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Chlorociboria spiralis (PDD 77771). A, apothecia on wood (from dried herbarium specimen); B, apothecium, vertical section; C, side of receptacle showing medullary excipulum, ectal excipulum, and tomentum hyphae; D, ectal excipulum and tomentum hyphae, vertical section; E, ectal excipulum, vertical section; F, ectal excipulum and tomentum hyphae, vertical section; G, ascospores. Scale bars: A = 1 mm; B = 50 μm; C-G = 10 μm.
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Fifteen species of Chlorociboria are reported for New Zealand, including 13 new species and one new subspecies. All occur on decorticated wood and all are associated with blue‐green staining of that wood. Some species are consistently associated with soft, rotten wood, while others are consistently associated with fallen wood that remains hard and...
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Citations
... Ascospores (106/10/2) (9.8)10 Notes: Chlorociboria ailaoense is similar to C. awakinoana in apothecia with blue to blue-green discs, dark blue anks and stipes, receptacles lacking tomentum hyphae, clavate, amyloid asci and ascospores with similar sizes. However, these two species have ascospores of different shapes; C. awakinoana has oblongelliptic or cylindric ascospores with rounded ends, while C. ailaoense has fusiform ascospores with relatively sharper ends (Johnston and Park 2005). More importantly, these two species have an apparently distant phylogenetic relationship, as shown in our phylogenetic tree (Fig. 1). ...
Chlorociboria , a commonly reported saprobic genus in Chlorociboriaceae , is characterized by discoid, blue-green, olivaceous, yellow or white apothecia, filiform or thin-clavate paraphyses, cylindric-clavate asci, and ascospores that are elliptic to fusiform, or allantoid, hyaline. According to our morphological and phylogenetic studies of nine Chlorociboria collections from southwest China, four new species ( C. ailaoense , C. bannaensis , C. laojunense and C. yulongense ) are proposed. Chlorociboria ailaoense is identified by its blue to dark blue-green receptacles without tomentum hyphae, along with medially and basally branched paraphyses, and fusiform ascospores. Chlorociboria bannaensis is recognized by light blue receptacles lacking tomentum hyphae, black stipes, a degenerated medullary excipulum, thin-clavate, unbranched paraphyses, inamyloid asci, and ellipsoid ascospores. For C. laojunense , distinctive characters include light blue discs, dark blue-green flanks without tomentum hyphae, asci without croziers, and fusiform ascospores. Chlorociboria yulongense is characterized by olive green to dark discs, white flanks without tomentum hyphae, filiform, branched paraphyses, inamyloid asci, and elliptic to allantoid ascospores. Our phylogenetic analyses, based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and the nuclear ribosomal large subunit (LSU) data of Chlorociboriaceae , strongly support the establishment of the four new species. In addition, we have provided an updated key to distinguish species of Chlorociboria .
... Based on genetic evidence, Chlorociboria is currently located in Chlorociboriaceae (Helotiales) with a sister genus Brahmaculus. Chlorociboria is characterized by usually scattered, discoid or cupulate, stipitate apothecia, excipulum consisting of angular or prismatica cells with green pigment and hyaline interlaced hyphae, cylindrical-clavate, 8-spored asci with amyloid apical pore, and hyaline, various shaped ascospores (Dougoud & Ayel 2003, Johnston & Park 2005, Huhtinen et al. 2010, Pärtel et al. 2017, Zheng & Zhuang 2017, Johnston et al. 2021. Chlorociboria fruiting bodies occur mainly on dead, decorticated wood, herbaceous stem, and leaves of the rotten trees. ...
... Chlorociboria fruiting bodies occur mainly on dead, decorticated wood, herbaceous stem, and leaves of the rotten trees. In some cases, they form symbiotic relationships with bryophytes (Johnston & Park 2005, Huhtinen et al. 2010, Zheng & Zhuang 2017 and are reported from some regions of China (Ren & Zhuang 2014, Zhang et al. 2018, India (Maggio et al. 2021), Korea , New Zealand (Johnston & Park 2005, Johnston et al. 2021, the USA (Ramamurthi et al. 1957), and many other regions. ...
... Chlorociboria fruiting bodies occur mainly on dead, decorticated wood, herbaceous stem, and leaves of the rotten trees. In some cases, they form symbiotic relationships with bryophytes (Johnston & Park 2005, Huhtinen et al. 2010, Zheng & Zhuang 2017 and are reported from some regions of China (Ren & Zhuang 2014, Zhang et al. 2018, India (Maggio et al. 2021), Korea , New Zealand (Johnston & Park 2005, Johnston et al. 2021, the USA (Ramamurthi et al. 1957), and many other regions. ...
A new species, Chlorociboria daliensis, was discovered on decayed decorticated wood in Yunnan Province, southwestern China. Chlorociboria daliensis can be distinguished from other Chlorociboria species by the colour of their discs which are light blue when fresh, pale yellowish-green, green or dark green when dry, branched paraphyses, cylindric or subclavate asci with J+, apical ring in Melzer’s reagent, elongate-ellipsoidal ascospores, and tomentum hyphae which are mostly absent. Phylogenetic analyses based on nLSU and ITS sequence data showed that C. daliensis forms a monophyletic group with a 99% maximum likelihood bootstrap support. The results of the pairwise homoplasy index (PHI) test revealed no significant genetic recombination (Φw = 1.0) between the closely related C. daliensis and C. poutoensis. The current study introduces the new species, C. daliensis, with a detailed description, illustrations, and a taxonomic key for Chlorociboria.
... suggests a biotrophic relationship with either the roots of Nothofagaceae (possibly as root endophytes), or the mycorrhizal fungi associated with those roots (possibly as parasites). Johnston and Park (2005) noted a possible ecological relationship between wood rotting basidiomycetes and some of the wood-inhabiting Chlorociboria spp. ...
A second genus in Chlorociboriaceae is described here as Brahmaculus gen. nov. Macroscopically distinctive, all species have bright yellow apothecia with several apothecial cups held on short branches at the tip of a long stipe. The genus is widely distributed across the Southern Hemisphere; the four new species described here include two from Chile ( B. magellanicus sp. nov. , B. osornoensis sp. nov. ) and one each from New Zealand ( B. moonlighticus sp. nov. ) and Australia ( B. packhamiae sp. nov. ). They differ from species referred to Chlorociboria , the only other genus in Chlorociboriaceae, in their terrestrial habitat and ascomata that are noticeably more hairy than the known Chlorociboria species, most of which have apothecia with short, macroscopically indistinct hair-like elements. Based on our analyses, Chlorociboria as accepted here is paraphyletic. Additional study is needed to clarify where alternative, monophyletic generic limits should be drawn and how these genera may be recognised morphologically. Also described here are three new Chlorociboria spp. from New Zealand ( C. metrosideri sp. nov. , C. solandri sp. nov. , C. subtilis sp. nov. ), distinctive in developing on dead leaves rather than wood and in two of them not forming the green pigmentation characteristic of most Chlorociboria species. New Zealand specimens previously incorrectly identified as Chlorociboria argentinensis are provided with a new name, C. novae-zelandiae sp. nov.
... Sarea species are found on the resin of seven genera in Pinaceae and Z. resinae is found on twelve or thirteen genera in Cupressaceae and Pinaceae (see Table S6). This broad host range is again not necessarily indicative of cryptic diversity (Johnston and Park 2005;Baral et al. 2018), but is suggestive (Herrera et al. 2015;Martinović et al. 2016;Pärtel et al. 2017). Finally, published nuITS sequences assignable to the Sareomycetes are variable at levels greater than the standard 3% threshold for species delimitation in fungi (Izzo et al. 2005;Ciardo et al. 2006;Blaalid et al. 2013;Geml et al. 2014;Gweon et al. 2015), and greater than even the genus threshold (5.7% difference) suggested for filamentous fungi in a recent study (Vu et al. 2019). ...
Since its resurrection, the resinicolous discomycete genus Sarea has been accepted as containing two species, one with black apothecia and pycnidia, and one with orange. We investigate this hypothesis using three ribosomal (nuITS, nuLSU, mtSSU) regions from and morphological examination of 70 specimens collected primarily in Europe and North America. The results of our analyses support separation of the traditional Sarea difformis s.lat. and Sarea resinae s.lat. into two distinct genera, Sarea and Zythia . Sarea as circumscribed is shown to conservatively comprise three phylospecies, with one corresponding to Sarea difformis s.str. and two, morphologically indistinguishable, corresponding to the newly combined Sarea coeloplata . Zythia is provisionally maintained as monotypic, containing only a genetically and morphologically variable Z. resinae . The new genus Atrozythia is erected for the new species A. klamathica . Arthrographis lignicola is placed in this genus on molecular grounds, expanding the concept of Sareomycetes by inclusion of a previously unknown type of asexual morph. Dating analyses using additional marker regions indicate the emergence of the Sareomycetes was roughly concurrent with the diversification of the genus Pinus , suggesting that this group of fungi emerged to exploit the newly-available resinous ecological niche supplied by Pinus or another, extinct group of conifers. Our phylogeographic studies also permitted us to study the introductions of these fungi to areas where they are not native, including Antarctica, Cape Verde, and New Zealand and are consistent with historical hypotheses of introduction.
... Revision of herbarium samples reported in on-line tools also were done to finish the Brazilian list. The works published by Ramamurthi et al. (1957), Valenzuela (1997), Johnston & Park (2005) and Liu et al. (2017) for Chlorociboria, Iturriaga & Pfister (2005) and Ekanayaka et al (2016) for Cookeina, Calogne et al. (2006), Ekanayaka et al. (2017), Wang (2012) and Lima-Lopes et al. (2019) for Phillipsia, to start the keys construction, complemented with other references. Some species with the taxonomic position still under evaluation were included in the key to the point when its position will be clarified. ...
The genera Phillipsia, Chlorociboria and Cookeina (Ascomycota) in Brazil and keys to the known species Os gêneros Phillipsia, Chlorociboria e Cookeina (Ascomycota) no Brasil e chave para identificação das espécies conhecidas ABSTRACT Ascomycota represent the largest and most diverse group of fungi in the world and can be found in many different habitats. Unfortunately, the number registered for Brazil is Brazilian Journal of Development low, even lower than Basidiomycota, especially due to the lack of taxonomists interested in the group. The present work aimed to study the diversity of the genera Chlorociboria, Cookeina and Phillipsia in Brazil and contribute to the easy recognition of species of these genera with the elaboration of identification keys to all species known. Using the bibliographic references citing the three genera, a list of recognized species was elaborated to Brazil and to the world. Field samples were taken in the Pampa Biome, Southern Brazil to identify occurrences in this area. Five species of Cookeina, 4 Phillipsia and 2 Chlorociboria were recognized as occurring in Brazil. Keys to all species known of Chlorociboria (27 species), Cookeina (12) and Phillipsia (26) are proposed and the distribution of all species presented.
... Оба вида встречаются на декортифицированной, но еще твёрдой древесине с небольшими признаками гниения, вплоть до той стадии, когда она становится мягкой и губчатой. Ранее они рассматривались в объёме рода Chlorosplenium Fr., но последующие более глубокие исследования позволили сначала выделить их в разные роды , а затем и семейства [Johnston, Park, 2005]. Благодаря яркой необычной окраске субстрата, грибы часто становятся объектом внимания. ...
... DNA was extracted from mycelium in cultures using methods outlined in Baschien et al. (2013) and Johnston & Park (2005), genes were amplified using standard primers, and sequenced using Sanger sequencing. ...
To resolve the polyphyletic nature of Solenopeziaceae as it was originally circumscribed, we establish a new family Tricladiaceae for those genera originally placed in Solenopeziaceae that have aquatic hyphomycete-like asexual morphs and/or a sexual morph with glabrous apothecia. These include Cudoniella , Geniculospora , Graddonia , Halenospora , Mycofalcella , Spirosphaera , and Tricladium . Solenopeziaceae is confined to the genera Lasiobelonium , Solenopezia , Trichopeziza , and Trichopezizella , all of which have a sexual morph having apothecia with smooth-walled hairs. This taxonomy is supported by a multi-gene analysis using up to 15 genes, with a few of the taxa placed on the basis of a separate ITS phylogeny. Tricladiaceae forms a monophyletic clade with a basal sister relationship to Pleuroascaceae plus Helotiaceae ; Solenopeziaceae forms a monophyletic clade with a basal sister relationship to Lachnaceae .
... This is extremely confusing, because "gelatinized textura" in this sense is definitely not identical with "gel(atinous) tissue", although "textura" actually means "tissue". Johnston and Park (2005) are using the expressions "gelatinous" and "non-gelatinous" ectal excipulum or textura mostly in the sense that the cell walls concerned are "thickened and gelatinous" or not (see p. 682), but on p. 699, they confusingly state that the ectal excipulum of Chlorociboria colubrosa is "gelatinous", be it with the explanation "embedded in hyaline gelatinous matrix" in parentheses. ...
... 161drawing;Korf 1958: fig. 8drawing;Dixon 1974a: key option 12' ;Dixon 1974b;Johnston and Park 2005). Chlorociboria can, indeed, also contain other textura types with incrassate cell walls. ...
... Korf (1951) called this tissue type in some cases "textura prismatica with gelatinized, thick walls", and in others a "gelatinized textura prismatica". This tissue type occurs in, e.g., the ectal excipulum of Tapesina griseovitellina (Korf 1951) and Micropeziza curvatispora (Lindemann et al. 2014, as "more of less thick-walled textura prismatica" so gradually different from textura prismatica), and in species of Chlorociboria (Johnston and Park 2005) and Arachnopeziza (Korf 1951). 4.3. ...
The term “textura oblita”, referring to a tissue type in ascomycetes with apothecial ascomata, has caused much confusion to ascomycologists. Originally it was defined as a long-celled tissue type consisting of thick-walled hyphae with intercellular substance. However, this definition appeared not well, or not at all, applicable to the originally given examples like Phialea starbaeckii . This has resulted in two other definitions which are more or less the opposite of each other, viz. as a thick-walled tissue with gelatinized walls and as a thin-walled tissue embedded in a gelatinous matrix. The main issue is the location of the gelatinous substance in the relevant tissue: in the cell wall, extracellular, or both. Unfortunately all of the three tissues are called “gelatinous tissue”, although the term “gelatinous tissue” according to its definition concerns only tissue with extrahyphal gel. This implies that essential information about the location of the gel is ignored. In effect, all three conceptions of textura oblita are reducible to versions of textura porrecta that differ in the location of the gel. Similarly other tissue types can occur in different versions.
The author discusses the postulated mechanisms of gel formation in fungal tissues. These concern disintegration of the outer layer(s) of hyphal walls, disintegration of hyphae, and secretion, here linked to exocytosis. There is supposed to be a correlation between the way of gel formation on the one hand, and the structure of the sporocarp and the cell wall in ascomycetes and basidiomycetes on the other hand.
To conclude, an emended tissue typology is provided in which the distinguished versions of the six basic tissue types are arranged according to the shape of their cells, the arrangement of their hyphae, the occurrence of thickened cell walls, and the occurrence of extracellular gel.
The species name Cyathicula starbaeckii , comb. nov., is validly published here.
... The fungarium specimens are deposited in PDD, and the living cultures in the ICMP culture collection, with both collections maintained by Manaaki Whenua -Landcare Research, Auckland (https://scd.landcareresearch.co.nz/). DNA extraction, amplification, and sequencing followed the methods of Johnston & Park (2005). Amplification primers were ITS1F and ITS4 for ITS (White & al. 1990, Gardes & Bruns 1993, LROR and LR5 for LSU (Bunyard & al. 1994, Vilgalys & Hester 1990, NS1 and NS4 for SSU (White & al. 1990), and mrSSU1 and mrSSU3R for mtSSU (Zoller & al. 1999). ...
A leaf-spotting fungus common on Phormium tenax in New Zealand is described here as Marthamyces harakeke sp. nov. The phylogenetic analysis prepared for the description of this new species showed Marthamyces to be polyphyletic. To resolve this, three Marthamyces species from Australia and New Zealand, M. barbatus , M. dracophylli , and M. gilvus , are recombined in the new genus Ramomarthamyces . Morphologically the Ramomarthamyces species differ from Marthamyces in having paraphyses distinctly branched, rather than propoloid. A fungus common on recently fallen leaves of Metrosideros spp. in New Zealand has been previously referred to as Marthamyces emarginatus , but is recognised here as a new species, Marthamyces metrosideri . In addition, two new Marthamyces species, M. maccormackii on Metrosideros collina , and M. renga on Metrosideros collina , Vaccinium cereum, and Weinmannia samoensis , are described from the Cook Islands, and a new Ramomarthamyces species, R. tuku on Juncus sp., is described from New Zealand. Finally, Naemacyclus culmigenus is recombined in Marthamyces .
... The genus Chlorociboria (phylum Ascomycota) produces wood spalting (pigmentation of wood produced by fungi) [12][13][14][15]. This genus is present in Europe [15], North America [16][17][18], New Zealand [19], India [20] and certain areas of Central and South America [21][22][23]. Species of this genus are found growing on decaying wood often already colonized by white rot fungi, with species having been isolated from both hardwoods and softwoods [18,19,24,25]. ...
... This genus is present in Europe [15], North America [16][17][18], New Zealand [19], India [20] and certain areas of Central and South America [21][22][23]. Species of this genus are found growing on decaying wood often already colonized by white rot fungi, with species having been isolated from both hardwoods and softwoods [18,19,24,25]. There are two notable species found in North America and Europe, Chlorociboria aeruginosa (Oeder) Seaver ex C.S. Ramamurthi, Korf and L.R. Batra and Chlorociboria aeruginascens (Nyl.) ...
The blue-green pigment known as xylindein that is produced by species in the Chlorociboria genus is under heavy investigation for its potential in textile dyes, wood dyes, and solar cells. Xylindein has not yet been synthesized, and while its production can be stimulated under laboratory conditions, it is also plentiful in downed, decayed wood in forested lands. Unfortunately, little is known about the wood preference and forest type preference for this genus, especially outside New Zealand. To map the genus would be a massive undertaking, and herein a method by which citizen scientists could contribute to the distribution map of Chlorociboria species is proposed. The initial trial of this method found untrained participants successfully identified Chlorociboria stained wood in each instance, regardless of forest type. This simple, easy identification and classification system should be well received by citizen-scientists and is the first step towards a global understanding of how xylindein production might be managed for across various ecosystems.
URL: http://www.mdpi.com/2078-1547/9/1/11
