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-Cirsosia splendida on Hirtella triandra (ppMP 1207). A. Infected leaves of Hirtella triandra. Scale bar = 2.5 cm; B. Part of the colony with elongated thyriothecia, circular pycnothyria and surface mycelium. Scale bar = 600 µm; C. Y-shaped ascoma with central slits and surface mycelium. Scale bar = 50 µm; D. Surface mycelium with intercalary appressoria and ascoma initials. Scale bar = 30 µm; E. Young asci develop on ascogenous hyphae with proliferating croziers. Scale bar = 20 µm; F. Mature ascospores, ornamentation not shown. Scale bar = 10 µm.
Source publication
New records of species of Asterinaceae with intercalary appressoria infecting plants in Central America and Panama are described and illustrated in detail. New records are Asterolibertia licaniicola on the new host Licania arborea (Chrysobalanaceae), Asterolibertia nodulosa on the new hosts Oxandra venezuelana and Xylopia sp. (Annonaceae), and Cirs...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... of C. splendida together with H. chrysobalani could be observed additionally on a different host plant species, Hirtella triandra (Chrysobalanaceae), at a different location in a gallery forest in western Panama. However, on H. triandra the parasite develops much smaller and inconspicuous colonies ( Figure 5A), with a less dominant asexual morph. ...
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Phytoceratiomyxa osmundae, parasitic on fronds of Osmunda japonica var. sublancea in Taiwan, was described as a new genus and species in the Myxomycetes by Sawada in 1929. Our investigations on the type specimen, and related descriptions and illustrations of P. osmundae, revealed that this microorganism, originally identified as a myxomycete, was p...
Citations
... The shape and position of appressoria are important characters for species and generic segregation combined with other characters of thyriothecia, asci and ascospores (Bezerra 2004, Hofmann & Piepenbring 2006, Hosagoudar 2012. However, species and generic segregation based on the morphology of appressoria has not been proven using molecular approaches (Hofmann & Piepenbring 2014, Hongsanan et al. 2014. Hansford (1946) mentioned that the taxa of Asterinaceae and Lembosiaceae were ectoparasitic as they form haustoria in epidermal cells for uptake of nutrients (Hofmann & Piepenbring 2014). ...
... However, species and generic segregation based on the morphology of appressoria has not been proven using molecular approaches (Hofmann & Piepenbring 2014, Hongsanan et al. 2014. Hansford (1946) mentioned that the taxa of Asterinaceae and Lembosiaceae were ectoparasitic as they form haustoria in epidermal cells for uptake of nutrients (Hofmann & Piepenbring 2014). c, d Stalked appressoria on mycelium. ...
... 575 The infection structures which are known as primary appressoria develop on hyphae (Hofmann 2010), penetrate the plant cuticle and develop into intracellular haustoria or compact hypostromata (Hofmann & Piepenbring 2008). Intracellular haustoria normally infect a single host cell, while hypostromata can invade a large area of host cells (Hofmann & Piepenbring 2014). Hansford (1946) observed that the surface mycelium of Echinodes natalensis forms small, dark swellings in the stomata cavities. ...
... Dictyosporium and cf. Sordaria (Figure 7A and Supplementary Tables 2, 3) Hyde and Goh, 1997;Ferrer et al., 2007;Hosagoudar and Riju, 2013;Hofmann and Piepenbring, 2014;Shumilovskikh et al., 2017;Yang et al., 2018). The CREST models indicated similar climatic conditions for Chiang Muan with a MAT of 18.7 • C (12.7-27.3 ...
The middle Miocene Climate Optimum (MMCO) was the warmest interval of the last 23 million years and is one of the best analogs for proposed future climate change scenarios. Fungi play a key role in the terrestrial carbon cycle as dominant decomposers of plant debris, and through their interactions with plants and other organisms as symbionts, parasites, and endobionts. Thus, their study in the fossil record, especially during the MMCO, is essential to better understand biodiversity changes and terrestrial carbon cycle dynamics in past analogous environments, as well as to model future ecological and climatic scenarios. The fossil record also offers a unique long-term, large-scale dataset to evaluate fungal assemblage dynamics across long temporal and spatial scales, providing a better understanding of how ecological factors influenced assemblage development through time. In this study, we assessed the fungal diversity and community composition recorded in two geological sections from the middle Miocene from the coal mines of Thailand and Slovakia. We used presence-absence data to quantify the fungal diversity of each locality. Spores and other fungal remains were identified to modern taxa whenever possible; laboratory codes and fossil names were used when this correlation was not possible. This study represents the first of its kind for Thailand, and it expands existing work from Slovakia. Our results indicate a total of 281 morphotaxa. This work will allow us to use modern ecological data to make inferences about ecosystem characteristics and community dynamics for the studied regions. It opens new horizons for the study of past fungal diversity based on modern fungal ecological analyses. It also sheds light on how global variations in fungal species richness and community composition were affected by different climatic conditions and under rapid increases of temperature in the past to make inferences for the near climatic future.
... For example, Colletotrichum parsonsiae infects Parsonsia capsularis from New Zealand by generating medium to dark brown appressoria (Damm et al. 2012). Species in the Asterinaceae are obligate biotrophic pathogens that can parasitize leaves and affect mostly wild plants in tropical and subtropical regions around the globe Hofmann and Piepenbring 2014). Many genera in this family such as Asterina, Cirsosia, Lembosia and Trichasterina produce lateral or intercalary mycelial appressoria Firmino et al. 2016). ...
Fungi have evolved diverse strategies to acquire nutrients as endophytes, saprobes, symbionts, or pathogens. Appressoria have been intensively studied due to their importance in attaching and breaching the host surface. These specialized infection structures have evolved into various morpho-types: proto-appressoria, hyaline appressoria, melanized (dark) appressoria, and compound appressoria. In this review, we discuss the differences in the formation, differentiation, and function of appressoria among fungi with diverse life strategies. Using DNA sequence information, LSU, 5.8S, SSU and rpb2 gene fragments, we reconstructed the ancestral states for appressorial types in the main phyla of fungi and fungus-like organisms and found that the hyaline appressoria was the most ancestral form. Our analysis estimated proto-appressoria diversification during the Mesozoic period (92–239 million years ago), however, its origin remains inconclusive. Our data suggest that these hyaline appressoria diversified into melanized or compound appressoria, with evidence of adaptive radiation.
... However, laboratory observations revealed that the fungus represents a species of Lembosia Lév., (Asterinaceae Hansf.). This genus is marked by the presence of hyphopodiated mycelium, linear hysteriothecia with radiate upper walls, parallel bitunicate asci, and light brown bicellular ascospores (Bezerra 2004, Hofmann & Piepenbring 2014, Song & Hosagoudar 2003. Additionally, the identity of the host plant is required to distinguish Lembosia species (Inácio & Cannon 2003, Müller & von Arx 1962, Mebey & Hawksworth 1995. ...
... Additionally, the identity of the host plant is required to distinguish Lembosia species (Inácio & Cannon 2003, Müller & von Arx 1962, Mebey & Hawksworth 1995. Asterinaceae are usually associated with tropical and subtropical plants around the globe (Hofmann & Piepenbring 2014, Guatimosim et al. 2015. Infection has been reported in wild plants but also occurs in cultivated plants, such as Asterina manihotis Syd. on living leaves on Manihot esculenta Crantz (Hofmann & Piepenbring 2008 (Silva & Pereira 2008, Firmino & Pereira 2014. ...
look at: http://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/mtax/mt/2017/00000132/00000001/art00026;jsessionid=39536vo0192bn.x-ic-live-03
... Sixteen species and one variety of Cirsosia have now been described on six host families (Hosagoudar & Pillai 1994, Hosagoudar 2010, Hosagoudar et. al. 2011, Hofmann & Piepenbring 2014, Farr & Rossman 2015, Firmino et al. 2016): Dipterocarpaceae (5 species), Arecaceae (4), Chrysobalanaceae (3, including one variety), Malpighiaceae (2), Burseraceae (1) and Lauraceae (1). There is no record of the same Cirsosia species being found on two different host families (Hosagoudar 2010, Farr & Rossman 2015, Firmino et al. 2016. ...
... Conidia 1–2 cells, ellipsoid, elongate, hyaline to olivaceous, 24–26 × 6–7 µm. from A. couepiae by its subglobose to oblong asci; from A. nodulifera by its larger thyriothecia and ascospores, smaller appressoria, echinulate ascospores and lack of pseudoparaphyses; from A. licaniae by its larger thyriothecia, hyphae and ascospores, smaller appressoria and lack of paraphyses; from A. licaniicola by its larger ascospores and smaller appressoria; from A. parinarii by its smaller appressoria; from A. peruviana by its narrower appressoria without any lateral protuberance and smaller ascospores; and from A. schroeteri by its larger hyphae, asci and ascospores, smaller appressoria and lack of paraphyses (Arnaud 1918; Hansford 1947 Hansford , 1949 Hansford , 1955 Müller & Arx 1962; Hofmann & Piepenbring 2014), as shown in Table 1. There are no other Asterolibertia species reported on L. tomentosa. ...
Two asterinaceous fungi, Cirsosia moquileae and Wardina moquileae, described on Licania tomentosa from Brazil, were determined to be conspecific by examination of their type specimens. A new combination, Asterolibertia moquileae, is proposed based on Cirsosia moquileae, with Wardina moquileae as a heterotypic synonym.
Fungi are an essential component of any ecosystem and have diverse ecological roles, ranging from endophytes to epiphytes
and pathogens to saprobes. The current estimate of fungal endophytes is around 1 million species, however, we estimate
that there is likely over 3 million species and only about 150,000 fungal species have been named and classified to date.
Endophytes inhabit internal plant tissues without causing apparent harm to the hosts. Endophytes occur in almost every
plant from the coldest climates to the tropics. They are thought to provide several benefits to host plants and improve the
hosts’ ability to tolerate several abiotic and biotic stresses. Endophytes produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological,
industrial and pharmaceutical application. Some endophytes appear to be host-specific, while some are associated with a
wide range of hosts. We discuss the importance of endophytes. The ability to switch lifestyles from endophytes to pathogens
or saprobes is discussed. Interactions between endophytes and hosts based on fossil data is also highlighted. Factors that
influence the specificity in endophytes are discussed. We argue that the endophytic lifestyle is a common strategy in most
fungi and that all fungi have endophytic ancestors. We critically evaluate the influence of co-evolution based on fossil data.
We hypothesise the influence of specificity on the estimated number of endophytes and overall species numbers, and present
examples of metabolites that they produce. We argue that studying endophytes for novel compounds has limitations as the
genera recovered are limited. However, if saprobes were chosen instead, this would result in a much higher species diversity
and undoubtedly chemical diversity
Asterinales is an important epifoliar order which generally lacks of DNA-based sequence data. There are many genera in Asterinales lacking molecular data and the exact taxonomic placement of those genera is undetermined. In this study, we introduce Brunneofissuraceae fam. nov. and Cirsosia mangiferae sp. nov. and Asterina neomangiferae nom. nov. based on morpho-molecular evidences. All fungal specimens were collected during September (2020) from Chiang Mai, Thailand. The phylogenetic analysis based on 28s (LSU) and 5.8s (ITS) sequence data confirmed the placements of Asterolibertia, Brunneofissura, and Cirsosia in Asterinales. We provide the first molecular data for Asterolibertia (current name is Asterina) and Cirsosia. Comparative morphologies and phylogenetic analyses are provided for each taxon using illustrations and well-supported phylogenetic analyses.
The species is one of the basic units of biological classification. Both species concepts and recognition are essential topics in taxonomic studies and other biological research. In the first part of this review, we briefly discuss the taxonomic history of the class Dothideomycetes. In the second part of the paper, we review four commonly used species concepts, focusing on morphological, ecological, biological and phylogenetic criteria and their applicability in the taxonomy of Dothideomycetes. The application and utility of the four criteria is discussed with examples in the genera Ascochyta, Cercospora and Neofusicoccum. Some problems and challenges of studying Dothideomycetes are analyzed and basic guidelines for classifying species under the above criteria are provided.
Black mildews belong to a wide range of leaf inhabiting fungal genera, which causes severe damage to the living leaves, affect photosynthetic efficiency, cause physiological imbalances, and reduces the plants’ aesthetic value. During a survey of foliicolous fungi in Vagamon hills of Kerala state’s Western Ghats region, an endemic medicinal plant Xanthophyllum arnottianum was found infected with an undescribed species of black mildew causing fungal genus Echidnodella. Their mycelia are non-appressoriate and devoid of hypostroma. Thyriothecia are oval, ellipsoidal, X or Y shaped, elongated producing eight uniseptate brown coloured ascospores in each bitunicate asci. Echidnodella was distinguished from the allied genus Echidnodes in the absence of paraphyses and from the genera Lembosia and Morenoella in the lack of appressoria (haustoria). This new species, Echidnodella vagamonensis is described and illustrated in detail to provide the consolidated account of the species known on this host genus.
