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"This article appeared in Volume 28 of Outlooks on Pest Management, published by Research Information Ltd, and is made available here with the publisher's permission. Copies of OPM articles are available on the IngentaConnect platform at http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/resinf/opm" http://www.pestoutlook.com
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... Entretanto, esse cenário de crescente aumento da produção pode ser afetado por problemas fitossanitários, como o complexo de lagartas da família Noctuidae, como Spodoptera spp., Chrysodeixis includens (Walker), Anticarsia gemmatalis (Hübner), e algumas espécies da subfamília Heliothinae, como Chloridea virescens e Helicoverpa armigera (BORTOLOTTO et al., 2015;BUENO et al., 2017). ...
In Brazil, soybeans are one of the most widely cultivated agricultural crops, as they are an important product for exports. However, this crop can be affected by phytosanitary problems, such as the caterpillar complex. Control of these lepidopteran pests is carried out mainly through the use of insecticides. In addition to this control method, there is the occurrence of natural enemies, such as predatory arthropods, which act in natural pest control. However, the control method used to regulate the insect pest population can directly influence the population of these natural agents. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the occurrence of predatory arthropods in soybean cultivation under control methods for lepidopteran pests. The experiment was conducted during the 2018/2019 soybean harvest on a farm, located in the municipality of Tangará da Serra, Mato Grosso, Brazil. The experimental design adopted was in randomized blocks, consisting of three treatments and four replications, namely: biological control - release of 100 thousand wasps/hectare of parasitoid; chemical control with insecticide, based on IPM precepts; and the control - no control of lepidopteran pests. The predominant arthropod predators in the collections were spiders, followed by insects. It was observed that there was no significant difference in the abundance and richness of predators between the treatments, that is, the treatments did not influence the population of predatory arthropods. The spider families Oxyopidae, Theridiidae and Salticidae were predominant in the collections, while in the insect group, the Reduviidae family was the most common.
... It causes major economic damage to this crop across the Americas [1][2][3][4]. The main strategies employed to control A. gemmatalis outbreaks rely on the use of synthetic insecticides, a range of selective or biorational products and the cultivation of transgenic plants expressing Bt insecticidal proteins [5][6][7][8]. ...
Outbreaks of Anticarsia gemmatalis (Hübner, 1818) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae), a major pest of soybean, can be controlled below economic thresholds with methods that do not involve the application of synthetic insecticides. Formulations based on natural isolates of the Anticarsia gemmatalis multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AgMNPV) (Baculoviridae: Alphabaculovirus) played a significant role in integrated pest management programs in the early 2000s, but a new generation of chemical insecticides and transgenic soybean have displaced AgMNPV-based products over the past decade. However, the marked genotypic variability present among and within alphabaculovirus isolates suggests that highly insecticidal genotypic variants can be isolated and used to reduce virus production costs or overcome isolate-dependent host resistance. This study aimed to select novel variants of AgMNPV with suitable insecticidal traits that could complement the existing AgMNPV active ingredients. Three distinct AgMNPV isolates were compared using their restriction endonuclease profile and in terms of their occlusion body (OB) pathogenicity. One isolate was selected (AgABB51) from which eighteen genotypic variants were plaque purified and characterized in terms of their insecticidal properties. The five most pathogenic variants varied in OB pathogenicity, although none of them was faster-killing or had higher OB production characteristics than the wild-type isolate. We conclude that the AgABB51 wild-type isolates appear to be genotypically structured for fast speed of kill and high OB production, both of which would favor horizontal transmission. Interactions among the component variants are likely to influence this insecticidal phenotype.
... It causes major economic damage to this crop across the Americas [1][2][3][4]. The main strategies employed to control A. gemmatalis outbreaks rely on the use of synthetic insecticides, a range of selective or biorational products and the cultivation of transgenic plants expressing Bt insecticidal proteins [5][6][7][8]. ...
Outbreaks of Anticarsia gemmatalis (Hübner, 1818) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae), a major pest of soybean, can be controlled below economic thresholds with methods that do not involve the application of synthetic insecticides. Formulations based on natural isolates of the Anticarsia gemmatalis multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AgMNPV) (Baculoviridae: Alphabaculovirus), played a significant role in integrated pest management programs in the early 2000s, but a new generation of chemical insecticides and transgenic soybean, have displaced AgMNPV-based products over the past decade. However, the marked genotypic variability present among and within alphabaculovirus isolates suggests that highly insecticidal genotypic variants can be isolated and used to reduce virus production costs or overcome isolate-dependent host resistance. This study aimed to select novel variants of AgMNPV with suitable insecticidal traits that could comple-ment the existing AgMNPV active ingredients. Three distinct AgMNPV isolates were compared by restriction endonuclease profile and in terms of their occlusion body (OB) pathogenicity. One isolate was selected (AgABB51) from which eighteen genotypic variants were plaque purified and characterized in terms of their insecticidal properties. The five most pathogenic variants varied in OB pathogenicity although none of them was faster-killing or had higher OB production characteristics than the wild-type isolate. We conclude that the AgABB51 wild-type isolates ap-pear to be genotypically structured for fast speed-of-kill and high OB production, both of which would favor transmission. Interactions among the component variants are likely to influence this insecticidal phenotype.
... Although social wasps are generally opportunistic predators (Michelutti et al. 2017;Brock et al. 2021), several studies have shown that these organisms have a preference for predation of immature Lepidoptera (Giannotti et al. 1995;Prezoto & Machado 1999;Richter 2000;Picanço et al. 2010). Thus, wasps might have been attracted by the large supply of caterpillars, which is one of the main and most abundant pests in soybean (Bueno et al. 2017) and sunflower crops (Castro & Leite 2018), or nectar which is abundant in a mass flowering crop such as sunflower crops. ...
Social wasps play an important role in controlling agricultural pests. The present study aimed to investigate the differences in abundance, species richness and composition of social wasps (Vespidae: Polistinae) between a Cerrado legal reserve, edge and agricultural matrix in an agricultural farm in Mato Grosso, Brazil. We delimited three transects and used Malaise traps which remained active for 48 hours, and were distributed equidistant over five distances from the edge to the legal reserve and agricultural matrix. In total, we collected 618 individuals and 31 species of social wasps. Our results showed that social wasp abundance was similar between the legal reserve and agricultural matrix during three stages and species richness only non-cropping stage. A similar pattern was observed for composition similarity, which presented a lower value between the legal reserve and agricultural matrix during the non-cropping stage. Our results indicate that although monoculture areas can offer food resources and be attractive to social wasps during the active cropping stages, these areas cannot host and conserve the diversity of social wasps. Legal reserve areas, for maintaining the diversity and ecosystem services provided by social wasps.
... In Brazil, the most important soybean pests are the defoliating larvae of the lepidopteran families Noctuidae and Erebidae, as well as the piercing-sucking stink bug complex (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) (Bueno et al., 2017). Stink bugs include at least 54 different species reported in soybean fields (Panizzi and Slansky, 1985) of which Euschistus heros (Fabricius, 1794) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) is the most abundant and economically important in South America (Panizzi and Correa-Ferreira, 1997). ...
Economic thresholds (ET) for gross tissue removal and piercing-sucking damage by stink bugs are well-established for soybean (Glycine max). However, little is known about the interaction effects of these injuries. During the 2017/18 and 2018/19 crop seasons, field trials were carried out to assess the interaction of defoliation and stink bug (Euschistus heros) infestation and its impact on soybean yield with special respect to oil and protein content and quality. During the 2020/21 crop season, five of the treatments from previous crop season trials were chosen to be repeated. No interaction between defoliation and damage caused by stink bugs was found for any tested parameter. Cages infested with 2 stink bugs m⁻¹ in the vegetative stage exhibited a reduction of yield compared with cages infested with 0 and 1 stink bug m⁻¹, but only during the 2018/19 crop season. Although small alterations in the tested parameters were observed under certain circumstances, overall, the currently recommended ETs for each type of injury proved sufficient. These ETs are: 30% defoliation at the vegetative soybean stage; 15% defoliation at the reproductive soybean stage; density of 2 stink bugs m⁻¹ in soybean fields for grain production; 1 stink bug m⁻¹ in soybean fields for seed production. Those ETs are still valid and can be used by soybean producers separately for defoliation and stink bug infestation.
... that proposes the joint use of several control strategies, including biological control (van Lenteren, 2012;van Lenteren et al., 2018;A. F. Bueno et al., 2021), to maintain the insect-pest population below the level of economic damage and cause the least possible damage to natural enemies and the environment (J. Parra, 2014;Bortolotto et al., 2015;R. C. de O. Bueno et al., 2017b). ...
Augmentative biological control (ABC) of insect pests is an environmentally sustainable alternative to synthetic insecticides. By performing BC, more than one control agent can be used for the same insect pest that is in different stages of its life cycle or for pests that simultaneously occur in the area. However, this relationship requires biosecurity for the control agents employed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the parasitism capacity of Trichogramma pretiosum Riley, 1879 and Telenomus remus Nixon, 1937 after ingestion of biological pesticides. The entomopathogens, Baculovirus Anticarsia gemmatalis nucleopolyhedrovirus (AgMNPV), Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) var. kurstaki, Bt var. aizawai, Beauveria bassiana, and Metarhizium anisopliae; the microbiological fungicide, Trichoderma harzianum, at concentrations recommended by the manufacturer; and a negative control (pure honey) were employed in this study. Further, forced ingestion was adopted, with the treatments mixed in honey and offered as food at two dilutions (one-part product: one-part honey and one-part product: nine parts honey). Each treatment consisted of 20 individual females for each parasitoid (T. pretiosum or T. remus). The following parameters were evaluated: female longevity, number of parasitized eggs, egg viability, and number of females and males to determine the sex ratio. For T. pretiosum, B. bassiana (1 × 1013 viable conidia 100 L H2O-1), and T. harzianum (5 × 1012 viable conidia 100 L H2O-1), the longevity of their females was reduced by the 1:1 mixture; however, this mixture did not interfere with other parameters and other biological pesticides compared to the respective controls of both dilutions. The biological pesticides did not negatively influence the parameters evaluated for T. remus. The tested products had low toxicity to the egg parasitoids, T. pretiosum and T. remus. Overall, more work is still required with parasitoids in other stages of development and with other exposure methods to confirm the selectivity of products for egg parasitoids to recommend its combined use in the field.
... Although the types and mechanisms of host plant resistance against insect attacks have been identified (Wiseman, 1985), few researchers have investigated the actual mechanisms of soybean resistance to whiteflies. A combination of factors is believed to impart resistance to certain soybean genotypes and not to others (Bueno, Raetano, Junior, & Carvalho, 2017). These observations are based on research findings from a number of other plant species on their resistance to whiteflies and other insect pests. ...
Legumes are important for both food security and sustainable agriculture. Given their relatively high protein content, more than 700 million people worldwide rely on them as food or poultry feeds. They are also important in intercropping systems for improving soil quality, due to their nitrogen-fixing ability. One major challenge to the yield of legumes is infestation by insect pests and pathogens both in the field and during storage. Most farmers have responded by planting resistant strains of legume crops and spraying them with insecticide and fungicide. Nevertheless, the continuous use of biocides, despite their cost-effectiveness, results in resistance development by the pests and pathogens, and raises environmental safety concerns for both humans and off-target beneficial species of insects and microbes. In this review, we discuss the most up-to-date thinking on the interactions between legumes and their insect pests and current farming practices, explain the latest techniques used in identifying molecular markers to aid in the breeding of insect-resistant cultivars, and highlight areas that require further development for effective and ecofriendly integrated pest management.
... Furthermore, social wasps preferentially feed on immature lepidopterans (Prezoto et al., 2019). Damage caused by Lepidoptera caterpillars is one of the main phytosanitary problems in Brazilian plantations with significant economic losses (Bueno et al., 2017). Wasp predation is a significant mortality factor (Soares et al., 2019) and should be included in pest management programs (Bacci et al., 2019). ...
... Such misidentifications could result in the application of insecticides earlier or later in the season than necessary, especially if similar species exhibit disproportionate population densities throughout the year. The overestimation of certain pest densities could also lead to more frequent insecticide applications, creating unnecessary off-target effects in the environment (Bueno et al. 2017). While larval density in cotton and peanut (Abney 2017, Smith et al. 1994) is largely used to inform farmers when to apply insecticides, the documentation of the timing, magnitude, and species cross-attracted during the pheromone trapping of C. includens represent a contribution to the adoption of timely management decisions. ...
Chysodeixis includens (Walker) is a polyphagous economic pest in agricultural landscapes. To detect the occurrence of this pest in the field, trapping using sex pheromone lures is often implemented. However, other plusiine species are cross-attracted to these lures and may be misidentified as C. includens due to their morphological similarities. The objectives of this study were to provide region-specific information on the abundance of C. includens throughout the year as well as document the occurrence of related plusiines cross-attracted to C. includens sex pheromone traps in the Florida Panhandle. Twelve commercial fields of peanut and twelve commercial fields of cotton located across Escambia, Santa Rosa, and Jackson counties were monitored with Trécé delta traps baited with C. includens sex pheromone lures (Alpha Scents, Inc.; West Linn, OR) from June 2017 to June 2019. There was no difference in C. includens flight across dryland or irrigated fields. Identifications revealed that in addition to C. includens, the following species of the subfamily Plusiinae were crossed-attracted: Argyrogramma verruca (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Ctenoplusia oxygramma (Geyer) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), and Rachiplusia ou (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). The occurrence of each species in the region and their flight phenology are documented. Chysodeixis includens abundance was greatest in September and decreased through December. Due to the high abundance of C. oxygramma and similar flight phenology to C. includens, this is the likeliest species to skew estimations and influence management decisions of C. includens, especially early in the crop season, when C. includens abundance is low.
... Damage losses and management costs of C. includens in the USA were estimated to be $56.8 million in 2019, which included the majority of the range where C. includens is considered a pest in the USA (Musser et al. 2020). In Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay, C. includens has increased its economic impact since 2000 (Bueno et al. 2017), and transgenic soybean expressing the Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bacillales: Bacillaceae) (Bt) toxin Cry1Ac has been adopted commercially since the 2013/2014 crop season (Paula-Moraes et al. 2017). The Bt soybean technology has provided high levels of control (Bernardi et al. 2012). ...
Novel strategies for the management of soybean looper, Chrysodeixis includens (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), are needed due to its increasing importance, costs, and challenges of management in soybeans (Glycine max [L.] Merr.; Fabaceae) in the Americas. Pheromone-mediated mating disruption may be 1 such novel strategy, but an effective tool for estimating mating disruption success must be found. The technique of trapping male moths using pheromone baited traps is a common method for assessing mating disruption technology. This paper reports on the testing of 2 trap types and 3 commercially available lures containing (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate as the major active component. Trapping was conducted at 5 locations in the southern USA in the summer of 2019. Universal moth traps and delta traps were tested in combination with the Alpha Scents, Bio Pseudoplusia, and Scentry brand lures along with unbaited traps. Overall, both trap types were effective at capturing C. includens male moths, with universal traps having a higher capture rate. The Alpha Scents and Bio Pseudoplusia lures both had a significantly higher capture rate than the Scentry lure regardless of trap design. The active components of the Scentry lure differed from the others with the inclusion of 2 known minor pheromone components (esters) of C. includens, (Z)-7-dodecenyl propionate and (Z)-7-dodecenyl butyrate. The amount of (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate of the Scentry lure also was lower than the Alpha Scents and Bio Pseudoplusia lures. The additional esters or unidentified components (impurities) of the Scentry lures may have influenced C. includens captures. A large number of Ctenoplusia oxygramma (Geyer) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) were captured in traps at 3 of the locations, though not in those traps baited with the ester-containing Scentry lure. Taken together, the data provide insight into effective trapping methods for C. includens and elucidates the need for researchers to understand the effectiveness of trapping components available in a region and the need for researchers to plan for captures of non-target species in pheromone-related research.
