Ciliary flow and ciliary alignment in the external gills of Ambystoma mexicanum (Mexican salamander) larvae. a Low-power view of a larva from the dorsal side. Ambystoma larvae are known to lose balancers. b Ciliary (blue) and bloodstream (red) flow in a countercurrent manner, as observed in Ambystoma larvae (see Smovie 5). c, d Bright field image (c) and corresponding fluorescence image (d) of an Ambystoma larva. The cilia in the external gills of Ambystoma larvae are barely present in the distal half of the rachis (yellow square brackets). e–f Magnified view of the basal portion of a left rachis (e) and fimbriae connecting the left rachis (f). Note the presence of circumferential ciliary alignment at similar intervals in the fimbriae (arrowheads)

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Full-text available

Jun 2020

Urodelan amphibian larvae develop three pairs of branching external gills on both sides of the pharyngeal region, and this study focuses on motile cilia on the gill surface. High-speed camera was used to observe ciliary strokes on the surface of the external gills of Pleurodeles waltl larvae. We found that the directionality of ciliary beating is p...