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There is universal agreement between the United Nations and governments from the richest to the poorest nations that humanity faces unprecedented global challenges relating to sustainable energy, clean water, low-emission transportation, coping with climate change and natural disasters, and reclaiming use of land. We have invited researchers from a...
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... Chuo Shinkansen will be a high-speed railway linking Tokyo-Nagoya-Osaka with a maximum speed of 505 km h −1 ( figure 8). The planned journey time will be 40 min between Tokyo and Nagoya, 67 min between Tokyo and Osaka. ...
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... active imaging, such as in this case, usually produces a better quality image compared to passive imaging due to its generally higher signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). A leaf image acquired with the HTS detector-based THz imager operating above 77 K is shown in figure 18. It highlights one of the key THz features, i.e. sensitivity to water content (the higher water content in the leaf veins exhibits higher attenuation). ...
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Citations
... Nowadays, superconductor technology serves as a fundamental technology in significant scientific experiments such as the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN [1] and the magnetic confinement fusion devices such as the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) [2]. Applications of superconductors to renewables, energy transmission and distribution, and transportation are also becoming more and more common [3]- [5]. As the field progresses, the development of novel technologies centered around both low-temperature superconductors (LTS) and high-temperature superconductors (HTS) has necessitated the advancement of numerical tools that can support the design of such devices. ...
This paper presents an Integral Equation Method (IEM) based on the current-potential (
$\mathbf {J}-\varphi _{e}$
) formulation, for the solution of the eddy currents problem in superconducting structures. Two efficient methods for storing and manipulating the fully populated matrices resulting from the discretization of the integral equation are proposed in this work. These approaches leverage hierarchical (
$\mathcal {H}$
) matrices and the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) technique, tailored for voxelized structures. These techniques drastically reduce the computational cost of the numerical simulations. The proposed approach is compared to existing methods, as the
$\mathbf {H}-\varphi _{m}$
formulation, and is efficiently applied to calculate the power losses for a realistic High-Temperature Superconductor (HTS) coil.
... Prototypes of the superconductor microprocessors operating at clock frequencies up to 20 to 30 GHz have been realized and reported on for a long time [10][11][12]. Moreover, the advanced RSFQ technologies named as ERSFQ and eSFQ [13][14][15] (as well as adiabatic quantum flux circuits [16,17]) with lossless current biasing circuits open up many possibilities for the next generation of data centers and supercomputers [18,19]. ...
... The power system can quickly discharge significant amounts of electricity to prevent a sudden loss of line power. The SMES inductor converter unit consists of a step-down transformer, an AC/DC converter, and a direct current (DC) superconducting inductor [40,41]. The SMES units are more reliable than many other power storage systems since they have entirely static components. ...
This article deals with the AGC design of diverse sources-integrated multi-area systems. Area 1 is the combination of solar PV, wind farm, and thermal units. Areas 2 and 3 combine wind farms, hydropower, and thermal units. Skill optimization algorithm (SOA) is used to simultaneously optimize secondary controllers' gains and other parameters. The various helpful performance indices, like ITSE, ISE, ITAE, and IAE, are compared, and it found that the ISE is the best performance indices. The proposed cascaded NF-PDF-PIDF controller outperforms PDF-PIDF and PIDF in terms of the system's dynamic performance when compared to those two. It is also found that integrating solar PV and energy storage, like SMES, proves dynamic responses. The impacts of combining HVDC and AC tie-lines on system response are also studied. It is found that parallel AC-HVDC tie-lines provide better dynamics than AC tie-lines alone. Finally, the resiliency of the SOA-optimized proposed cascaded (CNF-PDF-PIDF) has been applied for a broad change of system loading. It is revealed that the CNF-PDF-PIDF controller's performances at nominal conditions are resilient, and there is no need to reset the controller multiple times when the system loading varies.
... On the other hand, magnetic energy storage provided by superconductors with a fast response and long backup times is required for a successful transition from fossil fuels to wind and solar power. In case of transport, cables made of Bi-2212, Bi-2223, REBCO, and MgB 2 superconductors were intensively studied [23]. Two main aspects of cables or tapes is the current carrying capacity and performance at high magnetic fields. ...
... MgB 2 cables are commercially attractive with only 20% of the cost of HTS coated conductors, but one has to use liquid helium or hydrogen as cryogenic fluid, which is expensive and limits the material's use [23]. With the increase in demand and consumption of energy resources by powerhungry distant human societies, environmentally friendly superconducting HTS DC transmissions lines are crucial for linking abundant renewable and green energies. ...
Progress in the mass production of newly developed bulk (Gd0.33Y0.13Er0.53)Ba2Cu3Oy “(Gd,Y,Er)123” and MgB2 systems is presented. Two batches of (Gd,Y,Er)123 pellets of 20 mm diameter and 7 mm thick were prepared in air by an infiltration growth “IG” process. Trapped field distribution profiles of fully grown bulk samples clearly showed that all samples were single-grain and the trapped field values were more than 0.5 T at 77 K, 1.3 mm above top surface. The best bulk exhibited the trapped field value of 0.63 T at 77 K. Ultra-sonication technique was employed for refining precursors of both (Gd,Y,Er)211 and boron. TEM studies revealed that boron powder subjected to ultrasonication was refined up to nanoscale. The micron-sized particles were reduced to nanoscale, which led to improvement of critical current by up to 36% in bulk MgB2 at 20 K and self-field. This progress in fabrication of high-performance LREBa2Cu3Oy and MgB2 superconducting bulks further promotes commercialization of superconductors’ production as a mode of sustainable technology.
... Compared with the surface, the deep underground has obvious advantages in observation environments Nishijima et al., 2013), and the utilities of the "ultraquiet" and "ultraclean" environment of deep underground space can support high-precision four-dimensional observation of multi-physical fields. China has been actively exploring deep observation since the end of the last century. ...
Unlabelled:
Compared with the surface, the deep environment has the advantages of allowing "super-quiet and ultra-clean"-geophysical field observation with low vibration noise and little electromagnetic interference, which are conducive to therealization of long-term and high-precision observation of multi-physical fields, thus enabling the solution of a series of geoscience problems. In the Panyidong Coal Mine, where there are extensive underground tunnels at the depth of 848 m belowsea level, we carried out the first deep-underground geophysical observations, including radioactivity, gravity, magnetic, magne-totelluric, background vibration and six-component seismic observations. We concluded from these measurements that (1) the background of deep subsurface gravity noise in the long-period frequency band less than 2 Hz is nearly two orders ofmagnitude weaker than that in the surface observation environment; (2) the underground electric field is obviously weaker thanthe surface electric field, and the relatively high frequency of the underground field, greater than 1 Hz, is more than two orders of magnitude weaker than that of the surface electric field; the east-west magnetic field underground is approximately the same asthat at the surface; the relatively high-frequency north-south magnetic field underground, below 10 Hz, is at least one order ofmagnitude lower than that at the surface, showing that the underground has a clean electromagnetic environment; (3) in additionto the high-frequency and single-frequency noises introduced by underground human activities, the deep underground spacehas a sig-nificantly lower background vibration noise than the surface, which is very beneficial to the detection of weakearthquake and gravity signals; and (4) the underground roadway support system built with ferromagnetic material interferesthe geomagnetic field. We also found that for deep observation in the "ultra-quiet and ultra-clean" environment, the existinggeophysical equipment and observation technology have problems of poor adaptability and insufficient precision as well asdata cleaning problems, such as the effective separation of the signal and noise of deep observation data. It is also urgent tointerpret and comprehensively utilize these high-precision multi-physics observation data.
Electronic supplementary material:
Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at 10.1007/s11430-022-9998-2.
... SMES operation is based on the concept of superconductivity of certain materials. Superconductivity is a phenomenon in which some materials when cooled below a specific critical temperature exhibit precisely zero electrical resistance and magnetic field dissipation [4]. This phenomenon was discovered by a Dutch scientist named Heike Kamerlingh in 1911. ...
This paper provides a clear and concise review on the use of superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) systems for renewable energy applications with the attendant challenges and future research direction. A brief history of SMES and the operating principle has been presented. Also, the main components of SMES are discussed. A bibliographical software was used to analyse important keywords relating to SMES obtained from top 1240 most relevant research on superconducting magnetic energy storage system that have been published in reputable journals in recent times. Comparison of SMES with other competitive energy storage technologies is presented in order to reveal the present status of SMES in relation to other viable energy storage systems. In addition, various research on the application of SMES for renewable energy applications are reviewed including control strategies and power electronic interfaces for SMES. Important technology road map and set targets for SMES development from year 2020 to 2050 are summarized. This paper also discusses important challenges facing the development and application of SMES and points out vital future research direction on the development and improvement of SMES systems for renewable energy applications. This work will be of significant interest and will provide important insights for researchers in the field of renewable energy and energy storage, utilities and government agencies.
... Due to unique features of superconductors, among them loss-free energy transfer, they can be used in a variety of sectors: transportation, electrical and mechanical devices [32], medicine [32,33], and distribution of energy [33,34]. ...
... Wires and coils are important in the distribution sector, but they are also responsible for energy losses. Superconducting cables/wires could compensate electromagnetic fields around sensitive devices; help to avoid losses of energy; occupy less volume than conventional conductors; and are stable in various weather conditions such as strong wind, snow, and ice [34]. Production of long HTS wires is challenging and costly, but MgB 2 wires have Energies 2022, 15, 6138 5 of 12 a reasonable price and are easy to produce-costing about one-tenth compared with HTS wires. ...
... Production of long HTS wires is challenging and costly, but MgB 2 wires have Energies 2022, 15, 6138 5 of 12 a reasonable price and are easy to produce-costing about one-tenth compared with HTS wires. The higher critical temperature is the main advantage of HTS wires since the cost of a cryogenic cooler also affects the total price [34]. Low AC losses in MgB 2 wires are another advantage [35]. ...
Hydrogen as an energy carrier is a promising alternative to fossil fuels, and it becomes more and more popular in developed countries as a carbon-free fuel. The low boiling temperature of hydrogen (20 K or −253.15 °C) provides a unique opportunity to implement superconductors with a critical temperature above 20 K such as MgB2 or high-temperature superconductors. Superconductors increase efficiency and reduce the loss of energy, which could compensate for the high price of LH2 to some extent. Norway is one of the pioneer countries with adequate infrastructure for using liquid hydrogen in the industry, especially in marine technology where a superconducting propulsion system can make a remarkable impact on its economy. Using superconductors in the motor of a propulsion system can increase its efficiency from 95% to 98% when the motor operates at full power. The difference in efficiency is even greater when the motor does not work at full power. Here, we survey the applications of liquid hydrogen and superconductors and propose a realistic roadmap for their synergy, specifically for the Norwegian economy in the marine industry.
... The binary sink-float approach is used for the separation of for example gold [10], diamonds [11] and coal [12]. As with many sustainabilityrelated technologies, superconductors can enhance the performance significantly [13]. For a discussion on the benefits superconducting magnets can bring to MDS compared to the state-of-the-art permanent magnets employed in this technology, the reader is referred to [14]. ...
In this paper the focus is on thermal and electrical design aspects of a NbTi-based demonstrator magnet for magnetic density separation (MDS) that is being constructed at the University of Twente. MDS is a recycling technology that allows the separation of non-magnetic particles based on their mass density, using a vertical magnetic field gradient and a ferrofluid. To minimize the distance between the planar array of racetrack coils and the ferrofluid bath, the system is conduction-cooled. First the thermal design is presented, which shows that the coils can operate below 4.5 K with sufficient margin using a single cryocooler. High-purity aluminium heat drains enable a low thermal gradient across the cold mass. The current path is introduced, as well as the adopted protection scheme. The magnet’s stored energy can safely be dumped in the coils. Diodes are placed (anti-)parallel to the coils in the cold to prevent high terminal voltages. In the case of a quench in the superconducting part of the current leads or an external anomaly, a switch is opened and the current is forced through a resistor in series with the diodes, causing a deliberate transition of the coils to the normal state and thus a fast ramp-down.
... T he application of high-temperature superconducting (HTS) materials, such as YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7−δ (YBCO) or Bi 2 Sr 2 Ca 2 -Cu 3 O 10+δ (Bi-2223), has significantly lowered the cost of achieving zero resistance 1 . In comparison with Bi-based superconductors, YBCO superconductors have both a higher irreversible magnetic field and a larger critical current density; hence, they are potentially utilised for high-power applications [2][3][4] . However, the brittleness of this oxidation ceramic material makes it difficult to be directly fabricated. ...
The second generation HTS wires have been used in many superconducting components of electrical engineering after they were fabricated. New challenge what we face to is how the damages occur in such wires with multi-layer structure under both mechanical and extreme environment, which also dominates their quality. In this work, a macroscale technique combined a real-time magneto-optical imaging with a cryogenic uniaxial-tensile loading system was established to investigate the damage behavior accompanied with magnetic flux evolution. Under a low speed of tensile strain, it was found that the local magnetic flux moves gradually to form intermittent multi-stack spindle penetrations, which corresponds to the cracks initiated from substrate and extend along both tape thickness and width directions, where the amorphous phases at the tip of cracks were also observed. The obtained results reveal the mechanism of damage formation and provide a potential orientation for improving mechanical quality of these wires. Damage that occurs in second generation high-temperature-superconducting wires is problematic. Here, the authors present real-time magnetic flux behaviour in these wires under tensile strain and reveal damage evolution, including the amorphous phase in the superconducting layer acting in crack blunting during tension
... The main applications of EDS are low-temperature superconducting EDS and permanent magnet EDS. Japan is in the leading position in the low-temperature superconducting EDS and the L0 series has set a world record of 603 km/h [16]. The permanent magnet EDS field is dominated by the United States. ...
Based on the principle of permanent magnet electrodynamic suspension (PMEDS), a new concept maglev car was designed by using rotary magnetic wheels and a conductor plate. It has the advantages of being high-speed, low-noise, environmentally friendly, safe and efficient. The PMEDS car is designed to use a permanent magnet electrodynamic wheel (EDW) to achieve the integration of levitation force and driving force. The levitation force is generated by the repulsive force of the eddy current magnetic field, and the driving force is generated by the reaction force of magnetic resistance. A simplified electromagnetic force model of the EDW and a dynamics model of the PMEDS car were established to study the operating mode. It shows that the PMEDS car can achieve suspension when the rotational speed of the EDWs reaches a certain threshold and the critical speed of the EDWs is 600 rpm. With the cooperation of four permanent magnet EDWs, the PMEDS car can achieve stable suspension and the maximum suspension height can reach 7.3 mm. The working rotational speed of EDWs is 3500 rpm. At the same time, the movement status of the PMEDS car can be controlled by adjusting the rotational speed of rear EDWs. The functions of propulsion, acceleration, deceleration, and braking are realized and the feasibility of the PMEDS car system is verified.
