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A new configuration realizing water quality monitoring device using ISFET involving CMOS differential voltage current conveyor (DVCC) based low pass filter free from trans-conductance variation using Low-voltage PMOS bulk-driven cascade current mirror (P MOS BDCCM) current mirrors is proposed. The circuit uses four DVCCs as active elements and toge...
Citations
... With the advancement in technology, the channel length of the transistor decreases (i.e Technology) this leads to increase in the transistors density per unit chip area, due to scaling of the device and very large integration of the transistors will lead to increase in temperature and higher power consumption inside the device. [10][11][12] The increase in temperature will lead to the increase in the overall cooling cost which further impact the necessary packaging techniques cost. Power plays an important role for selecting any digital device. ...
... Since the two inputs occur simultaneously, so AND operator has been chosen in IF statements. R1: If temperature is low [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] AND sensor output is low [5][6][7][8][9][10] THEN final output is low [5][6][7][8][9][10] R2: If temperature is medium [20-30] AND sensor output is low [5][6][7][8][9][10] THEN final output is low [5][6][7][8][9][10] . . . [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17] THEN final output is medium [20-30]. ...
... R1: If temperature is low [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] AND sensor output is low [5][6][7][8][9][10] THEN final output is low [5][6][7][8][9][10] R2: If temperature is medium [20-30] AND sensor output is low [5][6][7][8][9][10] THEN final output is low [5][6][7][8][9][10] . . . [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17] THEN final output is medium [20-30]. ...
... THEN final output is low [5][6][7][8][9][10]. R 2 : If temperature is medium [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30] and sensor output is low [5][6][7][8][9][10]. ...
... THEN final output is medium [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30]. ...
... Fuzzy inference engine (FIS) using inference method maps the fuzzy sets in the input space to the output space using fuzzy logic. Fuzzifier and defuzzifier transform the input variables to the fuzzy sets and vice versa respectively [23]. ...
This paper presents novel method to control output error of the Photo Catalytic Sensor (PCS) using fuzzy interface. Whig and Ahmad in 2014, proposed the spice model of PCS which is a type of ion sensitive FET and very useful to estimate the parameter BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand) which is generally used to estimate quality of water. PCS can also be used to calculate the amount of concentration level of oxygen required to purify the polluted air and sanitization of surface. The purpose to control the output error due to variation in temperature is due to the fact that the fluctuation of O2 influence the threshold voltage, which is internal parameter of FET can manifest itself as a voltage signal at output but as a function of trans conductance gain. Hence, a system controlled by fuzzy logic which control the output error is proposed. This novel method is very useful because of their simplicity, robustness and successful practical applications. The proposed system is fast in operation which is further helpful for PCS which operates under sub-threshold conditions and reduced computation time. The system is user friendly and the outcomes of simulation are fairly in agreement with the theoretical estimation.
... According to Central Pollution Control Board, 90% of the water supplied in India to the town and cities are polluted, out of which only 1.6% gets treated [6][7][8]. Therefore, water quality management is fundamental for the human welfare [10][11]. It is important to set up advanced real-time online monitoring systems for water source development and utilization [6]. ...
... Equivalent circuit for the proposed structure of FGPCS is shown in Fig. 2. The FG structure of the PCS is capacitively coupled to the inputs and the voltage presented at these gates can modulate the channel current. One of the most common factors responsible for the inaccuracy in the macro model is the use of an inadequate nonlinear device model explained by Grattarola and Massobrio [12][13][14][15]. ...
The spice model for photo catalytic sensor (PCS) proposed by Whig and Ahmad overcomes several drawbacks like complex designing, non-linearity, and long computation time generally found in the flow injection analysis (FIA) technique by Yoon-Chang Kim et al. for the determination of chemical oxygen demand (COD). The FIA technique involves the complete analysis including sampling and washing. The flow injection analysis is an analytical method for the measurement of the chemical oxygen demand by using the photochemical column. This method uses a bulky setup and takes 10 minutes to 15 minutes to get the output result which is a tedious and time consuming job. If the conventional method is continuously used for a long time then it is stable only for 15 days. The purpose of this paper is to propose a new floating gate photo catalytic sensor (FGPCS) approach which has low power consumption and more user-friendly, and it is fast in operation by the modeling and optimization of sensor used for water quality monitoring. The proposed model operates under sub-threshold conditions which are appreciated in large integrated system design. The results of simulation are found to be fairly in agreement with the theoretical predictions. The results exhibit near linear variations of parameters of interest with appreciably reduced response time.
... The electron produced as a result of phenomena then reacts with oxygen in the sample to form O À 2 and hole reacts with surface hydroxyl groups to form OH radicals. 10 The radical species then attack the organic molecule and oxidized the organic molecules into carbon dioxide and water. Also, it will produce HCl if the organic molecule contains chlorine. ...
In this paper, the design of an ASIC is presented that implement a low-cost system for the supervision of water quality in urban areas or rivers. Photo catalytic sensor (PCS) estimates the parameter biological oxygen demand (BOD) which is generally used to estimate quality of water. The system proposed in this paper involves a simple potentiometric approach that provides a correlation in the input–output signals of low-cost sensors. This approach which is more users friendly and fast in operation is obtained by modeling and optimization of sensor for water quality monitoring. This is to overcome several drawbacks generally found in the previous flow injection analysis method of determining chemical oxygen demand (COD)-like complex designing, nonlinearity and long computation time. The system constitutes a significant cost reduction in the supervision of water quality monitoring. The main reason of employing a readout circuit to PCS circuitry, is the fact that the fluctuation of O2 influences the threshold voltage, which is internal parameter of the FET and can manifest itself as a voltage signal at output but as a function of the trans-conductance gain. The trans-conductance is a passive parameter and in order to derive voltage or current signal from its fluctuations the sensor has to be attached to readout circuit. This circuit provides high sensitivity to the changes in percentage of O2 in the solution. In this design simple potentiometric approach with few passive components are used to build a readout circuit. The paper focuses on the electronic implementation of the readout system for the PCS which optimize the circuit performance and increases reliability.
... This method is very expensive, tedious and it can take several weeks to get tests result. Many research works have contributed to design quality measuring devices [1][2][3]. But it's always a challenge to select a more precise and accurate device for monitoring the quality of water. ...
... As the size of the transistor de-creases (i.e Technology) the transistors density per unit chip increases. Due to scaling of the device and large integration of the transistors on the single chip leads to increase in temperature and higher power consumption [2]. This increase in temperature will increase the overall cooling cost and complicated packaging techniques. ...
... Out of these, sub-threshold leakage and gateleakage currents are dominant. The sub threshold leakage current of a MOS device is given by (2) and (3). ...
The paper presents a performance analysis of Novel CMOS Integrated Pseudo NMOS CC –ISFET (PNCC-ISFET) having zero static power dissipation. The main focus is on simulation of power and performance analysis along with the comparison with existing devices, which are used for water quality monitoring. This approach can improve calibration of device to a fairly wide range without the use of a high speed digital processor. The conventional devices generally used, consume high power and are not stable for long term monitoring. The conventional devices have a drawback of low value of slew rate, high power consumption, and non linear characteristics. In the proposed design(PNCC-ISFET) due to zero static power, low value of load capacitance on input signals, faster switching, use of fewer transistors and higher circuit density the device exhibits a better slew rate, piece-wise linear characteristic, and is seen consuming low power of the order of 30mW. The functionality of the circuit is tested using Tanner simulator version 15 for a 70nm CMOS process model. The proposed circuit reduces total power consumption per cycle, increases speed of operation, is fairly linear and simple to implement. This device has a simple architecture, and hence is very suitable for water quality monitoring applications.
... As the size of the transistor decreases (i.e., technology), the transistors density per unit chip Increases. The scaling of the device and very large integration of the transistors will lead to an increase in temperature and higher power consumption [2]. This increase in temperature will lead the increase in the overall cooling cost and complicated packaging techniques. ...
... (a) The number of MOSFETs is 27 in [1], 16 in [2] for conventional devices; only 9 are used in the new device, later deploys 17% of components over 52% [8] and 31% [9] used in the previous devices. (e) The numbers of n-MOS and p-MOS required are as follows: 17 and 10 in [8] and 10 and 6 in [9] for conventional devices and 8 and 1 for the new device. ...
The paper presents a performance analysis of novel CMOS Integrated pseudo-PMOS ISFET (PP-ISFET) having zero static power dissipation. The main focus is on simulation of power and performance analysis along with the comparison with existing devices, which is used for water quality monitoring. The conventional devices, generally used, consume high power and are not stable for long term monitoring. The conventional device has the drawbacks of low value of slew rate, high power consumption, and nonlinear characteristics, but in this novel design, due to zero static power, less load capacitance on input signals, faster switching, fewer transistors, and higher circuit density, the device exhibits a better slew rate and piecewise linear characteristics and is seen consuming low power of the order of 30 mW. The proposed circuit reduces total power consumption per cycle, increases the speed of operation, is fairly linear, and is simple to implement.
... The other terms in above equation are a group of chemical potential, among which the only chemical input parameter shown has to be a function of solution pH value. This chemical dependent characteristic has already been explained by the Hal and Eijkel's theory [11] which is elaborated using the general accepted sitebinding model and the Gouy-Chapman-Stern model. ...
This paper presents a comparative performance study of various analog integrated circuits (namely CC-II, DVCC, CDBA and CDTA) used with ISFET for monitoring the quality of water. The use of these active components makes the implementation simple and attractive. The functionality of the circuits are tested using Tanner simulator version 15 for a 70nm CMOS process model also the transfer functions realization for each is done on MATLAB R2011a version, the Very high speed integrated circuit Hardware description language(VHDL) code for all scheme is simulated on Xilinx ISE 10.1 and various simulation results are obtained and its is found that DVCC is most stable and consume maximum power whereas CC-II is the least stable and consumes minimum power amongst all the four deployed analog IC’s. Detailed simulation results are included in the paper to give insight into the research work carried out.
A bio-signal is any signal that can be continuously measured and monitored in living creatures. Bio-signals are traces of organic conjecture beside a chest or a contracting muscle in space, time, or space-time. Bio-signals provide communication between bio-systems and are our primary source of information on their behavior. Bio-signals contain valuable information for medical diagnosis by understanding the underlying physiological mechanisms. Electrical bio-signals ordinarily advert total about electrical potential difference along a specific tissue, organ, or cell system, such as the nervous system, producing a change in electric current. Organic signals can be acquired in various ways, such as EEG, ECG, EMG, EOG. The brain has billions of neurons collecting bio-signals from every organ, tissue of the body, and each neuron is connected to millions of others on average. They communicate with each other via minuscule electrical currents that pass along the neurons and across vast networks of brain circuitry. Electrical pulses are produced when all of these neurons are active. This electrical activity is coordinated and results in a “brainwave.” The chapter will further discuss the application of various algorithms to study the characteristics of the effect of press physiotherapy on the bio-signals of the lieges. The analysis’ main goal is to look for a possible attenuation of alpha rhythm in each patient. Common-spatial-structure are calculated to enhance alpha-power before or after stimulation or post- over pre-simulation for each trial involving cross-validation.
