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Chukrasia. A, mature leaf (C. tabularis, Hoa Binh, Vietnam); B, inflorescence; C, capsule: D, seed; E, flowering bud; F, open flower.
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... (the Netherlands) and CEO Greening Australia (New South Wales) provided literature on the botanical description of the species. Ms Julia Landford prepared the fine illustration ( Figure 1). Mr Kron Aken helped with the species distribution in Sarawak and prepared Figure 5. ...
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Leden 2012 Příprava a vydání této publikace byly podporovány projektem ESF č. CZ.1.07/2.2.00/07.0318 "Víceoborová inovace studia Matematické biologie" a státním rozpočtem České republiky.
Citations
... Fragrant clusters of yellowish-white flowers are followed by small winged seeds. Propagation through stem cuttings is effective; mature, disease-free stems with 2-3 nodes and lengths of 15-20 cm are used (Kalinganire and Pinyopusarerk, 2000) [12] . Stem-cutting propagation offers advantages like preserving genetic traits and rapid clone multiplication. ...
... In addition, the attack by stain fungi may further complicate the sapwood and hearth wood identification. In a few cases where pith was not reached during coring, the (Islam et al., 2018a;Kalinganire and Pinyopusarerk, 2000;Orwa et al., 2009;Williams et al., 2008). ...
Tropical forests have been focused for mitigating climate change impact through carbon sequestration in plant biomass under clean development mechanism (CDM). Since trees represent more than 98% of the above ground plant biomass, variation in tree growth rate drives carbon dynamics in tropical forests. By using tree-ring analysis, trait-based measurements, and field observations, we aimed at understanding the drivers of growth rate variation in four South Asian tropical moist forest tree species varying in plant functional types. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that mainly demographic and wood traits represented the first axis explaining 37% of the variance, whereas the second axis was represented by the leaf traits. Stem growth rate (DI) showed a nonlinear negative relation with competition index (CI) and the ratio of crown surface area to basal area (CBR) in three out of four tree species (p < 0.001) except Lagerstroemia speciosa which showed no significant relationship with any of the studied variables. DI was linearly positively related with light interception index (LI) and the ratio of sapwood area to heartwood area (SHR) in the shade intolerant Magnolia champaca and Toona ciliata (p < 0.001). Sap wood area (SA) had a strong positive effect on DI in the three species (p < 0.001). Taking tree size as a random factor and thus accounting for ontogenetic effects on tree growth, linear mixed effect modelling revealed that CI, SA and SHR are the best predictors of DI in M. champaca (AIC = 25.81, R2m = 0.81) and T. ciliata (AIC = 62.95, R2m = 0.61). In C. tabularis, CI, SA and CBR included in the best model predicting DI (AIC = 94.62, R2m = 0.55). Variance partitioning analysis showed that the highest pure effect was observed in C. tabularis contributed by CI (12 %), while the highest joint effect was found in M. champaca contributed by CI, SA and SHR (40 %). Our analyses suggest that competition by neighbouring trees especially for soil moisture and the amount of active xylem portion are the main drivers of tree growth in moist tropical forests. Since tree growth rates regulate forest carbon dynamics, the insights into the growth drivers of the four selected species revealed by the study have important implications for forest/plantation management with a focus on carbon storage under CDM.
... C. tabularis and T. ciliata showed no difference in drought resistance, probably because both species have long tap roots and extensive lateral root systems which facilitated water absorption from the greater volume of soils (Kalinganire and Pinyopusarerk, 2000;Orwa et al., 2009). However, C. tabularis exhibited significantly higher growth recovery and resilience after the 1999 drought event (Fig. 5). ...
The frequency and intensity of drought events have increased during the recent decades, particularly in the tropics. Yet, the growth and physiological responses of many tropical tree species to drought are still inadequately understood. We studied the drought resilience of two functionally different canopy tree species (Chukrasia tabularis
and Toona ciliata) from a moist tropical forest in Bangladesh during two extreme drought events (1984 and1999). We quantified four resilience components (resistance, recovery, resilience and relative resilience) of both species to infer drought tolerance of selected trees. Tree radial growth dropped by 44–56% in the drought years, varying with species and drought events. Two species showed no differences in their drought resistance during any of the drought events. However, C. tabularis showed higher recovery and resilience than T. ciliata after the 1999 drought event. T. ciliata showed higher resilience after the 1984 drought event. Linear mixed effect model(LMEM) revealed that growth rates in the two years before and after the drought events had a dominant role
in drought responses over tree age, height, diameter, basal area increment and crown exposure, although crown exposure had significant influence on the resistance and the resilience of light demanding T. ciliata. We conclude that diffuse porous and intermediate shade tolerant C. tabularis is more drought tolerant than the ring-porous and light demanding T. ciliata. Since both study species are widely used as plantation species throughout the tropics, our results have important implications for forest managers to take decision on species suitability for plantation programs and to adopt forest management to future climate change conditions.
... Topography is undulating with hillocks of 10-50m height (Riadh, 2007) that are interspersed with numerous streams crossing the forest. Soils of Lawachara forest range from sandy-loam to clay-loam of Pliocene origin (Hossain et al., 1989) Tree-ring material, ring width measurement and chronology building C. tabularis is a deciduous tree of up to 40m height with a diameter at breast height (dbh) of up to 120 cm (Kalinganire and Pinyopusarerk, 2000). It is usually found scattered in lowland evergreen or deciduous forests. ...
... Thailand. In addition, Chukrasia is a high quality timber species frequently used in building construction (Kalinganire and Pinyopusarerk, 2000). It is thus possible that archeological samples of this species may be collected from old buildings and other constructions. ...
... Chukrasia tabularis is a deciduous tree growing up to 40 m in height and up to 120 cm in diameter at breast height (dbh) (Kalinganire and Pinyopusarerk, 2000). It grows in both lowland evergreen and deciduous forests. ...
Increasing atmospheric CO2 and subsequent changes in climate have been recognized as the drivers of changes in forest dynamics across the major forest ecosystems around the world. Tropical forests which play a critical role in the global biogeochemical cycles and livelihood subsistence of millions of people have been affected by global change phenomena. Several large scale studies have already provided evidence that forest structure, composition, above- and below-ground biomass and carbon storage of tropical forests have changed in tropical regions due to global environmental changes. Yet, tree growth and physiological processes and their driving forces and mechanisms in different tropical forest ecosystems are not yet adequately understood. Particularly, tree growth at the individual and at the species level and physiological responses of moist tropical forest species are strongly understudied but an utmost important field of research in a global change context. In this thesis, we studied growth and physiological responses of South Asian tropical forest trees to elevated CO2 and climate change using a combination of approaches, including dendroclimatology, stable isotope analysis and modelling. We focused our research on three species from two nature reserves of Bangladesh. We tested whether ring-width chronologies within a site and between sites contain common environmental signals and if climate sensitivity of tropical moist forest trees has increased over time. Furthermore, we modelled tree radial growth responses until the end of the current century for different representative concentration pathways (RCPs). We also tested if drought resilience differs between ecologically contrasting tree species and explored the long-term trends in tree growth and stable carbon isotope based physiological parameters including intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE). Finally, we disentangled the relative contributions of climatic variables and atmospheric CO2 in explaining iWUE variability in three tropical moist forest tree species. Statistical parameters like the expressed population signal (EPS) and other chronology statistics of the individual site chronologies and a regional chronology and a strong synchronization between the site chronologies of the three species provide strong evidence of a strong common climate forcing. Climate-growth analysis revealed that temperatures in the early growing season (March-April) strongly negatively affected radial growth in our studied species. Tree radial growth was also negatively influenced by October precipitation and Niño 3.4 region sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies. The inverse relationship between tree radial growth with temperatures in the early and later growing season is most likely linked to the higher evapotranspiration outside of the main monsoon season. An increase in temperature particularly during the hot and dry pre-monsoon season (early growing season) further increases water stress, resulting in tree growth decline. We found that radial growth sensitivity to climate was higher in the recent decades (1986-2015) than the period 1950-1985, likely because trees actively responded to higher temperatures, increasing frequency of droughts, and a prolonged dry season in the recent decades. During previous droughts, tree growth was reduced by 44-56 % depending on the drought events and species. Based on the climate-growth relationships, tree radial growth was predicted to decline by nearly 20 % under RCP 8.5, irrespective of the tree functional type. Growth resilience to drought also differed between species. Tree hydraulic behavior, shade tolerance and radial growth of two years before and after the drought years were found to be linked with tree drought tolerance. A synthesis of published data on long-term trends in tree growth and carbon isotope based physiological parameters across the tropics revealed a general increasing trend in intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) and intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE), while carbon isotope discrimination (Δ13C) remained nearly constant. However, increasing iWUE did not stimulate tree growth in the tropics, probably because negative impacts of changing climate on tree growth have overridden the small positive impacts of rising atmospheric CO2, which was also reflected in our study species. In our study sites, inter-annual variability in iWUE was triggered mainly by temperature variations, whereas long-term iWUE trends were shaped by the elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration. Our findings provide strong evidence that dendrochronology can be successfully applied in South Asian tropical moist forest trees to answer a variety of ecological and physiological questions in a global change context. Tree growth and the associated ecophysiological processes and mechanisms should be in the focus of future research because the carbon sequestration potential of tropical forests is increasingly at risk due to reduced tree growth across the tropics.
... Regenerating trees of C. tabularis, and particularly of E. tonkinense and G. fagraeoides, can grow on dry, rocky sites due to their strongly-developed roots, which penetrate deeply into rock fissures [32][33][34][42][43]. Furthermore, C. tabularis and E. tonkinense can strongly regenerate in open places with light [33,[43][44], and larger tree extractions might benefit seedling establishment of these species. ...
... Regenerating trees of C. tabularis, and particularly of E. tonkinense and G. fagraeoides, can grow on dry, rocky sites due to their strongly-developed roots, which penetrate deeply into rock fissures [32][33][34][42][43]. Furthermore, C. tabularis and E. tonkinense can strongly regenerate in open places with light [33,[43][44], and larger tree extractions might benefit seedling establishment of these species. The regeneration recruitment of C. tabularis may also have originated from seeds dispersed into logged forest areas by wind. ...
... In un-logged forest, we found that the regeneration density of the three specialist species increased with an increase in rock-outcrop cover, while that of P. chinensis showed an inverse trend. The specialists can grow well on limestone, in shallow soil and on dry sites [33,43,47]. In contrast, sites with deep soils and high soil moisture seem to be favorable habitats for the dipterocarp species [27,33]. ...
Rare tropical tree species are endangered due to the disappearance of old-growth forests. Although some undisturbed oldgrowth and formerly logged forests are protected today, the extent to which rare tree species persist and regenerate in such logged forests is often unclear. In a forested area over limestone in northern Vietnam, we studied the fate of five rare tree species after decades of logging and subsequent nine years of full protection, in comparison with an un-logged forest. Three of the studied species are largely restricted to limestone hills (Excentrodendron tonkinense, Chukrasia tabularis and Garcinia fagraeoides), while two of the species have a wider distribution (Parashorea chinensis and Melientha suavis). The bigger trees of the study species had lower densities and/or differences in the diameter distributions between the two forest types, indicating that these species had formerly been cut. The regeneration stem density of the study species was much lower (46% in M. suavis to 80% in P. chinensis) in the logged than un-logged forest. In the un-logged forest, we found clear relationships between ecological factors and regeneration density in four of the five study species; e.g., the regeneration of E. tonkinense increased with increasing rock-outcrop cover (r = 0.6, p < 0.01). Such relationships were almost absent in the logged forest. The widely distributed generalist species Cleidion javanicum dominated in the tree regeneration of the logged forest. Our results suggest that the studied rare tree species still existed as adults after logging and there was regeneration but at low densities. We assume that the potential for recovery remains, which further justifies the full protection of this and other restoration areas.
... Eastern and southeastern Asian countries are very rich in the genetic resources of valuable hardwood species (VHSPs) (Kalinganire and Pinyopusarerk 2000, Lee and Krishnapillay 2004, Sumantakul 2004, Wang 2004). VHSPs are generally referred to a broad-leaved species or group of broad-leaved species which are characterized by relatively slow-growing but having special wood properties. ...
... Eastern and southeastern Asian countries are very rich in the genetic resources of valuable hardwood species (VHSPs) (Kalinganire and Pinyopusarerk 2000, Lee and Krishnapillay 2004, Sumantakul 2004, Wang 2004). VHSPs are generally referred to a broad-leaved species or group of broad-leaved species which are characterized by relatively slow-growing but having special wood properties. ...
... Presently, the Australian Tree Seed Centre (ATSC), in collaboration with its many research and development partners, has started to domesticate 70 species in 22 genera. An essential precursor to this work has been the assembly of biogeographic information on particular species and genera, which are frequently published in monographs and annotated bibliographies and as electronic Forestry Compendium (Doran and Turnbull 1997;CABI 2000;Kalinganire and Pinyopusarerk 2000). ...
Secondary forests are forests regenerating through natural processes after
significant reduction in the original vegetation at a point in time or over an extended
period, and displaying a major difference in forest structure and/or canopy species
composition with respect to nearby primary forests on similar sites. Despite their
large extent, existing and potential benefits, secondary forests are mostly overlooked.
The increasing area of secondary forests necessitates their professional
management. If properly managed, secondary forests can provide important social
and environmental benefits, contribute to poverty alleviation and reduce the
pressure on the few remaining areas of primary forest. However, only suitable
silvicultural treatments can restore and increase the commercial value of secondary
forests. This chapter discusses the degradation processes leading to secondary
forest formation, their structures, growth and yield and regeneration processes.
Three insightful and demonstrative case studies were also presented to illustrate
key points
... comm.). Application of inorganic fertilizer is generally recommended for some high-value timber species, for example 100 g of NPK 15:15:15 was given to each C. tabularis seedling in the first year (Kalinganire and Pinyopusarerk 2000). Testing for optimum rates of inorganic fertilizer to boost the early growth of the two rosewoods in different soil types in Cambodia should be encouraged. ...
The leguminaceous rosewoods, Afzelia xylocarpa (Caesalpiniodeae) and Dalbergia cochinchinensis (Faboideae) are threatened by habitat loss and exploitation for their extremely highly-prized timber throughout their range. This paper examines the current conservation status of A. xylocarpa and D. cochinchinensis in Cambodia, draws together information on silviculture and trade, and summarizes current conservation measures in the country. Urgent measures are required to conserve and sustainably use the remaining genetic resources. Opportunities and challenges for achieving these goals, through use of the two threatened species in reforestation, are discussed. The suitability of the species for reforestation combined with increasing domestic and international prices for rosewood provide an opportunity for promotion of the species in planting programmes. This would not only alleviate the pressure on their natural habitats, but also bring about economic benefit. The paper outlines some important steps in the development of domestication strategies including testing and improving silvicultural practices, and increasing the supply of genetically superior seeds from seed production areas and/or seed orchards. As a first step, a network of in situ gene banks has been established in natural forests in Cambodia. A wide range of stakeholders need to participate in such programmes in order to address socio-economic development and poverty reduction. This is in line with the main objective of the National Forest Programme of Cambodia.
... The timber of the plant is also used in high grade cabinet work, furniture and flooring. Besides this, the plant is used for carving, cooperage, for making paper pulp, propellers , for making railway sleepers, ship, boat building, packing boxes and also for general construction (Aggarwal, 1986; Kalinganire and Pinyopusarek, 2000). The bark and leaves of plant also contain high valued commercial gums and tannins (22%) for which it is used in tanning industry. ...
... The twig and bark extract of C. tabularis are reported to have antifeedent activity against Pieris rapae (cabbage white butterfly) and third instar larvae of Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) respectively due to which it might be used as natural insecticide (Kalinganire and Pinyopusarek, 2000; Nakatani et al., 2004; Abdelgaleil and Aswad, 2005). The plant is grown as shade tree along with coffee plantation and is also domesticated for agroforestry. ...
... The plant is grown as shade tree along with coffee plantation and is also domesticated for agroforestry. It is used for commercial purposes as green manure (Rai, 1985; Kalinganire and Pinyopusarek, 2000). ...
Chukrasia tabularis A. Juss., commonly known as chickrassy, Burmese almond wood, chittagong wood, lal devdari belongs to the family Meliaceae and is a valuable tree of Asian region. The present review aims to compile the scattered information regarding the chemical constituents, morphological features and medicinal importance of the C. tabularis. The different parts of C. tabularis (leaves, bark, fruits) are having both ethnobotanical and medicinal significance along with biopesticidal activity. The biological activities of plant are due to the abundance of phenolic compounds including different terpenoids and limonoids. During recent years, bioactivities of extracts and pure compounds isolated from C. tabularis have been increasingly investigated. The dire need for such a review arises as the plant is included in the list of threatened species due to its high exploitation for timber utilization.
