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Chromosome 7BS genetic map based on F 2 genotypes for Pm40 and five microsatellite markers. Locus names and Kosambi map distances (cM) are shown on the right and left sides of the map, respectively
Source publication
Powdery mildew, caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici, is a very destructive wheat (Triticum aestivum) disease. Resistance was transferred from Elytrigia intermedium to common wheat by crossing and backcrossing, and line GRY19, that was subsequently selected, possessed a single dominant gene for seedling resistance. Five polymorphic microsatel...
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Citations
... Among them, Thinopyrum intermedium (2n = 6x = 42, E e E e E b E b StSt or JJJ S J S StSt) is a valuable source of genes for common wheat genetic improvement due to its great environmental adaptability and resistance to a range of wheat diseases, including yellow dwarf, powdery mildew, and rust [26,27]. At present, many disease-resistant genes from Th. intermedium, including Yr50 [28], Lr38 [29], Sr44 [30], Pm40 [31], Wsm1 [32], and Bdv2 [33], are widely used to improve disease resistance in wheat. Wheat-Th. ...
Thinopyrum intermedium (2n = 6x = 42, EeEeEbEbStSt or JJJsJsStSt) contains a large number of genes that are highly adaptable to the environment and immune to a variety of wheat diseases, such as powdery mildew, rust, and yellow dwarf, making it an important gene source for the genetic improvement of common wheat. Currently, an important issue plaguing wheat production and breeding is the spread of pests and illnesses. Breeding disease-resistant wheat varieties using disease-resistant genes is currently the most effective measure to solve this problem. Moreover, alien resistance genes often have a stronger disease-resistant effect than the resistance genes found in common wheat. In this study, the wheat-Th. intermedium partial amphiploid line 92048 was developed through hybridization between Th. intermedium and common wheat. The chromosome structure and composition of 92048 were analyzed using ND-FISH and molecular marker analysis. The results showed that the chromosome composition of 92048 (Octoploid Trititrigia) was 56 = 42W + 6J + 4Js + 4St. In addition, we found that 92048 was highly resistant to a mixture of stripe rust races (CYR32, CYR33, and CYR34) during the seedling stage and fusarium head blight (FHB) in the field during the adult plant stage, suggesting that the alien or wheat chromosomes in 92048 had disease-resistant gene(s) to stripe rust and FHB. There is a high probability that the gene(s) for resistance to stripe rust and FHB are from the alien chromosomes. Therefore, 92048 shows promise as a bridge material for transferring superior genes from Th. intermedium to common wheat and improving disease resistance in common wheat.
... Thinopyrum intermedium is an important wild relative of wheat that possesses excellent characteristics, such as disease and insect resistance, as well as stress resistance [2]. Furthermore, some potentially essential disease resistance genes from Th. intermedium have been introduced into common wheat [3][4][5][6][7]. Moreover, Th. intermedium exhibits valuable agronomic traits, including large spikes, diverse flag leaf traits, and multiple flowers, which provide abundant phenotypic variation for wheat breeding [2,7]. ...
... The exploitation of excellent genes from wild relatives into wheat can increase genetic diversity and provide new genetic resources for wheat breeding [41,42]. For example, wild wheat relatives have been widely used in wheat breeding as a source of disease resistance [4,5]. Th. intermedium is a close wild relative of wheat and has proven to be a valuable source of disease resistance genes. ...
Background
Developing and enriching genetic resources plays important role in the crop improvement. The flag leaf affects plant architecture and contributes to the grain yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The genetic improvement of flag leaf traits faces problems such as a limited genetic basis. Among the various genetic resources of wheat, Thinopyrum intermedium has been utilized as a valuable resource in genetic improvement due to its disease resistance, large spikes, large leaves, and multiple flowers. In this study, a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population was derived from common wheat Yannong15 and wheat-Th. intermedium introgression line SN304 was used to identify the quantitative trait loci (QTL) for flag leaf-related traits.
Results
QTL mapping was performed for flag leaf length (FLL), flag leaf width (FLW) and flag leaf area (FLA). A total of 77 QTLs were detected, and among these, 51 QTLs with positive alleles were contributed by SN304. Fourteen major QTLs for flag leaf traits were detected on chromosomes 2B, 3B, 4B, and 2D. Additionally, 28 QTLs and 8 QTLs for flag leaf-related traits were detected in low-phosphorus and drought environments, respectively. Based on major QTLs of positive alleles from SN304, we identified a pair of double-ended anchor primers mapped on chromosome 2B and amplified a specific band of Th. intermedium in SN304. Moreover, there was a major colocated QTL on chromosome 2B, called QFll/Flw/Fla-2B, which was delimited to a physical interval of approximately 2.9 Mb and contained 20 candidate genes. Through gene sequence and expression analysis, four candidate genes associated with flag leaf formation and growth in the QTL interval were identified.
Conclusion
These results promote the fine mapping of QFll/Flw/Fla-2B, which have pleiotropic effects, and will facilitate the identification of candidate genes for flag leaf-related traits. Additionally, this work provides a theoretical basis for the application of Th. intermedium in wheat breeding.
... The interest in studying phylogenetic relationships within the Triticeae tribe is largely driven by the potential of wild wheat species to serve as valuable sources of economically important genes for the improvement of cultivated cereals. For example, Thinopyrum and Dasypyrum serve as gene donors for resistance to various diseases (Yang et al., 2005;Luo P.G. et al., 2009;Salina et al., 2015;Wang S. et al., 2019;Li L.F. et al., 2022;Guo et al., 2023). By crossing wheat and Agro pyron, it is possible to increase head productivity (Zhang J. et al., 2016). ...
Satellite repeats are a significant component of the genome of Triticeae and play a crucial role in the speciation. They are a valuable tool for studying these processes. Pseudoroegneria species play a special role among grasses, as they are considered putative donors of the St-genome in many polyploid species. The aim of this study was to compare the copy number of satellite repeats in the genomes of Triticeae species. Quantitative real-time PCR was applied to determine the copy numbers of 22 newly discovered satellite repeats revealed in the whole-genome sequences of Pseudoroegneria species and one additional repeat previously identified in the genome of Aegilops crassa . The study focused on seven species of Pseudoroegneria , three species of Thinopyrum , Elymus pendulinus , Ae. tauschii , Secale cereale , and Triticum aestivum . Based on the copy number level and coefficients of variation, we identified three groups of repeats: those with low variability between species (medium-copy CL82), those with medium variability (low- and medium-copy CL67, CL3, CL185, CL119, CL192, CL89, CL115, CL95, CL168), and those with high coefficients of variation (CL190, CL184, CL300, CL128, CL207, CL69, CL220, CL101, CL262, CL186, CL134, CL251, CL244). CL69 exhibited a specific high copy number in all Pseudoroegneria species, while CL101 was found in both Pseudoroegneria and Th. junceum , CL244 in Th. bessarabicum , CL184 in P. cognata and S. cereale . CL95, CL128, CL168, CL186, CL207, and CL300 exhibited higher copy numbers in P. cognata compared to other species; CL3, CL95, CL115, CL119, CL190, CL220, CL207, and CL300 in P. kosaninii ; CL89 in P. libanotica ; CL134 in P. geniculata . Our assessment of the copy number of new satellite repeats in the St-genome and the analysis of their amplification specificity between species can contribute to the molecular-genetic and chromosome markers used for evolutionary, phylogenetic, and population studies of Triticeae species.
... In fact, before considering these premises, we noted that in recent years, cold stress in late spring has become less frequent, causing less damage and occurring earlier in this region due to global climate warming. Meanwhile, the available disease resistance genes in the regional wheat breeding programs, such as Yr41 to stripe rust and Pm40 to powdery mildew, would largely reduce the risk of diseases (Luo et al., 2008;Luo et al., 2009), and even in the absence of the real resistance resources to FHB, early flowering is also advantageous to preventing pathogen infections. Moreover, the availability of both genome-edited disease resistance (Li et al., 2022) and newly transferred disease resistance gene resources such as Fhb7 from Thinopyrum elongatum (Wang et al., 2020) are also conducive to improve wheat disease resistance. ...
Rapidly global urbanization and economic growth in the past several decades have resulted in a sharp contraction of arable areas worldwide. However, food supply requirements are quickly increasing due to higher living standards and larger populations. Therefore, food crises are still a major threat to human society. The conflict between farmland areas and the increasing need for essential supplies is becoming acuter in China. Therefore, we suggest that a novel strategy would address the issue, in which temporal and spatial arrangement of wheat sowing dates would be highly focused.
... The Pm resistance genes from alien species belonging to the tertiary gene pool of wheat usually confer broad-spectrum and durable resistance, possibly due to they are not the natural host of Bgt . The examples include Pm8 in the wheat-rye translocation T1RS•1BL, Pm21 in the wheat-Haynaldia villosa translocation T6VS•6AL, and Pm resistance genes from Thinopyrum intermedium and Agropyron cristatum (Hao et al. 2018;He et al. 2009; Hsam and Zeller 1997;Luo et al. 2009;Xing et al. 2018;Zhang et al. 2018). By the end of the 20th century, about 70% of Chinese wheat varieties contain T1RS•1BL translocation (Ren et al. 2006). ...
Powdery mildew (Pm) is a fungal disease threatening wheat production. The identification of novel Pm resistance genes, especially those from wild relatives, will greatly broaden the genetic diversity of wheat breeding. Roegneria ciliaris (2n=4x=28, genome S c S c Y c Y c ) is a wheat relative. We developed 14 disomic addition lines in previous research. In this study, we identified addition line DA1S c exhibited stable improved Pm resistance. We confirmed the Pm resistance was attributed by the added 1S c in wheat background, and designated the locus as PmRc1 . To develop translocation lines for facilitate the breeding use of PmRc1 , we induced 1S c chromosomal structural aberrations by irradiation and the Chinese Spring ph1b deletion mutant. Forty-three wheat- R. ciliaris 1S c aberrations were identified and characterized by GISH/FISH and marker analysis using 1S c diagnostic markers. The 1S c cytological bin map was constructed and 1S c was dissected into 28 bins. Pm resistance evaluation of the aberrations enabled us to allocate the PmRc1 into bin 1S c S-8, flanked by markers CMH93-2 and CMH114-1 . Two compensative translocation lines (T1S c S•1BL and T1S c S-1AS•1AL), both carrying the PmRc1 and Pm resistant, were investigated for agronomic traits. T1S c S•1BL had increased grain size and weight, while decreased grain numbers. T1S c S-1AS•1AL had increased number of spikelet per spike. The translocation lines provide new genetic resource for improving Pm resistance in wheat breeding program.
... (G) Pm genes on the homoeologous group 7 chromosomes. Many Pm genes have been reported on the chromosome in this homoeologous group, including Pm1 (and its alleles) (Hsam et al. 1998), pm9 (Fiona 1984), Pm37 (Perugini et al. 2008), Pm59 (Tan et al. 2018), Pm60 (and its alleles) (Ji et al. 2008;Li et al. 2021b;Wu et al. 2022bWu et al. , 2021aZou et al. 2022Zou et al. , 2018, Mlm80 and Mlm2033 (Yao et al. 2007) on the chromosome arm 7AL; Pm5 (and its alleles) on the chromosome arm 7BL (Heun and Fischbeck 1987;Hsam et al. 2001;Huang et al. 2003;Lebsock and Briggle 1974); Pm40 (Luo et al. 2009) and pm47 (Xiao et al. 2013) on the chromosome arm 7BS; PmH on the chromosome 7B ; Pm29 on the chromosome arm 7DL (Zeller et al. 2002); and Pm15 (Tosa and Sakai 1990), Pm19 (Lutz et al. 1995), and Pm38 (Dyck 1977) on the chromosome arm 7DS. ...
... Pm40 is derived from a wheat-Elytrigia intermedium translocation line. After twice gene mapping, a full-length TraesCS7B01G164000 encoding an NBS-LRR protein was cloned in the Pm40 region by analyzing transcriptional data and identifying gene expression differences between the resistant donor and the susceptible line (Luo et al. 2009;Zhong et al. 2016). Co-isolation analysis by SNP of TraesCS7B01G164000 in L658-and L958-based markers and qRT-PCR analysis both suggested that this gene is a candidate for Pm40 (Yang et al. 2021). ...
Key message
Host resistance conferred by Pm genes provides an effective strategy to control powdery mildew. The study of Pm genes helps modern breeding develop toward more intelligent and customized.
Abstract
Powdery mildew of wheat is one of the most destructive diseases seriously threatening the crop yield and quality worldwide. The genetic research on powdery mildew (Pm) resistance has entered a new era. Many Pm genes from wheat and its wild and domesticated relatives have been mined and cloned. Meanwhile, modern breeding strategies based on high-throughput sequencing and genome editing are emerging and developing toward more intelligent and customized. This review highlights mining and cloning of Pm genes, molecular mechanism studies on the resistance and avirulence genes, and prospects for genomic-assisted breeding for powdery mildew resistance in wheat.
... tritici and Fusarium blight caused mainly by Fusarium gramineanum Schwabe (teleomorph Gibberella zeae (Schw.) Petch) (Li et al., 2017) in traditional breeding (Luo et al., 2009), chromosomal engineering or molecular assisted selection , but improving photosynthetic competence (especially in the flag leaf stage after flowering, because most assimilates in grains accumulate in this period) could be the most effective measure for further increasing wheat biomass yield and yield potential (Luo et al., 2013). It is clear that finding wheat leaf color mutants and further using them in fundamental research on photosynthesis will be valuable for enhancing wheat yield potential in the future. ...
Few available leaf color mutants in crops have greatly limited the understanding of photosynthesis mechanisms, leading to few accomplishments in crop yield improvement via enhanced photosynthetic efficiency. Here, a noticeable albino mutant, CN19M06, was identified. A comparison between CN19M06 and the wild type CN19 at different temperatures showed that the albino mutant was temperature-sensitive and produced leaves with a decreased chlorophyll content at temperatures below 10°C. Genetic analysis suggested that the albinism was controlled by one recessive nuclear gene named TSCA1, which was putatively assigned to the region of 718.1 Mb-729.8Mb on chromosome 2AL using bulked-segregant analysis and double-digest restriction site-associated DNA. Finally, molecular linkage analysis physically anchored TSCA1 to a narrowed region of 718.8Mb -725.3Mb with a 6.5Mb length on 2AL flanked by InDel 18 and InDel 25 with 0.7cM genetic interval. Among the 111 annotated functional genes in the corresponding chromosomal region, only TraesCS2A01G487900 of the PAP fibrillin family was both related to chlorophyll metabolism and temperature sensitivity; therefore, it was considered the putative candidate gene of TSCA1. Overall, CN19M06 has great potential for exploring the molecular mechanism of photosynthesis and monitoring temperature changes in wheat production.
... Wild relatives of wheat are important resources and contain a large number of powdery mildew resistance genes that can be used for wheat improvement. There were lots of powdery mildew-resistant genes identified from wheat wild relatives, such as Pm2b [8], Pm8 [9], Pm17 [10], Pm21 [11], Pm29 [12], Pm34 [13], Pm35 [14], Pm40 [15], Pm43 [16], Pm51 [17], Pm55 [18], Pm56 [19], Pm58 [20], Pm62 [21], Pm66 [22], and Pm67 [23], among which Pm21 from Dasypyrum villosum was most widely used in wheat genetic improvement. ...
As one of the serious diseases of wheat, powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici) is a long-term threat to wheat production. Therefore, it is of great significance to explore new powdery mildew-resistant genes for breeding. The wild relative species of wheat provide gene resources for resistance to powdery mildew breeding. Agropyron cristatum (2n = 4x = 28, genomes PPPP) is an important wild relative of wheat, carrying excellent genes for high yield, disease resistance, and stress resistance, which can be used for wheat improvement. To understand the molecular mechanism of powdery mildew resistance in the wheat-A. cristatum translocation line WAT2020-17-6, transcriptome sequencing was performed, and the resistance genes were analyzed by weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). In the results, 42,845 differentially expressed genes were identified and divided into 18 modules, of which six modules were highly correlated with powdery mildew resistance. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis showed that the six interested modules related to powdery mildew resistance were significantly enriched in N-methyltransferase activity, autophagy, mRNA splicing via spliceosome, chloroplast envelope, and AMP binding. The candidate hub genes of the interested modules were further identified, and their regulatory relationships were analyzed based on co-expression data. The temporal expression pattern of the 12 hub genes was verified within 96 h after powdery mildew inoculation by RT-PCR assay. In this study, we preliminarily explained the resistance mechanism of the wheat-A. cristatum translocation lines and obtained the hub candidate genes, which laid a foundation in the exploration of resistance genes in A. cristatum for powdery mildew-resistant breeding in wheat.
... It is an important source of genetic variability for improving cultivated wheat, and carries novel and high levels of resistance to several wheat fungal diseases [8][9][10]. The novel genes for resistance to leaf, stem, yellow rust, and powdery mildew (Lr38, Sr44, Yr50, Pm40, and Pm43) were transferred to the wheat genome from Th. intermedium [11][12][13][14][15]. Conner et al. [16] reported that Th. intermedium ssp. ...
Thinopyrum intermedium (2n = 6x = 42, JJJSJSStSt) has been hybridized extensively with common wheat and proven to be a valuable germplasm source for improving disease resistance and yield potential of wheat. A novel disease-resistant wheat-Th. intermedium double substitution line X479, carrying 1St(1B) and 4St-4JS (4B), was identified using multi-color non-denaturing fluorescence in situ hybridization (ND-FISH). With the aim of transferring Thinopyrum-specific chromatin to wheat, a total of 573 plants from F2 and F3 progenies of X479 crossed with wheat cultivar MY11 were developed and characterized using sequential ND-FISH with multiple probes. Fifteen types of wheat-Thinopyrum translocation chromosomes were preferentially transmitted in the progenies, and the homozygous wheat-1St, and wheat-4JSL translocation lines were identified using ND-FISH, Oligo-FISH painting and CENH3 immunostaining. The wheat-4JSL translocation lines exhibited high levels of resistance to stripe rust prevalent races in field screening. The gene for stripe rust resistance was found to be physically located on FL0–0.60 of the 4JSL, using deletion lines and specific DNA markers. The new wheat-Th. intermedium translocation lines can be exploited as useful germplasms for wheat improvement.
... Therefore, many chromosome fragments of wheat-related species, such as rye (Secale cereale) [9,10], Haynaldia villosa [11], Elytrigia intermedium [12], Agropyron cristatum [13,14], Psathyrostachys huashanica [15], Aegilops [16], Thinopyrum intermedium [17], Leymus mollis [18], etc. were introduced into the wheat genome through distant hybridization in the last few decades. However, the most important and valuable related species for the improvement of wheat genetics is rye [4,8]. ...
... Related species of wheat play an important role in the genetic improvement of wheat [38]. Many chromosome fragments of different related species have been introduced into the wheat genome through chromosome translocation, substitution, or addition [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. However, the most important and useful related species of wheat is rye [8]. ...
... These three Pst races were used in stripe rust resistance tests in the seedling stage. CYR32 is virulent toward Yr1, 2, 3, 4, 6,7,8,9,11,12,13,14,16,17,18,25,27,28,29,30,31,32,43,44, A, Alba, Cle, CV, Gaby, Res, SD, SO, Exp2, Sk, and SpP. CYR33 is virulent toward Yr1, 2, 3, 4, 6,7,8,9,11,12,17,18,25,28,29,30,31,32, A, and Su. ...
In this study, a novel T6RS.6AL translocation line, 117-6, was selected from a cross between common Chuannong25 (CN25) wheat and Qinling rye. The results of nondenaturing fluorescence in situ hybridization (ND-FISH) and PCR showed that 117-6 contained two T6RS.6AL translocation chromosomes. The distal region of the 6RS chromosome in 117-6 was mutant and showed different FISH signal patterns. When inoculated with different stripe rust races and powdery mildew races in seedlings, 117-6 expressed high resistance to them. The 117-6 line also exhibited high resistance to stripe rust and powdery mildew in the field under natural Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) and Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt) infection. The cytogenetic analysis indicated that the introduction of 6RS conferred resistance ability. Compared with wheat parent CN25, 117-6 exhibited excellent agronomic traits in the field. The present study indicated that Qinling rye may carry favorite genes as a potential source for wheat genetic improvement, and 117-6 could be a useful germplasm for wheat breeding programs in the future.
