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Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the form of leukemia which occurs most frequently in Western countries. Its etiology is unknown, and no relationship with viruses or genes has been demonstrated. Epidemiological data suggest that genetic and ambiental factors might be of some significance. Clinical features of CLL are due to the accumulation of...
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... diagnostic workup of patients with CLL is shown in Table 1. The National Cancer Institute /Working Group (NCI/WG) [104] and the International Workshop on CLL (IWCLL) [105] have independently proposed cri- teria for diagnosing CLL (Table 2). In the past, an abso- lute lymphocyte count of 15 x 10 9 /L was considered to be the threshold for defining CLL, but the NCI/WG [104] and the IWCLL [105] lowered this threshold to 5 x 10 9 /L and 10 x 10 9 /L, respectively. ...
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Citations
... 6,7 With an ever-aging population due to improved health care and better lifestyles, the average age at the diagnosis for CLL has increased by 6 years during the past decade. The median age at diagnosis was 65 years in the early 1990s, 8,9 which has increased to 70 years in the present day. 10 Therefore, the need to develop better tolerated treatment options for elderly CLL patients is constant and urgent. ...
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) remains the most prevalent form of leukemia in the Western world, with no cure to date. Ongoing and essential research into this heterogeneous disease has led to a number of new treatment options becoming available to CLL patients in the past decade. The present review presents the recent developments in the field of CLL treatment, with the main focus on elderly patients and CLL patients with coexisting comorbidities. The review discusses the current treatment regimens that provide the most promising outcomes for patients in this subgroup, with a number of important clinical trials summarized. These clinical trials, which have investigated promising single-agent therapies or combination therapies, are discussed, with an emphasis on the efficacy and tolerability for patients aged ≥ 65 years. Also, the misrepresentation of the true CLL population in many clinical trials and the need for better guidelines for participant inclusion criteria to provide a more realistic and accurate study population are noted.
... Neoplasms originating from B type cells are the most numerous group among lymphoproliferative disorders [1]. B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) is a disease entity characterized by accumulation of B lymphocytes, where the long living cells, that are neoplastically transformed and arrested in the G0/G1 cell cycle, are stockpiled in the blood, bone marrow, and systemic lymphoid organs [2,3]. ...
The diversity of biological effects of cytokines from the IL-17 family, as well as the wide range of cells sensitive to their influence, suggests that these molecules might play a significant role in the malignant pro- cess.
After the cells were initially isolated with Polymorphprep™, they were sorted with a MACS® magnetic separator, CD16 for neutrophils and CD19 for B lymphocytes. The presence of proteins: IL-17A, IL-17E, IL-17F, IL-17D, as well as receptors: IL-17R, IL-17BR, IL-17RC in cell lysates was confirmed by Western blot. The levels of IL-17A, IL-17E, and IL-17F in blood serum were determined with ELISA.
The results indicate a lower expression of IL-17A, IL-17E, and IL-17F in PMNs and B lymphocytes of pa- tients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia compared to cells of healthy subjects. Elevated expression of IL- 17D was observed in the PMNs of patients, with a simultaneous decrease in the expression of this cytokine in leukemic B cells, in comparison to the control group. In patients with B-CLL, there also were observations of decreased expression of IL-17R, IL-17BR, and IL-17RC in leukemic B lymphocytes, compared to their expressions in the cells of healthy subjects. The blood serum of B-CLL patients demonstrated a significantly increased level of IL-17A at stage 0/I, II, and IV of disease; IL-17E at stage 0/I and II; IL-17F at stage 0/I, III, and IV of disease advancement, compared to the data obtained from the control group.
The results clearly support the involvement of the studied proteins from the IL-17 family in the course of B-CLL and indicate that IL-17D may play a significant role in the course of this disease.
... Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common type of leukemia of adults in the Western World. It is characterized by a heterogenous clinical course with survival ranging from months to several years [1,2]. In many cases patients do not have any symptoms for at least a few years and the disease is diagnosed during periodical routine laboratory tests. ...
Functional disorders of T lymphocytes play an essential role in abnormal immune response in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. The aim of this study was to assess the profile of cytokines expressed by T cells derived from patients with CLL. We have demonstrated that the intracellular levels of IL-2, IL-4, IFN-γ, TNF, IL-6 and IL-10 were significantly higher in T cells of CLL patients than in healthy donors. Moreover, the percentages of CD4+/CD3+/TNF+, CD4+/CD3+/IFN-γ+, and CD4+/CD3+/IL-2+ cells were significantly higher in ZAP-70-positive patients compared with ZAP-70-negative ones. Likewise, significantly higher percentages of CD4+/CD3+/TNF+, CD4+/CD3+/IFN-γ+ cells were observed in CD38-positive than in CD38-negative cases. What is more, there was a significant difference in median percentage of CD3+/CD4+ cells expressing TNF, IL-4, IFN-γ, IL-2 or IL-6 between patients carrying the 11q22.3 deletion and/or the 17p13.1 deletion and patients without these genetic aberrations. Our results confirm the functional disorders of T cells in CLL and their influence on the clinical course of the disease.
... For many years, alkylating agents and purine analogues have been the mainstays of therapy for CLL (9). Recently, monoclonal antibodies such as rituximab (10) and alemtuzumab (10,11) were introduced into combination regimens with cytotoxic drugs, thus, greatly improving initial response rates and progression-free survival. ...
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) represents 22-30% of all leukemia cases, thus being the most commonly diagnosed form of adult leukemia in the Western world. On a cellular level, the disease progresses due to the prolonged survival of B-cell CLL cells arrested in the G₀ stage of the cell cycle. The current standard treatment for CLL is a combination regimen containing purine analogues and monoclonal antibodies. Although response rates to such regimens in previously untreated patients are high, patients with CLL invariably experience relapse and often acquire high-risk chromosomal abnormalities. Therefore, the search for novel avenues in CLL treatment is warranted. In this manuscript, we will describe theoretical premises and some preliminary data making the case for inhibitors of the potassium currents as possible proapoptotic agents that warrant investigation as a potential pharmacologic target in CLL.
... Formerly, reduction in tumor burden and clinical symptoms were the treatment goals in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) [2]. Although conventional therapies result in overall response rates of 40 to 60% [3,4], only 4% of patients achieve complete remission (CR) [5]. Even the use of purine analogues such as fludarabine leads to CR, nodular CR, or partial remission in only less than half of the patients [5,6]. ...
New therapeutic strategies developed recently for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) have led to remarkable treatment response rates and complete hematological remissions. This means highly sensitive and specific techniques are increasingly needed to evaluate minimal residual disease (MRD) in CLL patients. Quantitative MRD levels can be used as prognostic markers, where total MRD eradication is associated with prolonged survival. Nowadays, PCR and flow cytometry techniques used to detect MRD in CLL patients can generate reliable and quantitative results with the highest sensitivity. MRD Flow is based on four-color flow cytometry using specific antibody combinations. For allele specific oligonucleotide real-time quantification (ASO RQ) PCR individual primers are designed to detect a specific immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) rearrangement in each patient clone. Five comprehensive studies investigated and compared the sensitivity and specificity of both methods. Groups of patients receiving different therapies were analyzed at different time points to generate quantitative MRD levels and MRD kinetics. All studies confirmed that both methods generate equivalent results with regard to sensitivity and MRD quantification, although each method has advantages and disadvantages in the daily routine of a standard hematological laboratory. Here, we review these investigations and compare their results in the light of modern therapies.
... Some patients survive only a few months, whereas others have stable disease for years. 1,2 In addition to clinical staging by the Rai system, 3 abnormal expression of -associated protein 70, 4 CD38 expression, 5 and mutation status of the immunoglobulin heavy chain V genes 6 have been correlated with prognosis. Identification of novel genes mutated in CLL is important for prognostic purposes, to understand the biology of the disease and identification of targets and pathways for therapeutic intervention. ...
Premature termination codon (PTC) mutations are due to insertion or deletion of nucleotides causing a frameshift and premature termination codon in RNA. These transcripts are degraded by the nonsense-mediated decay pathway and have a very short half-life. We used a microarray technique to screen for genes that up-regulate their RNA signal upon nonsense-mediated decay pathway blockade in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) specimens and identified an E-cadherin transcript with PTC. Sequencing revealed an aberrant E-cadherin transcript lacking exon 11, resulting in a frameshift and PTC. The aberrant E-cadherin transcript was also identified in normal B cells, but occurred at a much lower level compared with CLL cells. In CLL specimens, E-cadherin expression was depressed more than 50% in 62% cases (relative to normal B cells). By real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis, the relative amounts of wild-type transcript inversely correlated with amounts of aberrant transcript (P = .018). Ectopic expression of E-cadherin in CLL specimens containing high amounts of aberrant transcript resulted in down-regulation of the wnt-beta-catenin pathway reporter, a pathway known to be up-regulated in CLL. Our data point to a novel mechanism of E-cadherin gene inactivation, with CLL cells displaying a higher proportion of aberrant nonfunctional transcripts and resulting up-regulation of the wnt-beta-catenin pathway.
... It has been suggested that the incidence of CLL is low in Asian population as compared to the West [16]. There are few molecular cytogenetic studies using FISH in East Asian CLL patients. ...
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is frequent in the West, but rare in Korea. In this study, the frequency of chromosome aberration in Korean CLL patients was examined by applying interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Conventional cytogenetic test and FISH were performed on bone marrow aspirates obtained from 16 CLL patients. By applying DNA probes (Vysis, Downers Grove, IL, USA), the deletion in 11q22-23, 13q14, 13q34, and 17p13, and trisomy 12 were examined. With FISH, molecular cytogenetic aberration was detected in 10 of 16 patients [63%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 39-86], whereas with conventional cytogenetic test, chromosomal aberration was detected only in 2 out of 13 cases (15%, 95% CI 0-35). In total, the cases with one or more chromosomal aberrations were 11 out of 16 cases (69%, 95% CI 46-92). The most frequently detected aberration was the 13q14 deletion (69%, 95% CI 44-94), followed by trisomy 12 (19%, 95% CI 0-38) and 11q22 deletion (14%, 95% CI 0-33). No deletion in 17p13 was observed. In conclusion, CLL in Korean is a heterogeneous genetic disorder, showing similar genetic changes in Europe and North America.
... Die folgenden Parameter/Laborwerte gelten als zuverlässige zusätzliche Prognosefaktoren (Montserrat et al., 1995 ...
Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Untersuchung erfassten wir subjektive Krankheitstheorie, Krankheitsverarbeitung und emotionales Befinden von 36 Patienten mit einer chronisch lymphatischen Leukämie in unterschiedlichem Stadium. Während diese Erkrankung initial meist symptomarm ist, kommt es im Verlauf zu Folgeerscheinungen durch Verdrängung der normalen Hämatopoese. Neben den somatischen Konsequenzen wird das Krankheitserleben der Betroffenen sehr stark durch psychische und soziale Aspekte bestimmt. Um den individuellen Rekonstruktionen der Erkrankung und den unterschiedlichen Formen der Bewältigung gerecht zu werden, verwirklichten wir neben der quantitativen Erfassung durch Fragebögen (BEFO, HADS, FKV, Hoffnungs- und Belastungsskala, KIGU) in Selbst- und Fremdeinschätzung einen qualitativen Ansatz mit Hilfe eines teilstrukturierten Interviews mit inhaltsanalytischer Auswertung. Im Folgenden sollen die Ergebnisse methodenübergreifend zusammengefasst werden. 47 % der Patienten waren von der Diagnose überrascht, während 53 % Vorankündigungssymptome bemerkt hatten. Die meisten Betroffenen hatten sich Gedanken über mögliche Ursachen ihrer Erkrankung gemacht und führten vor allem Umwelteinflüsse oder psychische Probleme an. Für die weitere Entwicklung wurde im Sinne einer sozial-externalen Kontrollüberzeugung Ärzten, Pflegepersonal und Familienangehörigen eine wesentliche Rolle eingeräumt. Die Patienten erlebten den Krankheitsverlauf aber auch als beeinflussbar durch eigenes Verhalten, was einer internalen Kontrollüberzeugung entspricht. Das Vorhandensein einer sozial-externalen oder internalen Kontrollüberzeugung ging einher mit guter Adaptation an die Erkrankung. Insgesamt zeigten diese Patienten weniger emotionale Störungen. Erhöhte Angst oder Depressivität lag bei 28 % der Untersuchungsteilnehmer vor, insgesamt überwog aber Zuversicht. Emotionale Belastung war mit depressiv gefärbten Verarbeitungsformen assoziiert. Die Verarbeitung der Krankheitsrealität leisteten die CLL-Patienten vor allem durch den Einsatz aktiver, problemorientierter und compliancebetonter Strategien, die allerdings nicht mit einer gelungenen Anpassung korrelierten. Ein durch Grübeln, Hadern und sozialer Rückzug geprägter Verarbeitungsstil erschwerte das Zurechtkommen mit der Erkrankung. Das Vorkommen dieser Verarbeitungsstrategien schätzten die Betroffenen im Vergleich geringer als die externen Beobachter ein, während sich für aktive Verarbeitungsmechanismen kein Unterschied zwischen den Urteilerebenen ergab. Bei der Prüfung von Korrelationen zwischen soziodemographische Daten einerseits und Kontrollüberzeugungen, Krankheitsverarbeitung und emotionalem Befinden andererseits zeigte sich jeweils kein Einfluss der Geschlechtszugehörigkeit. Zunehmendes Lebensalter korrelierte positiv mit einer external-fatalistischen Kontrollüberzeugung und negativ mit aktivem, problemorientiertem Coping. Die Resultate unserer Studie wurden auf inhaltlicher Ebene vor dem Hintergrund der aktuellen Forschungsliteratur analysiert und methodische Besonderheiten diskutiert. Als wesentliche Konsequenz ergibt sich die Notwendigkeit einer integrativen Sichtweise der Krankheitsverarbeitung. Eng damit verknüpft ist die Forderung nach einer Erhebungsmethodik, die der Komplexität des Untersuchungsgegenstandes gerecht wird. -
... Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common form of leukaemia in adults to occur in Western societies [10] . For its diagnosis bone marrow trephine biopsy (BMT) is not required. ...
... The new generation of anti-neoplastic drugs such as PNA is highly active in CLL [10]. Patients with CLL are considered in nPR when they are in remission after chemotherapy. ...
In chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) bone marrow trephine biopsy (BMT) is not required for diagnosis but can have a significant prognostic value and can be used for the detection of the minimal residual disease (MRD) and for assessment of the effectiveness of the treatment applied. The aim of the study was to evaluate the morphological changes in bone marrow after treatment with purine nucleoside analogues cladribine and fludarabine. Bone marrow trephine biopsy was taken routinely from 15 patients with CLL. Bone marrow trephine biopsy was performed on every patient before as well as after chemotherapy. The number of cell elements of the marrow (the degree of atrophy), the patterns of bone marrow infiltration, the presence of reticulin and collagen fibres and the disturbances in bone marrow stroma were assessed. The infiltration of bone marrow by neoplastic cells was observed in all the patients before administration of chemotherapy. The infiltration was followed by an increase in the number of reticulin fibres. After the treatment a regression of the reticulin fibres was observed with the lessening of the infiltration. After the treatment the levels of marrow infiltrate were decreased. Increased hypoplasia of the bone marrow was observed after the chemotherapy.
... Der Anteil jüngerer Patienten ist in den letzten Jahren gestiegen, er beträgt ca. 30-35% und 10-15% der unter 65-respektive 55jährigen bei Diagnose [1]. Dies beruht in erster Linie auf häufigeren Blutbilduntersuchungen und somit einer früheren Erfassung der Krankheit als einer echten Zunahme der Inzidenz. ...
... Die Diagnose wird gesichert durch die Immunphänotypisierung der Lymphozyten. Die malignen Lymphozyten exprimieren neben den B-Zell-Markern CD19, CD20 typischerweise CD23 und CD5, einen Marker, der sonst überwiegend auf T-Zellen exprimiert ist [1,3]. Die von der «National Cancer Institute/Working Group» (NCI/WG) und der «International Working Group on CLL» (IWCLL) erarbeiteten Diagnosekriterien sind in Tabelle Hb >100 g/l und Tz >100 G/l B > als 3 befallene Areale 7 ...
