to be pathogenic to different plant species [6]. ...
Fusarium species are ubiquitous fungi, both saprotrophic and pathogenic to plants, animals and humans. They are also potent mycotoxin producers which makes them one of the most devastating plant pathogens. Mycotoxin biosynthesis and regulation has recently become one of the mainstream research topics, since knowledge concerning individual metabolic pathways became available and modern ’omics’ techniques allowed us to expand this even further. Independently, high-throughput sequencing methodology helped researchers gain insight into the complex phylogenetic relationships among closely related genotypes comprising Fusarium populations, species and species complexes. Molecular tools have so far been very powerful in species identification and phylogeny, as the great diversity of the Fusarium genus has forced scientists to continuously revise previously described taxons.
